Functional Plant Ecology Second Edition potx

Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C000 Final Proof page i 12.5.2007 2:00pm Compositor Name: JGanesan Functional Plant Ecology Second Edition Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C000 Final Proof page ii 12.5.2007 2:00pm Compositor Name: JGanesan BOOKS IN SOILS, PLANTS, AND THE ENVIRONMENT Editorial Board Agricultural Engineering Robert M Peart, University of Florida, Gainesville Crops Mohammad Pessarakli, University of Arizona, Tucson Environment Kenneth G Cassman, University of Nebraska, Lincoln Irrigation and Hydrology Donald R Nielsen, University of California, Davis Microbiology Jan Dirk van Elsas, Research Institute for Plant Protection, Wageningen, The Netherlands Plants L David Kuykendall, U.S Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland Kenneth B Marcum, Arizona State University, Tempe Soils Jean-Marc Bollag, Pennsylvania State University, University Park Tsuyoshi Miyazaki, University of Tokyo, Japan Soil Biochemistry, Volume 1, edited by A D McLaren and G H Peterson Soil Biochemistry, Volume 2, edited by A D McLaren and J Skujins Soil Biochemistry, Volume 3, edited by E A Paul and A D McLaren Soil Biochemistry, Volume 4, edited by E A Paul and A D McLaren Soil Biochemistry, Volume 5, edited by E A Paul and J N Ladd Soil Biochemistry, Volume 6, edited by Jean-Marc Bollag and G Stotzky Soil Biochemistry, Volume edited by G Stotzky , and Jean-Marc Bollag Soil Biochemistry, Volume 8, edited by Jean-Marc Bollag and G Stotzky Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C000 Final Proof page iii 12.5.2007 2:00pm Compositor Name: JGanesan Soil Biochemistry, Volume 9, edited by G Stotzky and Jean-Marc Bollag Organic Chemicals in the Soil Environment, Volumes and 2, edited by C A I Goring and J W Hamaker Humic Substances in the Environment, M Schnitzer and S U Khan Microbial Life in the Soil: An Introduction, T Hattori Principles of Soil Chemistry, Kim H Tan Soil Analysis: Instrumental Techniques and Related Procedures, edited by Keith A Smith Soil Reclamation Processes: Microbiological Analyses and Applications, edited by Robert L Tate III and Donald A Klein Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Technology, edited by Gerald H Elkan Soil-–Water Interactions: Mechanisms and Applications, Shingo Iwata and Toshio Tabuchi with Benno P Warkentin Soil Analysis: Modern Instrumental Techniques, Second Edition, edited by Keith A Smith Soil Analysis: Physical Methods, edited by Keith A Smith and Chris E Mullins Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops, N K Fageria, V C Baligar, and Charles Allan Jones Semiarid Lands and Deserts: Soil Resource and Reclamation, edited by J Skujins Plant Roots: The Hidden Half, edited by Yoav Waisel, Amram Eshel, and Uzi Kafkafi Plant Biochemical Regulators, edited by Harold W Gausman Maximizing Crop Yields, N K Fageria Transgenic Plants: Fundamentals and Applications, edited by Andrew Hiatt Soil Microbial Ecology: Applications in Agricultural and Environmental Management, edited by F Blaine Metting, Jr Principles of Soil Chemistry: Second Edition, Kim H Tan Water Flow in Soils, edited by Tsuyoshi Miyazaki Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress, edited by Mohammad Pessarakli Genetic Improvement of Field Crops, edited by Gustavo A Slafer Agricultural Field Experiments: Design and Analysis, Roger G Petersen Environmental Soil Science, Kim H Tan Mechanisms of Plant Growth and Improved Productivity: Modern Approaches, edited by Amarjit S Basra Selenium in the Environment, edited by W T Frankenberger, Jr and Sally Benson Plant–Environment Interactions, edited by Robert E Wilkinson Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C000 Final Proof page iv 12.5.2007 2:00pm Compositor Name: JGanesan Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology, edited by Mohammad Pessarakli Handbook of Phytoalexin Metabolism and Action, edited by M Daniel and R P Purkayastha Soil–Water Interactions: Mechanisms and Applications, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Shingo Iwata, Toshio Tabuchi, and Benno P Warkentin Stored-Grain Ecosystems, edited by Digvir S Jayas, Noel D G White, and William E Muir Agrochemicals from Natural Products, edited by C R A Godfrey Seed Development and Germination, edited by Jaime Kigel and Gad Galili Nitrogen Fertilization in the Environment, edited by Peter Edward Bacon Phytohormones in Soils: Microbial Production and Function, William T Frankenberger, Jr., and Muhammad Arshad Handbook of Weed Management Systems, edited by Albert E Smith Soil Sampling, Preparation, and Analysis, Kim H Tan Soil Erosion, Conservation, and Rehabilitation, edited by Menachem Agassi Plant Roots: The Hidden