2482 COMMON STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENGLISH READING COMPREHENSION Nguyen Huynh Tram Faculty of English, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH) Supervisor Trần Quốc Thao (Ph D) ABSTRACT Readi[.]
COMMON STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENGLISH READING COMPREHENSION Nguyen Huynh Tram Faculty of English, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH) Supervisor: Trần Quốc Thao (Ph.D) ABSTRACT Reading is a lifelong skill that anyone should master in their lives While reading in a mother tongue is not always possible to have a thorough understanding, reading comprehension in a foreign language is a challenge at all times to students, especially to the English-majored ones Therefore, this paper aims at giving common strategies for the students to improve English reading comprehension, in both academic and general scenarios Throughout the research, there are essential related perspectives to be mentioned about, from the importance and benefits of reading comprehension, the common strategies to suggestions for effective reading practice Keywords: Common strategies; effective reading practice; English-majored students; reading comprehension INTRODUCTION Having the knowledge of English, Vietnamese students have tons of chances to get exposure to this world’s most popular language Thus, English reading is called basic life skill, according to Anderson (Anderson, et al., 1985) When in lower grades from primary to high school, they have been used to English reading described as a receptive skill of recognizing words and their meanings to answer text-related questions Meanwhile, reading is a process requiring the use of particular strategies in the acquisition, storage, and retrieval of information (Singhal, 2011) And that process is always attached with that of comprehension, to long-termly broaden information and knowledge Nevertheless, reading comprehension increases students’ enjoyment, reading efficacy (Smith, 2011) in academic, professional, and personal life Academically, reading comprehension enhances fundamental skills in English which are writing, speaking, and listening, especially vocabulary and grammar Furthermore, having a strong reading comprehension skill helps students with their intellectual development, imagination, and the ability to perceive second-hand experience from what they read This is a bridge between active readers and passive ones Due to the lack of a reading comprehension skill, many English-majored students struggle with guessing the author’s message, words’ meanings, and misunderstanding (Olshavsky, 1976) Therefore, reading strategies are important and urgent to improve reading comprehension among Englishmajored students, not only academically but in real life According to Adam and Patterson (2008) and Block and Israel (2005), this research selectively and creatively divides the strategies into three 2482 timelines during the reading process, which are pre-reading, while-reading, and post-reading strategies, for students to follow easier COMMON STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENGLISH READING COMPREHENSION 2.1 Pre-Reading 2.1.1 Skimming Skimming can save students hours of laborious reading Skimming is a technique that allows readers to skip the details and get the main ideas of the passage The purpose of skimming is to have an overview of the organization and a general feeling toward the text Whorter (1987) suggests a topic sentence can appear differently within a paragraph The most common location of a topic sentence appears in the first sentence of the first paragraph The second most likely place for a topic sentence is the first sentence of the last paragraph In the case of the appearance of headings, it is easier to skim them to formulate questions related to the text To effectively skim, students should pay attention to typographical cues-headings, boldface and italic type, indenting, bulleted and numbered lists, keywords and phrases, the names of people and places, dates, nouns, and unfamiliar words 2.1.2 Scanning Similar to the skimming technique, scanning also uses keywords and organizational cues Otherwise, the purpose of scanning is to not only locate and swoop down on specific facts but also save time when effectively retrieving main ideas It is easier to scan using a finger to navigate the necessary words and pay more attention to the text Scanning skill is often used in searching for essential information In real life, we scan with both eyes and a finger when looking up the dictionary or look for a name in a thousand-word list In academic writing, we highlight the keywords or phrases in the question and use this technique to ‚squeeze‛ them out of the text for better understanding Besides, a part of Vietnamese students tend to subvocalizing and read every single word trying not to skip anything According to Frank Smith (2012), subvocalizing is ‚speaking‛ the words in the head and considered as a harmful habit to readers’ reading speed Similarly, reading every word is self-restraint, when most people’s eyes span is 1.5 inches, which means we can read about five words at a time Therefore, mastering this scanning skill can make the reading process less struggling and avoid all detrimental reading habits 2.1.3 Questioning Questioning techniques are crucial for active readers to build reading comprehension Questioning helps students monitor their understanding and stay engaged and interested in their reading Readers can use the questioning technique before, during, and after reading The questioning process requires readers to ask questions of themselves to construct meaning, enhance understanding, find answers, solve problems, find information, and discover new information (Harvey & Goudvis, 2000) In this strategy, students should ask appropriate questions about subjects such as Who, What, When, Why, Where, How (5W1H), which is a mind-map technique to 2483 clarify and systematize information more easily It’s necessary to jot down these questions into a piece of paper and get back whenever there are answers for them Questioning helps Englishmajored students in becoming independent readers and having more effective reading comprehension Besides, in academic writing, text-related questionnaire whose phrases contain new words locate which paragraph or context students should concentrate 2.2 While-Reading 2.2.1 Relating Relating is a reading comprehension strategy that helps students find meaning in a text by connecting it to their