Tạp chí khoa học số 2005-12-09

9 December 2005 Vol. 310 No. 5754 Pages 1569–1724 $10 Need More Information? Give Us A Call: Stratagene USA and Canada Order: (800) 424-5444 x3 Technical Services: (800) 894-1304 x2 Stratagene Japan K.K. Order: 03-5159-2060 Technical Services: 03-5159-2070 A MPLIF ICATION CELL B IOLOG Y C LONING MIC ROA RRA YS NUC L E I CACID A N A LYSIS PROTEIN FUNCTION & ANA LY SIS QUA NTITA TIVE PC R SOF TWA RE SOLUTIONS www.stratagene.com Stratagene Europe Order: 00800-7000-7000 Technical Services: 00800-7400-7400 If it’s in there, you’ll find it. StrataScript ® QPCR cDNA Synthesis Kit generates cDNA from even the smallest amounts of RNA quickly and reliably. • Maximum RNA sensitivity • Excellent linearity • Most reliable two-step QRT-PCR data * Purchase of this PCR-related product does not convey any rights under the foreign counterparts of the PCR patents owned by Roche Molecular Systems. A license to use the PCR process, where such process is covered by patents, accompanies the purchase of certain reagents from Stratagene when used in conjunction with an Authorized Thermal Cycler. Ask Us About These Great Products: StrataScript ® QPCR cDNA Synthesis Kit 50 rxn 600554 Our StrataScript ® Quantitative PCR (QPCR) cDNA Synthesis Kit * delivers maximum RNA sensitivity and dynamic range down to sub-picogram RNA levels. Achieve high efficiency reverse transcription and better R Squared values in our new buffer system and master mix format, which greatly reduces sample transfer errors known to hamper results. Each batch is QPCR-qualified to ensure you produce the most reliable two-step quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR (QRT-PCR) data. www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 310 9 DECEMBER 2005 1573 DEPARTMENTS 1579 SCIENCE ONLINE 1581 THIS WEEK IN SCIENCE 1585 EDITORIAL by Hubert S. Markl Battle for the Brains? 1587 EDITORS’CHOICE 1590 CONTACT SCIENCE 1593 NETWATCH 1691 NEW PRODUCTS 1692 SCIENCE CAREERS NEWS OF THE WEEK 1594 SPACE SCIENCE NASA Starts Squeezing to Fit Missions Into Tight Budget 1595 S TEM CELLS Landmark Paper Has an Image Problem 1597 I NTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Cambridge University Reins In Faculty Patents 1597 S CIENCESCOPE 1598 SPACE SCIENCE Europe Trumpets Successes on Mars and Titan 1599 B IOMEDICAL POLICY U.K. Doubles Stem Cell Funding 1599 E UROPEAN RESEARCH ERC Moves Forward Despite Budget Impasse 1601 NIH T RAINING GRANTS Universities May Have to Pay More in Support of Graduate Training 1601 NIH C AREER AWARDS Young Scientists Get a Helping Hand NEWS FOCUS 1602 INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI Girding for the Next Killer Wave A Dead Spot for the Tsunami Network? In the Wake: Looking for Keys to Posttraumatic Stress 1606 INFECTIOUS DISEASES Will a Preemptive Strike Against Malaria Pay Off? Cracks in the First Line of Defense 1609 NANOTECHNOLOGY Calls Rise for More Research on Toxicology of Nanomaterials 1610 E NERGY For Nuclear Fusion, Could Two Lasers Be Better Than One? 1612 R ANDOM SAMPLES LETTERS 1615 Support for the Human Cancer Genome Project H.Varmus and B. Stillman. Attribution of Disaster Losses R. A.Pielke Jr. Response E.Mills. Bilateral Action for Right Whales J. S. Sayles and D.M. Green. R esponse S. D. Kraus et al. 1618 Corrections and Clarifications BOOKS ET AL. 1619 EVOLUTION The Plausibility of Life Resolving Darwin’s Dilemma M. W. Kirschner and J. C. Gerhart, reviewed by B. Charlesworth 1620 PHYSICS The Pendulum A Case Study in Physics G. L. Baker and J.A. Blackburn, reviewed by A. G. Rojo POLICY FORUM 1621 AGRICULTURE Losing the Links Between Livestock and Land R. Naylor et al. PERSPECTIVES 1623 MATERIALS SCIENCE Metallurgy in the Age of Silicon D. C. Chrzan related Report page 1665 1624 NEUROSCIENCE Emotion and Reason in Making Decisions A. Rustichini related Report page 1680 1625 ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE Land Use and Climate Change R. A. Pielke Sr. related Report page 1674 1626 NEUROSCIENCE Synaptic Membranes Bend to the Will of a Neurotoxin