Half, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Yoav Waisel, Amram Eshel, and Uzi Kafkafi Photoassimilate Distribution in Plants and Crops: Source–Sink Relationships, edited by Eli Zamski and Arthur A Schaffer Mass Spectrometry of Soils, edited by Thomas W Boutton and Shinichi Yamasaki Handbook of Photosynthesis, edited by Mohammad Pessarakli Chemical and Isotopic Groundwater Hydrology: The Applied Approach, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Emanuel Mazor Fauna in Soil Ecosystems: Recycling Processes, Nutrient Fluxes, and Agricultural Production, edited by Gero Benckiser Soil and Plant Analysis in Sustainable Agriculture and Environment, edited by Teresa Hood and J Benton Jones, Jr Seeds Handbook: Biology, Production, Processing, and Storage, B B Desai, P M Kotecha, and D K Salunkhe Modern Soil Microbiology, edited by J D van Elsas, J T Trevors, and E M H Wellington Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops: Second Edition, N K Fageria, V C Baligar, and Charles Allan Jones Fungal Pathogenesis in Plants and Crops: Molecular Biology and Host Defense Mechanisms, P Vidhyasekaran Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C000 Final Proof page v 12.5.2007 2:00pm Compositor Name: JGanesan Plant Pathogen Detection and Disease Diagnosis, P Narayanasamy Agricultural Systems Modeling and Simulation, edited by Robert M Peart and R Bruce Curry Agricultural Biotechnology, edited by Arie Altman Plant–Microbe Interactions and Biological Control, edited by Greg J Boland and L David Kuykendall Handbook of Soil Conditioners: Substances That Enhance the Physical Properties of Soil, edited by Arthur Wallace and Richard E Terry Environmental Chemistry of Selenium, edited by William T Frankenberger, Jr., and Richard A Engberg Principles of Soil Chemistry: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, Kim H Tan Sulfur in the Environment, edited by Douglas G Maynard Soil–Machine Interactions: A Finite Element Perspective, edited by Jie Shen and Radhey Lal Kushwaha Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food Safety, edited by Kaushal K Sinha and Deepak Bhatnagar Plant Amino Acids: Biochemistry and Biotechnology, edited by Bijay K Singh Handbook of Functional Plant Ecology, edited by Francisco I Pugnaire and Fernando Valladares Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Mohammad Pessarakli Plant Responses to Environmental Stresses: From Phytohormones to Genome Reorganization, edited by H R Lerner Handbook of Pest Management, edited by John R Ruberson Environmental Soil Science: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Kim H Tan Microbial Endophytes, edited by Charles W Bacon and James F White, Jr Plant–Environment Interactions: Second Edition, edited by Robert E Wilkinson Microbial Pest Control, Sushil K Khetan Soil and Environmental Analysis: Physical Methods, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Keith A Smith and Chris E Mullins The Rhizosphere: Biochemistry and Organic Substances at the Soil–Plant Interface, edited by Roberto Pinton, Zeno Varanini, and Paolo Nannipieri Woody Plants and Woody Plant Management: Ecology, Safety, and Environmental Impact, Rodney W Bovey Metals in the Environment, M N V Prasad Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C000 Final Proof page vi 12.5.2007 2:00pm Compositor Name: JGanesan Plant Pathogen Detection and Disease Diagnosis: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, P Narayanasamy Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Mohammad Pessarakli Environmental Chemistry of Arsenic, edited by William T Frankenberger, Jr Enzymes in the Environment: Activity, Ecology, and Applications, edited by Richard G Burns and Richard P Dick Plant Roots: The Hidden Half,Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Yoav Waisel, Amram Eshel, and Uzi Kafkafi Handbook of Plant Growth: pH as the Master Variable, edited by Zdenko Rengel Biological Control of Major Crop Plant Diseases edited by Samuel S Gnanamanickam Pesticides in Agriculture and the Environment, edited by Willis B Wheeler Mathematical Models of Crop Growth and Yield, , Allen R Overman and Richard Scholtz Plant Biotechnology and Transgenic Plants, edited by Kirsi-Marja Oksman Caldentey and Wolfgang Barz Handbook of Postharvest Technology: Cereals, Fruits, Vegetables,Tea, and Spices, edited by Amalendu Chakraverty, Arun S Mujumdar, G S Vijaya Raghavan, and Hosahalli S Ramaswamy Handbook of Soil Acidity, edited by Zdenko Rengel Humic Matter in Soil and the Environment: Principles and Controversies, edited by Kim H Tan Molecular Host Plant Resistance to Pests, edited by S Sadasivam and B Thayumanayan Soil and Environmental Analysis: Modern Instrumental Techniques, Third Edition, edited by Keith A Smith and Malcolm S Cresser Chemical and