Research report to demonstrate the poorest continent in the world sub sahar africa

HO CHI MINH CITY OPEN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY RESEARCH REPORT TO DEMONSTRATE “THE POOREST CONTINENT IN THE WORLD – SUB-SAHAR AFRICA” Subject code: BADM3308 Subject title: International Business Class: IB201C Lecturer: Ms Truong My Diem Students: Phan Minh Việt – 2054012373 Lê Thị Bích Thủy – 2054012289 Ho Chi Minh City, 2023 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Sub-Saharan Africa is the southern region of the world's largest desert It is called Black Africa and is considered a region of the Arab world It covers 49 countries, but a detailed study shows that there are hundreds of different ethnic groups that speak more than 2000 languages It is economically diverse, with many thriving sectors in key industries ranging from technology & finance to chemicals & manufacturing Sub-Saharan Africa is home to 60% of the population under the age of 20, making it the youngest region in the world Sub-Saharan Africa's young population is an attractive consumer market for the rest of the world, it also provides a large workforce with a favorable working age ratio, who attract a large number of people new wave of foreign investment, which can provide much-needed infrastructure and jobs The region is different, however, where, due to the effects of corruption, dysfunctional governments are unable to provide enough infrastructure or jobs to support their new generations and underprivileged young people Economic hardships regularly push back their governments with protests and riots and lead to problems with refugees seeking safety abroad There are also ethnic conflicts between religions that take place and persist to this day Although there are abundant resources, and the colonization of many Western countries leads to the utilization and exploitation of those resources, but does not bring many economic benefits to the countries The management of the education and health systems is weak, lacking in knowledge and experience The objective of this report is based on the data and information of sub-Saharan African countries combined with PEST analysis to produce statistics, proving that sub-Saharan Africa is one of the countries in the sub-Saharan Africa poorest continent in the world I INTRODUCION GEOGRAPHY Sub-Saharan Africa has a land area of 24.3 million square kilometers Since about 5,400 years ago, the sub-Saharan and sub-Saharan parts of Africa have been separated by the Sahara's severe environment and scant population, establishing a sharp boundary separated only by the Nile River at Sudan, but the Nile is also separated by its waterfalls The Sahara Pump idea explains why plants and animals (including people) departed Africa for the Middle East and, via it, Europe and Asia Africa's rainy seasons are associated with a "wet Sahara" cycle due to the presence of vast lakes and numerous rivers A vast range of climates or biomes can be found in Sub-Saharan Africa Particularly, it is thought that South Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo are very biologically rich nations (Wiki, 2022) DEMOGRAPHICS Sub-Saharan Africa had a population of 800 million people in 2007 The current annual growth rate is 2.3% According to the United Nations, the region's population will reach close to 1.5 billion by 2050 It is also the most rapidly increasing It is predicted that by 2050, one in every four persons on the planet will be African Women in Angola have an average of six children, whereas the average individual in Niger is barely over 15 years old This young, increasing population is one of Sub-Saharan Africa's distinguishing characteristics, and it has an impact on several significant regional developments Child mortality is extremely high in Sub-Saharan Africa In 2002, one in every six children (17%) died before the age of five; by 2007, the rate had reduced to 16%, with one in every seven (15%) dying before the age of five Malaria is the primary cause of death (Wiki, 2022) MEDICAN The Bamako Initiative conference, organized by the WHO in 1987, helped to reestablish health policy for Sub-Saharan Africa Through community-based health reform, this program greatly enhances access to health services, resulting in more efficient and inexpensive treatments Because traditional medicine is used by more than 85% of the African people as an alternative to frequently expensive medical allergy care and pharmaceutical items A holistic approach plan has been expanded to all aspects of the health sector, resulting in improvements in health care indicators, health care efficiency, and treatment costs (Wiki, 2022) RELIGION AND LANGUAGE Sub-Saharan Africa has a rich and diverse religious culture with a wide range of practices include Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Baha'i faith, and Chinese religion Together with Islam, Christianity is today one of the two most prevalent religions in Africa, and it is the largest in sub-Saharan Africa With more than 500 million speakers, the Niger-Congo language cluster is the largest in Africa It is dominated by the Bantu branch, which is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa Inter-ethnic communication involves the usage of about a hundred different languages Tens of millions of people speak