J. Zimmerberg and L.V. Chernomordik related Report page 1678 REVIEW 1628 ECOLOGY Restoration of Degraded Tropical Forest Landscapes D. Lamb, P. D. Erskine, J. A. Parrotta ASSOCIATION AFFAIRS 1634 The Nexus:Where Science Meets Society S. A. Jackson Contents continued COVER A glacially carved valley in the Mount Waddington region of the southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia, Canada. Repeated glaciation in this region resulted in rapid rates and large magnitudes of erosion, as discussed on page 1668. [Photo:T. A. Ehlers] 1626 & 1678 1619 Volume 310 9 December 2005 Number 5754 1602 Roberto Gradnik Regional Vice-President, Serono Why is he so attracted? Italy is currently a key strategic location for Serono, thanks to its competitive costs, excellent research centres and high productivity, comparable to Switzerland or anywhere in Europe. This is why Serono chose to strengthen its Italian presence with a new R&D centre in Rome in 2004. Italian Life Sciences industry is the third largest in Europe, a world market leader in the sector attracting major global companies.The presence of high performing research centres with a proven track record of achievements in Healthcare research and a strong synergy between academia and industry has led to the creation of specialized biotechnology clusters, with excellent perspectives in Oncology and Neurosciences. An array of recent applications in the Biomedical, Bioinformatics, Biomechanics and Nano-biotechnology fields is catching foreign inve- stors’ attention. Serono is attracted, we bet you are too. InvestInItaly is the newly established single reference point for inward investment promotion created by Sviluppo Italia, the National Agency for enterprise and inward investment development, and ICE - Italian Trade Commission, the Government Agency which promotes the internationalization of Italian companies. www.investinitaly.com info @ investinitaly.com www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 310 9 DECEMBER 2005 1575 SCIENCE EXPRESS www.sciencexpress.org VIROLOGY: Herpesviral Protein Networks and Their Interaction with the Human Proteome P. Uetz, Y A. Dong, C. Zeretzke, C.Atzler,A. Baiker, B. Berger, S. Rajagopala, M. Roupelieva, D. Rose, E. Fossum, J. Haas Upon infection of a host cell, the protein interaction networks of herpesviruses change so that they more closely resemble those of the host cells. CHEMISTRY: Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Unfunctionalized, Purely Alkyl-Substituted Olefins S. Bell, B.Wüstenberg, S. Kaiser, F. Menges, T. Netscher,A. Pfaltz An iridium catalyst accomplishes the longstanding goal of adding hydrogen across alkyl-substituted carbon double bonds to generate homochiral products, a common reaction in organic synthesis. ASTRONOMY: The Distance to the Perseus Spiral Arm in the Milky Way Y. Xu, M. J. Reid, X.W. Zheng, K. M. Menten Radio parallax measurements provide an accurate distance to a star cluster in the Perseus spiral arm and show that this cluster is rotating differently than expected for the Milky Way. TECHNICAL COMMENT ABSTRACTS 1618 HISTORY OF SCIENCE Comment on “How Science Survived: Medieval Manuscripts’ ‘Demography’ and Classic Texts’ Extinction” G. Declercq full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/310/5754/1618b Response to Comment on “How Science Survived: Medieval Manuscripts’ ‘Demography’ and Classic Texts’ Extinction” J. L. Cisne full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/310/5754/1618c BREVIA 1641 MEDICINE: Increase in Activity During Calorie Restriction Requires Sirt1 D. Chen,A. D. Steele, S. Lindquist, L. Guarente Mice usually increase their physical activity when fed a calorie-deficient diet, but not when they have a mutation in an aging-related protein. RESEARCH ARTICLES 1642 MEDICINE: The Kinase LKB1 Mediates Glucose Homeostasis in Liver and Therapeutic Effects of Metformin R. J. Shaw, K. A. Lamia, D.Vasquez, S H. Koo, N. Bardeesy, R. A. DePinho, M. Montminy, L. C. Cantley A key phosphorylating enzyme in the liver, which is required for the action of a diabetes drug, regulates glucose synthesis and blood levels. 