Isotopic Groundwater Hydrology,Third Edition, edited by Emanuel Mazor Agricultural Systems Management: Optimizing Efficiency and Performance, edited by Robert M Peart and W David Shoup Physiology and Biotechnology Integration for Plant Breeding, edited by Henry T Nguyen and Abraham Blum Global Water Dynamics: Shallow and Deep Groundwater: Petroleum Hydrology: Hydrothermal Fluids, and Landscaping, , edited by Emanuel Mazor Principles of Soil Physics, edited by Rattan Lal Seeds Handbook: Biology, Production, Processing, and Storage, Second Edition, Babasaheb B Desai Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C000 Final Proof page vii 12.5.2007 2:00pm Compositor Name: JGanesan Field Sampling: Principles and Practices in Environmental Analysis, edited by Alfred R Conklin Sustainable Agriculture and the International Rice-Wheat System, edited by Rattan Lal, Peter R Hobbs, Norman Uphoff, and David O Hansen Plant Toxicology, Fourth Edition, edited by Bertold Hock and Erich F Elstner Drought and Water Crises: Science,Technology, and Management Issues, edited by Donald A Wilhite Soil Sampling, Preparation, and Analysis, Second Edition, Kim H Tan Climate Change and Global Food Security, edited by Rattan Lal, Norman Uphoff, B A Stewart, and David O Hansen Handbook of Photosynthesis, Second Edition, edited by Mohammad Pessarakli Environmental Soil-Landscape Modeling: Geographic Information Technologies and Pedometrics, edited by Sabine Grunwald Water Flow In Soils, Second Edition, Tsuyoshi Miyazaki Biological Approaches to Sustainable Soil Systems, edited by Norman Uphoff, Andrew S Ball, Erick Fernandes, Hans Herren, Olivier Husson, Mark Laing, Cheryl Palm, Jules Pretty, Pedro Sanchez, Nteranya Sanginga, and Janice Thies Plant–Environment Interactions,Third Edition, edited by Bingru Huang Biodiversity In Agricultural Production Systems, edited by Gero Benckiser and Sylvia Schnell Organic Production and Use of Alternative Crops, Franc Bavec and Martina Bavec Handbook of Plant Nutrition, edited by Allen V Barker and David J Pilbeam Modern Soil Microbiology, Second Edition, edited by Jan Dirk van Elsas, Janet K Jansson, and Jack T Trevors The Rhizosphere: Biochemistry and Organic Substances at the Soil-Plant Interface, Second Edition, edited by Roberto Pinton, Zeno Varanini, and Paolo Nannipieri Functional Plant Ecology, Second Edition, edited by Francisco I Pugnaire and Fernando Valladares Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C000 Final Proof page viii 12.5.2007 2:00pm Compositor Name: JGanesan Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C000 Final Proof page ix 12.5.2007 2:00pm Compositor Name: JGanesan Functional Plant Ecology Second Edition edited by Francisco I Pugnaire Fernando Valladares Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C024 Final Proof page 713 10.5.2007 2:59pm Compositor Name: VBalamugundan 713 Index Lecidella crystallina, 43 Legumes, nematodes, and bacterial symbionts interactions with, 590–591 Leontodon hispidus, 619 Leptogium puberulum, 30, 400, 414 Leptothorax tristis, 500 Lesquerella carinata, 445 Leymus arenarius, 585, 590 LHCII, see Light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex II Lichenologists, Lichens, 11, 13, 17, 22, 34–38 photosynthesis at subzero temperatures, 410 Life Zone System of Holdridge, 315 Light availability role, species diversity and forest regeneration, 219 Light detecting and ranging (LIDAR), 658 Light energy and plants, 325 Light environments, impact on growth, 213 Light-harvesting chlorophyll–protein complex II, 226 Light intensity, 73–74 Lignin, 483 Liliaceae, Australian, 10 Limiting-resource model, 488 Limonium, 517 Limosella grandiflora, 10 Lindera, 517 benzoin, 495 Lindernia acicularis, 13 crassifolia, 13 philcoxii, 46 Liquid phase diffusion limitations, 224 Liriodendron tulipfera, 152 Lithobiontic microorganisms, study, 417 Litter accumulation and decomposition, 439 LMA, see Leaf mass per unit leaf area Lobaria pulmonaria, 36 Lolium, 496 perenne, 271 Longidorus, 586 Longitarsus jacobaeae, 492 Lonicera, 111 Lotus corniculatus, 612, 619 Low-diversity tropical forests, 320 Lupine, 266 Lupinus arboreus, 489, 497 arizonicus, 125 bicolor, 614 chamissonis, 447 lepidus, 443 Luxury consumption, 159, 273 Luzula confusa, 372 pseudosudetica, 492 Lychnis flos-cuculi, 91–92 M Macrozamia sp., 555 Male reproductive fitness evaluation and pollen removal, 528, 529 Mammillaria microcarpa, 440 Marchantia berteroana, 407 Marrubium vulgare, 438 Mass flow rates, 260, 264 Matricaria discoidea, 613 Mauritia flexuosa, 330 Maximum relative growth rate (RGRmax), 68 Mean residence time (MRT), 87–88 Mechanical failures, in plants, 156 Mechanical stability, and tissue requirement, 106 Mechanistic models, 628–629 C3 single-leaf photosynthesis and, 