Arabic, Somali, Berber, Amharic, Oromo, Igbo, Swahili, Hausa, Landing, Fulani, and Yoruba (Wiki, 2022) II ANALYSIS OF PEST POLITICAL POLITOCAL STABLE Numerous sub-Saharan African countries have seen the emergence of a vibrant civil society that now plays an increasingly important role in political life Civil society, particularly professional associations, played a crucial role in starting the democratic transition in Sudan in 2018 The 2019 Civil Society Organization Sustainability Index for sub-Saharan Africa, published with the support of the US Agency for International Development, found that in elections, civil society provided 'crucial support, including educating citizens about the voting process, arranging for opportunities for voters to meet candidates, supporting women candidates, and observing the polling process' Civil society was also involved in combating corruption That said, African civil society organisations face the serious challenges of inadequate funding and government restrictions The lack of funding limits their independence and sustainability According to the Sustainability Index, 'financial viability remained the weakest dimension of CSO sustainability in sub-Saharan Africa', with many organisations dependent on international donors (báo, 2021) TAX POLICY (VOA, 2013) The study of tax policy in developing countries has long been constrained by the availability and the quality of detailed relevant data Moreover, extractive industries have played and still play a crucial role in the economic development of SSA countries More than half of these countries are resource dependent, that is natural resources represent 25 percent or more of total country’s exports Tax revenues from this sector are usually large and at high risk of being taken out of the source country through various licit or illicit channels, including: generous tax incentives provided in mining or petroleum codes and other laws; aggressive tax planning such as the use of thin capitalization, trade mispricing, or plain tax evasion; and double taxation agreements that not always protect appropriately source countries’ taxation rights (Emilie Caldeira, 2020) CURRUPTION Corruption or misuse of power for personal gain takes various forms in Sub-Saharan Africa, both great and minor Corruption continues to stifle growth across the region, from modest bribes to gain access to government services such as schools or medicine to giving large government contracts to friends or family members Corruption is widespread in many countries, wreaking havoc on the national economy and the general populace Corruption is so ubiquitous in South Africa that many refer to it as a "state takeover," referring to the tremendous degree of influence that a few prominent individuals have over the whole government The purported corruption case of former South African President Jacob Zuma is claimed to have lost his country billions of dollars in government financing and private investment (Wolrd, 2023) Former South African President Jacob Zuma appeared in court on June 8, 2018, as he faced more than 16 corruption charges.Source: Marco Longari/Getty Images If the influence of corruption is underestimated, Sub-Saharan African countries will continue to fail and be at the mercy of the rest of the globe According to statistics, nearly half of the region's population lives in poverty, while annual stolen assets flow out of the region to offshore tax havens total well over $50 billion; a staggering amount that could be utilized to create jobs and improve social services Extensive corruption schemes substantiate the region's common lack of growth, which not only drives away investors but also deters progress Individuals and families are not immune to the corruption syndrome, as most must pay bribes before receiving governmental service ECONOMIC FOOD SHORTAGES In addition to famine, severe drought, and extreme famine, UN agencies such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Food Fund (WFP), the Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs, and the World Food Fund have reported cases of famine, severe drought, and extreme famine (WFP) OCHA and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) revealed on April 12, 2022 that more than 282 million people in SubSaharan Africa are suffering from extreme hunger, accounting for more than one-fifth of the continent's total population Children are the most vulnerable to the growing severity of the drought For months, relief agencies have sent repeated warnings to the Saharan region in the Horn of Africa, which is entering its fifth straight dry season Ten years ago, there could have been a famine that killed hundreds of thousands of people People wait for drinking water at a refugee camp in Baidoa, Somalia (Photo: AFP/VNA) "Somalia is facing famine due to lack of rain, high food prices, lack of funding resources, leaving nearly 40 percent of the population on the brink of starvation," the statement said People drink water distributed at a makeshift camp for displaced people due to severe drought in the town of Baidoa, Somalia February 13, 2022 (Photo:AFP/VNA) Martin Griffiths, the head of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), called on the world community on September 6, 2022, to raise funds to assist more than 200,000 Somalis on