1646 CELL SIGNALING: A Systems Model of Signaling Identifies a Molecular Basis Set for Cytokine-Induced Apoptosis K. A. Janes, J. G. Albeck, S. Gaudet, P. K. Sorger, D. A. Lauffenburger, M. B.Yaffe A model of the interactions among cellular signaling components predicts previously unknown regulatory pathways for cell death. REPORTS 1653 PHYSICS: Mach-Zehnder Interferometry in a Strongly Driven Superconducting Qubit W. D. Oliver,Y.Yu, J. C. Lee, K. K. Berggren, L. S. Levitov, T. P. Orlando A superconducting circuit can split a qubit state like a light beam, send each half on a separate path, and recombine them to produce quantum interference patterns. 1658 BIOCHEMISTRY: Evidence for Macromolecular Protein Rings in the Absence of Bulk Water B. T. Ruotolo, K. Giles, I. Campuzano, A. M. Sandercock, R. H. Bateman, C. V. Robinson Protein-protein assemblies and protein-ligand complexes retain their overall structures during mass spectrometry, suggesting a new tool for structural determinations. 1671 Contents continued 1653 Looking for kinase options to drive your research and discovery projects? We now offer: • 250+ human kinases and growing—access the largest collection available • 14 clinically relevant mutant kinases—accelerate therapeutic development • Z’-LYTE™ Kinase Assay Technology—screen more than 200 kinases in a single, fluorescent format • SelectScreen™ Kinase Profiling Service—use the fastest growing selectivity profiling service • Stealth™ RNAi Human Kinase Collection—utiliz e rapid, high-throughput functional screening • CellSensor™ cell-based assays—elucidate signal transduction pathways Through the integration of BioSource with Invitrogen, we are adding one of the largest collections of signal transduction antibodies, ELISAs, Luminex® reagents, and signaling arrays to our kinase portfolio. No one else offers you more for kinase research and discovery (Table 1). Expanding options for kinase biology To learn more about Invitrogen’s expanding kinase collection, visit www.invitrogen.com/drugdiscovery. To order BioSource products, visit www.biosource.com. *All data pulled from competitor’s web site as of 11/8/05. ©2005 Invitrogen Corporation. All rights reserved. These products may be covered by one or more Limited Use Label Licenses (see the Invitrogen catalog or our website, www.invitrogen.com). Table 1—Invitrogen’s kinase portfolio offers more choice than the nearest competitor * . Invitrogen Nearest competitor Distinct, wild type, human protein kinases 237 206 Phospho site-specific antibodies 272 186 Fluorescent assay (FA) platforms 4 2 Protein kinases validated with FA platforms 201 80 Cell lines for pathway analysis 29 0 Protein kinases addressed by RNAi platform ALL <100 www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 310 9 DECEMBER 2005 1577 1661 CHEMISTRY: Rapid Chiral Assembly of Rigid DNA Building Blocks for Molecular Nanofabrication R. P. Goodman, I. A.T. Schaap, C. F. Tardin, C. M. Erben, R. M. Berry, C. F. Schmidt, A. J. Turberfield Four single strands of DNA can be coaxed to self-assemble in seconds to form a rigid tetrahedron with defined stereochemistry, providing a module or template. 1665 MATERIALS SCIENCE: The Chemistry of Deformation: How Solutes Soften Pure Metals D. R. Trinkle and C. Woodward Simulations show that impurities soften some body-centered cubic metals by making it easier for dislocations to move. related Perspective page 1623 1668 GEOLOGY: Rapid Glacial Erosion at 1.8 Ma Revealed by 4 He/ 3 He Thermochronometry D. L. Shuster,T. A. Ehlers, M. E. Rusmore, K. A. Farley Glaciation increased the rate of incision of a Canadian alpine valley by at least a factor of six around 1.8 million years ago. 1671 PLANETARY SCIENCE: Hf-W Chronometry of Lunar Metals and the Age and Early Differentiation of the Moon T. Kleine, H. Palme, K. Mezger, A. N. Halliday The abundance of tungsten-182 in lunar metals implies that an extensive magma ocean on the moon solidified about 45 million years after formation of the solar system. 