636–637 C4 single-leaf photosynthesis, 638–639 Mediterranean plant species mechanisms, drought resistance and, 290 Mediterranean-type ecosystem, 286 charateristics of, 287 climate variability of, 287–288 substrate and vegetation types of, 288–290 Melampsora allii-fragilis, 495 Melanobaris erysimi erysimoides, 500 Melastoma malabathricum, 326 Meloidogyne sp., 586 incognita, 592 javanica, 590 Mercurialis annua, 526 Meristem, 487 Meristematic cells, ring of, 155 Mesorhizobium, 583 Metrosideros polymorpha, 443 Michaelis–Menten equation, 261 Michaelis–Menten kinetics, 157, 637, 638 Miconia, 362 Mimosa luisana, 437, 443 Mimulus auranticus, 447 Minirhizotron, 270, 274 Mixed mating systems, 522 Mnium punctatum, 25 MODIS sensor, 667–668, 672, 674 Modules, definition, 103 functional independence, 105 Modulus of elasticity, advantage of, 185–186 Moist nonacidic tundra, 377, 380 Mole fraction, 181 Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C024 Final Proof page 714 10.5.2007 2:59pm Compositor Name: VBalamugundan 714 Molinia caerulea, 273, 274 Molluscs graze, 495, 561 Monoaxial trees, 329 Monoecy, 523 Monomorphic systems, 527 Monostichous, 110 Mora excelsa, 320 gonggrijpi, 320 Mosses photoinhibition, 413 MTE, see Mediterranean-type ecosystem ă Mullers Ratchet, 518 Multifractals, 109 Multispecific interactions, herbivory and, 496–497 Mutualistic microbes, 564 Mycorrhizae, classes of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), 163 ectomycorrhizae (ECM), 163 ericoid mycorrhizae, 163 interaction, 495–496 orchid mycorrhizae, 163 species, 373 Mycorrhizal fungi, 164, 265–266, 266, 564, 583–585 AMF and, 584 classification of, 583–584 interactions with soil fauna, 588–590 resource partitioning and, 588 Myosotis laxa, 446 Myrica faya, 164, 443, 582 Myrothamnus flabellifolius, 10, 13, 25, 47 Myrothecium sp., 591 N Nannorrhops ritchiana, 330 Nardus stricta, 270 NDVI, see Normalized difference vegetation index Near-infrared (NIR) radiation, 661–662 Neckera crispa, 24 Negative density dependence, 361 Neighborhood design, 469–470, 472 Nematicidal polythienyl compounds, see Thiphene R–terthienyl Nematodes, 585–587 interactions with microbes, 591–592 interactions with legumes and bacterial symbionts, 590–591 Nematophtora gynophila, 591, 592 Neobuxbaumia tetetzo, 437, 443 Nephroma resupinatum, 37 Nerium oleander, 31, 133 Functional Plant Ecology Net primary production, 165, 370, 377–379 photosynthetic production, remote sensing and, 667–668, 670, 672 Net radiation, 204–205 absorption, of leaf, 203–204 Net radiometer, 204 N-fixing bacteria, 164, 266 Niche differentiation, 352–353 Nitrate and phosphate supply, effect of, 267 Nitrogen concentration in plant, 271 distribution, 230 fixation, 163 losses measurement, 274 mineralization, 274–275 optimal usage, 229–230 productivity, 271, 277 rich habitats, 73–74 storage, 273 Nitrogen productivity (NP), 87–89 Nitrogen uptake rate (NUR), 80 Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), 87 Nod-factors, 583 Nonfiltered (NF) treatment, 619 Normalized difference vegetation index, 644, 661–662 functional mapping tool and, remote sensing as, 665–666 North American forests, 356 Northern South America, seasonal variations in, 317 Nothofagus cunninghamii, 238 Notholaena, 13 NPP, see Net primary production Nutrient(s) addition, plant effects, 443 availability, 73, 86, 91 diffusion, 157 environment, plants adaptation in, 275–279 heterogeneity, 269 index, 276 leaching of, 273 losses, 273–275 mineralization, 372 poor tundra, 270 regulation mechanism, individual and ecosystem levels decomposition, nutrient release and, 303 nutrient use efficiency, sclerophylly, and evergreenness, 302–303 trophic types, nutrient uptake and, 302 uptake basic principals, 260 net uptake rate, 263–265 Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C024 Final Proof page 715 10.5.2007 2:59pm Compositor Name: VBalamugundan Index relation, external concentration and net uptake rate, 262–263 utilization, efficiency of, 272 Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE), 88, 277 Nypa fruticans, 330 O Ocotea tenera, 526 Ohm’s law, 188 law circuit, 189 disadvantages, 191 leaf interior (J) and, 604–605 water flow rate, 195 whole shoot and root conductances, 192 Olea europea, 524 Olneya tesota, 439–448 Oncosperma tigilaria, 330 Open-top chambers (OTCs), 617 Optimal-defense theory, 485 Opuntia, 107 fulgida, 440 leptocaulis, 448 quimilo, 526 rastrera, 443 Orbignya martiana, 330 Orthostichies, 110 Osmoregulation, effects of, 157 Osmotic adjustment, 185 Ouratea lucens, 324 Ozone (O3), 602 biochemical response to, 610 effects of grassland and, 619 impact of, 618 open-top chamber, effects, 611 resistance change in, 615 Plantago major and, 616 P Paecilomyces lilacinus, 591 Palatibility, effects of, 443 Palicourea, 