Type, density, and healthiness of food outlets in a university foodscape a geographical mapping and characterisation of food resources in a ghanaian university campus

(2022) 22:1912 Mensah et al BMC Public Health https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14266-7 Open Access RESEARCH Type, density, and healthiness of food‑outlets in a university foodscape: a geographical mapping and characterisation of food resources in a Ghanaian university campus Daniel O. Mensah1*   , Godwin  Yeboah2   , Michael Batame3, Rob Lillywhite4 and Oyinlola Oyebode1  Abstract  Introduction:  Food environments are viewed as the interface where individuals interact with the wider food system to procure and/or consume food Institutional food environment characteristics have been associated with health outcomes including obesity and nutrition-related non-communicable diseases (NR-NCDs) in studies from highincome countries The objectives of this study were (1) to map and characterise the food-outlets within a Ghanaian university campus; and (2) to assess the healthiness of the food outlets Methods:  Data collection was undertaken based on geospatial open-source technologies and the collaborative mapping platform OpenStreetMap using a systematic approach involving three phases: remote mapping, groundtruthing, and food-outlet survey Spatial analyses were performed using Quantum Geographical Information System (QGIS) and comprised kernel density, buffer, and average nearest neighbour analyses to assess outlet distribution, density, and proximity A classification system was developed to assess the healthiness of food-outlets within the University foodscape Results:  Food-outlets were unevenly distributed over the University foodscape, with many outlets clustered closer to student residencies Informal food-outlets were the most frequent food-outlet type Compared to NCD-healthy foodoutlets, NCD-unhealthy food-outlets dominated the foodscape (50.7% vs 39.9%) with 9.4% being NCD-intermediate, suggesting a less-healthy university foodscape More NCD-unhealthy food outlets than NCD-healthy food outlets clustered around student residences This difference was statistically significant for food outlets within a 100-m buffer (p