the verge of death Hunger as a result of a historic drought Martin Griffiths used the example of a two-and-a-half-year-old girl he visited in the hospital who passed away from hunger and weariness to highlight the catastrophic state the country was in during his remarks during an online press conference from the capital of Somalia, Mogadishu According to Mr Griffiths, the situation in the regions the delegation visited was getting worse, and OCHA required financing right away in order to assist the drought victims before they reached a dead end 213,000 people in Somalia are in serious danger of famine following four wet seasons with the smallest amount of precipitation since the end of 2020 The United Nations reported earlier that day that since January, approximately 730 children had died in Somalia as a result of malnutrition, however the actual figure may be far higher In the meantime, donations from new donors have already covered more than 60% of the $1.4 billion required for Somalia's humanitarian preparations It is predicted that the upcoming two rainy seasons won't have much precipitation, therefore relief efforts will need at least an additional $1 billion This is unusual, prompting OCHA to issue an alert and attempt to raise the international community's attention to the potential of a horrible famine in Africa, particularly in Somalia, followed by Ethiopia and Kenya The United Nations World Food Program (WFP) said last month that the number of people at risk of famine in the region had grown to 22 million In Somalia alone, 7.8 million people, or over half of the country's population, are hungry, and approximately million have been forced to flee their homes in search of food and water The continuous conflict in this region is thought to be one of the causes of the food crisis in Africa in general and the Sub-Saharan region in particular Conflict is thought to be the root cause of stymied efforts to address the region's severe water deficit, which has a Disparity in access to education also reflects inequality in education in sub-Saharan Africa (IBOS, Số liệu tuần: Bất bình đẳng kết y tế giáo dục châu Phi cận Sahara, 2023) 15 Sub-Saharan Africa has some of the world's lowest literacy rates: less than half of children and adults are literate in 12 nations, and less than half of the population is enrolled in secondary school However, during the last decade, the number of children entering primary school has quickly climbed and now exceeds 90% However, these advantages are not distributed evenly: girls' secondary school attendance rates hover around 8% Girls who attend school, on the other hand, have a domino effect: they are more likely to marry later, have fewer children, and have a greater overall quality of life (Wolrd, 2023) Inequality in health coverage leads to inequities in health; Sub-Saharan Africa faces a struggle in accessing health treatment (IBOS, Số liệu tuần: Bất bình đẳng kết y tế giáo dục châu Phi cận Sahara, 2023) Life expectancy has risen throughout the region, as have rates of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as cancer and diabetes NCDs may necessitate long-term treatment, 16 which presents a difficulty in places with limited access to health care services Basic sanitation is frequently unavailable, resulting in high rates of waterborne diseases such as cholera Furthermore, maternal and infant mortality rates continue to be among the highest in the world These issues are frequently exacerbated by the region's scarcity of healthcare experts According to the World Health Organization, Sub-Saharan Africa bears 25% of the world's disease burden, but only 3% of the world's doctors (Wolrd, 2023) In sub-Saharan Africa, individuals have lived longer, healthier lives over the last few decades In Malawi, the average life expectancy rose from 44 years in 2000 to about 63 years in 2014 Other significant advancements include the nearly complete eradication of polio and increased vaccination rates for kids Less than one million people died from AIDS-related causes in 2017, down from nearly two million in 2005, when communicable diseases like measles were prevented annually Despite accounting for more than half of all fatalities, the HIV/AIDS epidemic still poses a severe threat to the area Antiretroviral medications, often known as antiretroviral pharmaceuticals ARVs, are now available for the treatment of HIV-positive individuals (Wolrd, 2023) 17 TECHNOLOGICAL INTERNET Home to a market of nearly 1.2 billion people and the world’s largest free trade area, subSaharan Africa has vast untapped economic growth potential and extensive natural resources Yet, even as the rest of the world has benefited from the advances of the 18 ... Africa is one of the countries in the sub- Saharan Africa poorest continent in the world I INTRODUCION GEOGRAPHY Sub- Saharan Africa has a land area of 24.3 million square kilometers Since about 5,400... restrictions The lack of funding limits their independence and sustainability According to the Sustainability Index, ''financial viability remained the weakest dimension of CSO sustainability in sub- Saharan... sectors in key industries ranging from technology & finance to chemicals & manufacturing Sub- Saharan Africa is home to 60% of the population under the age of 20, making it the youngest region in