529 Palms architecture and growth patterns, 329 light and water relations, 330 Papaver dubium, 613 Paraceterach sp., Parameterization, canopy photosynthesis modeling and, 643–644 Parasitism adaptation, 266 Parenchymal cells, 153–155, 159 715 Parmelia convoluta, 31 Paspalum notatum (Bahia grass), 611 Passive cation uptake, 260–261 Pasteuria penetrans, 591, 592 Paxillus involutus, 584, 588 PCRC, see Photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle Pedicularis Canadensis, 266, 441 Pellaea calomelanos, 13 viridis, 13 Peltigera praetextata, 33 rufescens, 30 Penman–Monteith formula, 206 Penstemons, 531 Pentaclethra macroloba, 320 Penumbra, 125 Perennial plants, 73, 76, 273 Pericycle, see Parenchymal cells Perpendicular vegetation index (PVI), 661 Persistent seed banks, 558 Phanerogamous genera, 13 Phellinus weirii, 585 Phenotypic plasticity, definition, 214 L-phenylalanine, 485 Phillyrea angustifolia, 526 Phleum alpinum, 492, 612 pretense, (timothy) 617 Phloem bundles, 154 Phoenix dactilifera, 330 Pholistoma auritum, 437 Phoma, 585 Phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP), 39, 638 Photochemical reflectance index (PRI), 671–672 Photoinhibition, in tropical forest, 325–326 Photon flux density (PFD), 630, 637–638 assimilation rates to, 229 gap dynamics and, 242–243 Photoprotective systems, 238 Photosynthesis mechanisms, 227 carbon gain, 227 dark respiration, 226–227 carbon balance, 227 construction costs, 227 estimation of respiration, 226 leaf respiration, 226 environmental stress, 224 gas exchange, 224 hyperbolic function, 227 leaf development, 224 leaf thickness, 224 light condition, shade, 225–226 maximum photosynthesis in high light, 223 Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C024 Final Proof page 716 10.5.2007 2:59pm Compositor Name: VBalamugundan 716 morphological and biochemical mechanism, 224–225 photoinhibition, 224 photosynthetic rate, 227 pigment-protein complexs, 227 pigments, 224–225 plant growth, 224, 227 plasticity and acclimation, 322–325 quantum yields, 225 rate, 79–80 trade-offs, 227–228 Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), 436, 669 Photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle, 223 Photosynthetic cotyledons, 562 Photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), 271 Photosynthetic N=P efficiency ratios, 328 Photosynthetic photon flux density, 128–130, 138 Photosynthetic production, remote sensing and APAR, 668–670 chlorophyll fluorescence and, 670–671 MODIS sensor and, 667–668, 672 photosynthetic rate and, 668 PRI and, 671–672 Photosynthetic proteins, 156 Photosynthetic system, biochemical level, 299–300 Photosystem II, 223 Phragmites, 516 Phyllotactic fraction, 111 Phyllotaxis, 109–112 Phylogenetically independent contrasts (PICs), 697–698 Phylogenetic constraint, 694 Phylogeny, 552, 693 constraint, 694 correlated-divergence analysis (phylogenetic correction), 695, 697 independence and adaptation, 696 PICs and, 697–698 species-selection design and, 696 Physcia caesia, 394, 407 dubia, 394 Physiological parameters, RGRmax and, 79–80 Phytophthora cinnamomi, 585 Picea abies, 266, 634 glauca, 442 sitchensis, 439 Pine processionary (PPC), 498 Pinguicula, 266, 276 Pinus albicaulis, 448–449 canariensis, 498 Functional Plant Ecology echinata, 585 flexilis, 554 halepensis, 498 monophylla, 444 nigra, 498 palustris, 121 patula, 121 pinea, 116, 498 ponderosa, 441, 444 radiata, 121, 498 strobus, 441, 588 sylvestris, 121, 266, 498 sylvestris nevadensis, 487 taeda, 121 tremuloides, 442 Piper sp., 362, 554 aequale, 237 arieianum, 222 auritum, 223 hispidum, 223 sancti-felicis, 222 Piranhea trifoliata, 315 Pisolithus, 584 Plagiodera versicolora, 495 Plantago coronopus, 440 major, 92–93, 613–615 ozone resistance and, 616 Plant communities, facilitation in defense against hervivore, 440 mycorrhizal fungi, role of, 442 pollination, 441 root graft root graft, bark girdling, 441–442 shade, 436–437 carbon gain, 436 growth rate in plants, 437 xeric environment, 437 soil moisture and nutrients, 438, 439 soil oxygenation, effects, 439–440 Plant design developmental program in, 103 modularity vs integrity, 105 modular nature of, 104–105 plant biomechanics, 105–107 Plant ecology functional, generalizing, 685 ecological strategy schemes, 689–693 inference rules, 686–688 phylogeny, 693–698 species, comparison of, 688–689 and RGRmax ecosystem productivity, 73–75 plant distribution, 73 plant strategies, 73–75 Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C024 Final Proof page 717 10.5.2007 2:59pm Compositor Name: VBalamugundan Index Plant–herbivore interaction evolutionary play, 490–491 defense cost, 491 plant–herbivore coevolution, 490–491 plant tolerance vs plant resistance, 491 herbivory, definition of, 482 multispecific context, 