1674 ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE: The Importance of Land-Cover Change in Simulating Future Climates J. J. Feddema, K.W. Oleson, G. B. Bonan, L. O. Mearns, L. E. Buja, G.A. Meehl,W. M.Washington Climate models show that expansion of agriculture into forests in the tropics or mid-latitudes could either enhance or retard warming regionally. related Perspective page 1625 1678 NEUROSCIENCE: Equivalent Effects of Snake PLA2 Neurotoxins and Lysophospholipid– Fatty Acid Mixtures M. Rigoni, P. Caccin, S. Gschmeissner, G. Koster, A. D. Postle, O. Rossetto, G. Schiavo, C. Montecucco The paralytic effects of a snake venom on neuromuscular synapses are mimicked by a mixture of fatty acids and lipids, suggesting its mechanism of action. related Perspective page 1626 1680 NEUROSCIENCE: Neural Systems Responding to Degrees of Uncertainty in Human Decision-Making M. Hsu, M. Bhatt, R. Adolphs, D. Tranel, C. F. Camerer People prefer choices with defined risk to those with ambiguous risk, but damage to the emotion-processing areas of the brain eliminates this preference. related Perspective page 1624 1683 CELL BIOLOGY: A Conserved Checkpoint Monitors Meiotic Chromosome Synapsis in Caenorhabditis elegans N. Bhalla and A. F. Dernburg In nematodes, a newly recognized checkpoint prevents meiosis unless the homologous chromosomes are paired, and a second checkpoint validates proper recombination. 1686 STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY: Snapshot of Activated G Proteins at the Membrane: The Gα q -GRK2-Gβγ Complex V. M.Tesmer, T. Kawano, A. Shankaranarayanan, T. Kozasa, J. J. G. Tesmer After hormonal stimulation, one of three subunits of a membrane-bound signaling protein dissociates and interacts with a target protein to activate it. SCIENCE (ISSN 0036-8075) is published weekly on Friday, except the last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue, NW,Washington, DC 20005. Periodicals Mail postage (publication No. 484460) paid at Washington, DC, and additional mailing offices. Copyright © 2005 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science.The title SCIENCE is a registered trademark of the AAAS. Domestic individual membership and subscription (51 issues): $135 ($74 allocated to subscription). Domestic institutional subscription (51 issues): $550; Foreign postage extra: Mexico, Caribbean (surface mail) $55; other countries (air assist delivery) $85. First class, airmail, student, and emeritus rates on request. Canadian rates with GST available upon request, GST #1254 88122. Publications Mail Agreement Number 1069624. Printed in the U.S.A. Change of address: allow 4 weeks, giving old and new addresses and 8-digit account number. Postmaster: Send change of address to Science, P.O. Box 1811, Danbury, CT 06813–1811. Single copy sales: $10.00 per issue prepaid includes surface postage; bulk rates on request. Authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under circumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act is granted by AAAS to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that $15.00 per article is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923.The identification code for Science is 0036-8075/83 $15.00. Science is indexed in the Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature and in several specialized indexes. Contents continued REPORTS CONTINUED 1683 1686 . reverse-transcriptase PCR (QRT-PCR) data. www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 310 9 DECEMBER 2005 1573 DEPARTMENTS 1579 SCIENCE ONLINE 1581 THIS WEEK IN SCIENCE 1585 EDITORIAL by Hubert S. Markl Battle. companies. www.investinitaly.com info @ investinitaly.com www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 310 9 DECEMBER 2005 1575 SCIENCE EXPRESS www.sciencexpress.org VIROLOGY: Herpesviral Protein Networks and. HISTORY OF SCIENCE Comment on “How Science Survived: Medieval Manuscripts’ ‘Demography’ and Classic Texts’ Extinction” G. Declercq full text at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/310 /5754/ 1618b Response