background knowledge Life experiences are different among each student Therefore, the reading process is one of the most effective ways to test them, as well as to encourage them to use the richness of their own experience and distinguish students' performance Therefore, "Text to Self, Text to Text, and Text to World" is a most-used strategy that helps students make their best relations (Teele, 2004) First of all, with the ‚Text to Self‛, students can link their experience and the context together to have a deeper understanding Secondly, with the "Text to Text", their entire reading experience will be subtly used to rewind for relating that text to the nowreading text Finally, students will be more advance to apply the "Text to World" technique to make connections to the community and the world around them By relating what students have experience and what they are reading, it is easier to raise motivation in reading and develop knowledge to the comprehension stage 2.2.2 Visualizing To picture is to remember Visualizing is the reading strategy that helps students create a picture in their head of what they’re reading (Adler, 2001) This strategy works best on children when their minds are pure to imagine things But to young adults, it works well in a different way, when they can imagine in the limit of reality The purpose of reading is to visualize the words into a picture in mind So, reading boosts the ability to visualize, and visualizing strongly enhances reading comprehension 2.3 Post-Reading 2.3.1 Inferring As a reading strategy, inferring requires readers to use prior knowledge, and the information stated in a text to conclude (Serafini, 2004) It is significant to ensure that English-majored students have sufficient background knowledge of the concepts addressed, to combine personal knowledge with evidence (from the text or an object or event) to generate inferences In other words, inferring can be considered as predicting things not directly stated, based on hints and clues collected during the reading process Without the skill of inferring, students will not grasp the deeper essence of the texts they read (Harvey & Goudvis, 2000) 2484 2.3.2 Summarizing According to Adler (2001), the process of summarization requires the reader to determine what is essential when reading and to condense the information in the readers' own words The skill of summarizing helps English-majored students recognize main ideas and consolidate precise details that support them and enables them to focus on keywords or phrases of an assigned text that are worth noting and remembering According to Jones (2012), "When summarizing, we strip away the extra verbiage and extraneous examples We focus on the heart of the matter We try to find the keywords and phrases that, when uttered later, still manage to capture the gist of what we have read We are trying to capture the main ideas and the crucial details necessary for supporting them" (p.118) CONCLUSION Not only is reading comprehension an indispensable lifelong skill but also a technique to be mastered by English-majored students In the paper, the mentioned strategies are highly recommended to improve English reading comprehension When reading along with the timelines pre-reading, while-reading, and post-reading, it is no more challenging to keep up with the author’s message Besides, English-majored students can always create their strategies based on individual learning styles and the passion for this internationally common language To be proficient in reading comprehension, it is obvious to read more and begin with simplesentence books Without putting ourselves under any pressure, we will realize the power of words and raise significant enjoyment to the reading process Thus, we should set a reading plan which we can stick to as well as read with a small amount of time and words, perseveringly and responsibly ‚The more that you read, the more things you will know The more that you learn, the more places you'll go‛ (Seuss, 1978, p.30) REFERENCES [1] Anderson, R., Hiebert, E., Scott J., & Wilkinson, I (1985) Becoming a Nation of Readers: The Report of the Commission on Reading Washington: National Institute of Education and the Center for the Study of Reading [2] Adams, W & Patterson, B (2008), Developing Reading Versatility Toronto: Thomson Reuters [3] Adler, C R (2001) Put reading first: The research building blocks for teaching children to read MD: ED Publishing Center, Jessup [4] Block, C & Israel, S (2005) Reading first and beyond: The complete guide for teachers and literacy coaches California: Corwin Press [5] Harvey, S & Goudvis, A (2000) Strategies That Work Teaching Comprehension to Enhance Understanding, ME: Stenhouse Publishers, New York 2485 [6] Jones, R (2012, August 26) Reading Quest Strategies | Summarizing Retrieved from http://www.readingquest.org/strat/summarize.html [7] Olshavsky, J I (1976) Reading as problem solving: An investigation of strategies Reading Research Quarterly, 654-674 https://doi.org/10.2307/747446 [8] Singhal, M (2001) Reading proficiency, reading strategies, metacognitive awareness and L2 readers The Reading Matrix, 1(1) [9] Smith, J K., Smith, L F., Gilmore, A., & Jameson, M (2012) Students' self-perception of reading ability, enjoyment of reading and reading achievement Learning and individual differences, 22(2), 202-206 [10] Smith, F (2012) Understanding reading: A psycholinguistic analysis of reading and learning to read Routledge [11] Serafini, F (2004) Lessons in comprehension explicit instruction in the reading workshop Portsmouth: Heinemann [12] Seuss, T G (1978) I can read with my eyes shut New York: Penguin Random House LLC [13] Teele, S (2004) Overcoming barricades to reading a multiple intelligences approach California: Corwin Press [14] 2486 Whorter, M K T (1987) Efficient and Flexible Reading Boston: Little Brown and Company ... during the reading process, which are pre -reading, while -reading, and post -reading strategies, for students to follow easier COMMON STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ENGLISH READING COMPREHENSION 2.1 Pre -Reading. .. improve English reading comprehension When reading along with the timelines pre -reading, while -reading, and post -reading, it is no more challenging to keep up with the author’s message Besides, English- majored... The purpose of reading is to visualize the words into a picture in mind So, reading boosts the ability to visualize, and visualizing strongly enhances reading comprehension 2.3 Post -Reading 2.3.1