491–492 herbivores, effects of, 492 affecting competition, 492–493 association, 493–494 plant–mycorrhiza interaction, 495–496 pollen-dispersal system, 495 interspecific relationship between, 494–495 herbivores and pathogens interaction, 494–495 multitrophic interactions, 494 multispecific interactions, 496–497 multispecific vision climate effects on, 498 conditional outcomes, 499–500 ungulates affect, 500–501 plant performance and populations, effect on, 486 herbivory and plant performance, 486–487, 487 capacity of compensation, 488 induce defense, 487–489 tolerance, factors affecting to, 487 plant distribution, 490 plant population dynamics, 489 plant traits, 482 physical barriers, 483 plants quality as food, 483–484 probability, 482–483 variability of plants as food, 484–486 Plant mating systems asexual reproduction agamospermy, 517–518 vegetative reproduction, 516–517 evolution, and pollination type, 517–518 self-pollination, 520–522 sex allocation in, 522 sexual reproduction, 518 Plant nitrogen concentration (PNC), 80, 88 Plant(s) biomass, 69–70, 75–79, 260 breeding systems androdioecy, 526 andromonoecy, 524 dioecy, 525–526 gynodioecy, 526 gynomonoecy, 524–525 monoecy, 523 canopies, uniform multispecies, 631 carbon (C) economy, 79 717 communities, facilitation in (see Plant communities, facilitation in) defense theory, 485 design (see Plant design) diversity, 359 ecology (see Plant ecology) ecophysiology, 273 evergreens, 87, 91 forage, 104 functions comparative analysis of, 3, ecosystem functions, and, factors, nutrient relation in, 259 relation with fitness, growth, 77, 109, 224 hormones, production and function of, 161 interactions interchangeable benefactor species, effects of, 447–448 reasons of, 435 level, air pollutants resistance and, 610–613 mating systems (see Plant mating systems) as metapopulations, 103, 105 modular nature of, 229 morphology, 102 performance, CO2-exchange, 397 diel and long-term photosynthetic performance, 402–405 environmental and plant factors, 398–400 nutrition effects, 405–407 photoautotrophic habit of, 609 physiology, failure of, plant interactions, belowground, 587–588 plasticity in, 138 radiation load and photoprotection, 325 relative fitness, 76 reproduction, success of, 528–529 responses to light, 230–231 species density, 353, 359 density dependence, 360–362 with rainfall, 359–360 and soil fertility, 360 species diversity, 351 species, model for competition between, 278 stands, uniform monotypic, 630–631, 640–642 strategy theory, 76 woody deciduous and evergreen, 91 Plasticity evolutionary theory, 215–216 modern concept, 215–216 phenotypic adaptation, 215–216 in plants, 138 regulatory responses and acclimation, 215–216 role of, 215–216 Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C024 Final Proof page 718 10.5.2007 2:59pm Compositor Name: VBalamugundan 718 Poaceae, 11 Pochonia chlamydosporia, 591, 592 Podarcis lilfordi, 519 Podophyllum peltatum, 441 Pohlia elongata, 42 Poikilohydrous autotrophs constitution vs performance, 8, 11–13 definition, ecology of, 13 erratic resource exploitation, 16 water transport problems, 20–21 water loss retardation, 22–24 water uptake and transport, modes of, 17–20 land plants, 11 limits and success different strategies, 41–42 metabolic activities, 42–45 photosynthesis, 34–41 primary production, 47–48 morphological features monocotyledons, 15–16 stems lignification, 15 plant communities, 46–47 resurrection plants, 8, 14–15 anabiotic to biotic state, dependence on liquid water, 39 in lowlands, 15 truly xerophytic, 15 stress tolerance, damage prevention and desiccation tolerance, 24–25, 32 photosynthetic units photoprotection, 29–32 protein synthesis, 28–29 temperature tolerance, 33–34 vascular plants Blossfeldia liliputana, 14–15 low stomatal control of transpiration, 16 zeaxanthin-dependent dissipation in, 31 Pollen-dispersal system, 495 Pollen donation hypothesis (PDH), see Fleursˆ du-male hypothesis Pollen tube growth rate, 528 Pollination effectiveness, 530 syndrome, 530, 532 Pollinator(s) assemblage, 531 role in floral traits, 530–532 Polyaxial trees, 330 Polygonatum, 136 Polygonum aviculare, 92 Polypodium polypodioides, 9, 18–19 virginianum, 19 vulgare, 12, 25 Functional Plant Ecology Polytrichum alpestre, 395, 405, 408 Population level, air pollutants resistance and, 613–617 Populus angustifolia, 493 balsamifera, 439 deltoides, 122 fremontii, 234, 493 nigra, 122 tremuloides, 440, 615 Portulaca oleracea, 231 Potentilla anserina, 231 replans, 231 Pouteria, 362 PPFD, see Photosynthetic photon flux density Pratylenchus sp., 586, 590 Precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (P=E ratio), of tropical region, 314 Predawn water potential, 179 Pressure profiles, in trees, 193 Primary root growth, cell division during, 152 Principal component analysis (PCA), 82 Prosopis sp glandulosa, 152, 444 juliflora, 439, 447 Proteaceae, 266 Proteoid roots, 266 Protoxylem, occurrence of, 154 Prunus mahaleb, 526 Pseudevernia furfuracea, 35 Pseudogamy, 517 Pseudophebe pubescens, 402 Pseudoroegneria spicata, 269 Pseudotsuga menziensii, 585 PSII, see Photosystem II Psychotria sp., 138, 221, 362 marginata, 237 Puccinellia distans, 633–634 Puccinia monoica, 441 Pyrrosia longifolia, 336 Pythium sp., 585 Q Quercus sp., 129 agrifolia, 291, 295, 437 cerris, 297 coccifera, 291, 295 douglasii, 291, 438, 443 dumosa, 291 ilex, 295 ithaburensis, 292 pubescens, 295 Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C024 Final Proof page 719 10.5.2007 2:59pm Compositor Name: VBalamugundan Index rotundifolia, 438 suber, 301, 438 turbinella, 291 wislizenii, 291 R Radiant energy, effects of, 179, 182 Radiative transfer models, 115, 125 Rainfall, gradients, in Ghana, 359 Rain forests, CO2 concentrations, 325 Ralstonia, 583 Ramalina capitata, 22 maciformis, 35, 44, 47 menziesii, 37 Ramet, see Modules Ramonda myconi, 19, 23, 34, 41 serbica, 10, 29 Random amplified polymorphic DNA primers (RAPDs), 616 Raphanus raphanistrum, 441 Raphia gigantea, 330 Raunkiaer life-forms, 689–690 Recalcitrant seeds, 559 Reiteration process, plant growth and, 113 Relative growth rate, 267, 271–272, 278, 691 calculation, 69–70 components of, 77–78 concept, 69 selection for, 84–90 Relative nutrient requirement, 275 Relative water content, 185 Remote sensing, ecological applications of, 655 as functional mapping tool, 664–667 fundamentals hyperspectral sensors, 662–664 scale, concept of, 658–661 sensors, 657–658 vegetation indices, 661–662 future recommendations, 673–674 passive, 656 photosynthetic production and, 667–672 Renealmia, 136 Replacement series, 469–470 Resorption efficiency, 303 Resource competition model, 458 heterogeneity, 466 loss rates, 460–461 plant dynamics, 460 resource dynamics, 460 resource reduction, 461 719 soil resource supply rates, 460–461 Resources depletion equilibrium level (R*), 461, 464–465, 469, 473 Resource uptake and partitioning, 588 by selective foraging, 157 Resurrection plants anabiotic to biotic state, in lowlands, 15 phanerogamous plants, 16 truly xerophytic, 15 Retama sphaerocarpa, 129, 438, 448 RGR, see Relative growth rate Rhacomitrium canescens, 24 Rhinanthus, 266 Rhinocyllus conicus, 493 Rhizobium, 164, 266, 583 Rhizoctonia, 164 Rhizoplaca melanophthalma, 402, 408 Rhizopogon, 584 Rhizosphere bacteria, 164 (see also Azospirillum) biodiversity and interactions in (see Rhizosphere biodiversity) effects, 266 Rhizosphere biodiversity, 581 interactions in nematodes and their microbial enemies, 591–592 plant-feeding nematodes, legumes, and bacterial symbionts, 590–591 plant–plant, belowground, 587–588 resource uptake and partitioning, 588 soil fauna, mycorrhizal fungi and, 588–590 major groups of organisms, and interactions with plants mycorrhizal fungi, 583–585 nematodes, 585–587 pathogenic fungi, 585 symbiotic nitrogen-fixers, 582–583 Rhododendron tashiroi, 135 Rhopalosiphum padi, 494 Rhytidiadelphus loreus, 25 Ribulose bisphosphate, 235 Riccia, 46 R-K spectrum, 689 Roadside grasses, 633–634 Roccellaceae, 17 Rock-colonizing fern genera, 13 Root biomass, 272 cells, oxygen availability to, 153 distributions, global patterns of, 164–166 exudates, 161–162 Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C024 Final Proof page 720 10.5.2007 2:59pm Compositor Name: VBalamugundan 720 foraging precision, 267 functions anchoring, 156 hormone production and environment sensing, 160–161 releasing exudates and environment modification, 161–163 resource uptake, 156–158 storage, 158–160 hairs density of, 152 distribution of, 152 water absorption in, 154 maintenance, carbon costs of, 270 morphology and development of primary anatomy of, 152–155 secondary growth of, 154–155 tertiary root morphology, 155 proliferation, 267 radius, 187–188 and shoot system, functional integration of, 152 symbioses, 163–164 systems functional consequences of, 151 I-beam structure, 156 T-beam structure, 156 volume, 268 weight ratio, plasticity in, 272 Root mass fraction (RMF), 80 Rosmarinus oficinalis, 133 Rotylenchulus sp., 586 RuBP-1,5-carboxidismutase (Rubisco), 636, 644 Rubus cuneifolius (blackberry), 610–611 Ruderals, 76, 84 Rumex obtusifolius, 274 palustris, 270 Russula, 584 S Sabal mauritiaeformis, 330 Salicornia, 493 europaea, 126 Salix sp alaxensis, 439 polaris, 372 cuspidata, 495 Samolus valerandi, 440 Sanguisorba minor, 619 Sanionia uncinata, 414 Santa Monica Mountains region, 665–666 Satureja gillesii, 42 Scale concept, remote sensing and, 658–661 Schiedea globosa, 526 Functional Plant Ecology Schistidium antarctici, 408 Scholander–Hammel pressure bomb, 183–184 Scleroderma, 584 Scrophulariaceae, 11 Seasonal abscission, 273 Sea urchins, 484 Seed augmentation, 551 banks, 558 density, 555 discounting, 520 dispersal, 525, 550, 556 animals involved in, 557 by earthworms, 557 limitation, 556 long-distance, 557 dormancy and germination, 558–560 gap detection mechanisms, 559 lipid content, 552 mass, 692 and mature plant height, 550 with morphological traits, 563 and nitrogen concentration, 553 mineral element in, 553 nitrogen reserves in, 553 plants, sexual reproduction in, 518–519 predation by animals, 554 masting behavior, 555 physical and chemical defenses for avoiding, 561 predispersal and postdispersal, 553 spatial patterns of, 555 starvation and satiation of, 555 in tropical rainforests, 555 shadows, 556 size, 549–553 and dry habitats, 553 evolutionary influence on, 554 from gymnosperms to angiosperms, 550 of orchids, 550 and soil fertility, 552 variation among species, 551 stem elongation, 562 of summer annuals, 559 tissue, 553 Seedlings in canopy shade, 565 carbon gain rate of, 564 establishment in infertile soils, 552 functional growth analysis of, 552 germinating seed to, 560 growth and survival, 562–566 large-seed advantage of, 552 recruitment, 560–562 Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C024 Final Proof page 721 10.5.2007 2:59pm Compositor Name: VBalamugundan 721 Index regeneration, 549 RGR and, 562, 563 stems, tissue toughness of, 561 and survival, 550 distance effects on, 555 tissue, 552 Selaginella, 11 lepidophylla, 9, 14, 31, 39 Self-incompatible system, 527–528 Self-pollination consequences of, 521 factors preventing, 520–521 factors promoting, 521 Senecio jacobaea, 492 Sensors, remote sensing and, 657–658 Sequoia, 584 Serinus serinus, 500 Sex expression, 524 Sexual reproduction, rates of, 370–371 Shade avoidance, 126, 137 Shade-tolerant seedlings, 564 Shallow-rooted system, 293 Shoot borers, 486 Shoot demography, changes in, 375 Shoot-level clumping, 120 Shorea, 362 Shrub tundra, productivity in, 380 Silicate particles, esophageal canker development and, 484 Silicon photodiodes, 658 Single-leaf photosynthesis, and conductance models, 628–629 Sinorhizobium, 583 SLA, see Specific leaf area Slow-growing species, 80–82, 86 Smilacina, 136 Soil borne fungi, 553 fauna and mycorrhizal fungi, 588–590 fertility, 274, 353 and productivity, 462–463 techniques, 315–317 heterogeneity foraging traits, 467 patch characteristics, 467–468 two-phase resource dynamics model, 466 microaggregates, stabilization of, 161 micro-organisms, importance of, 439 nutrient uptake, 273 organic matter decomposition, 378 plant system, water potential gradient in, 157 seed population, 558 seed survival, 558 water uptake patterns, 291 Solanum tuberosum (potato), 586 Solar energy budget, measurement of, 206 Solidago altissima, 489, 497 canadensis, 441 Solute flux, 188 Somatic recombination, 517 Sorbus aucuparia, 440 Spartina maritima, 440 patens, 445 Spatial heterogeneity autocorrelation analysis, 218 effect of gap, 218 geostatistical techniques, 218–219 patterns of, 217 penumbra, 218 primary factor, 216–217 responses to photosynthesis and growth, 220 plasticity and, 220, 222 spectral analysis, 219 statistical techniques, 219 sunflecks, 218 Species comparison, habitat, 688, 689 composition, 73, 75 diversity patterns, 318 specific predators, 555 Specific leaf area, 77–81, 87, 690–691 related traits, 87–90 Spectral mixture analysis, 664, 665 Spectral reflectance, biologically important compounds and, 663 Sphagnum, 13 Spinacia oleracea, 226 Spiral phyllotaxy, 110 Sporobolus, 39 fimbriatus, 14 pellucidatus, 14 stapfianus, 29 Sporothrix, 585 Spruce photosynthesis, 634 Stefan–Boltzmann law, 203 Steinernema glaseri, 592 Stenopoikilohydrous autotrophs, 12 Stipa tenacissima, 129, 444 Stochastic model, of plant growth, 137 Stomatal conductance, 613 cellular level, air pollutants resistance and, 605–606 coupled models, 639–640 factors affect, 238 limitations of, 240 uncoupled models, 640 Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C024 Final Proof page 722 10.5.2007 2:59pm Compositor Name: VBalamugundan 722 Stomatal responses, 214 Strahler ordering technique, 108 Streptopus, 136 Stress tolerance, in plants, 207–208 tolerators species, 76 Structuring communities, abiotic factors in, 370 Style–stamen polymorphism, 528 Succisa pratensis, 274 Suillus, 584 Sunfleck light regimes, models for assimilation model, dynamic, 239 steady-state models Farquhar–von Cammerer, 239 Johnson–Thornley equation, 239 stomatal model, dynamic, 239 Sunfleck(s) characteristics, histograms of, 234 growth responses, 241–242 nature of, 233 responses of photosynthesis to, 234–235 usage, factors influencing capacity to, 236 Superoxide dismutase (SOD), 29, 607, 608 Surface roughness, effects of, 207 Symbiosis, 265, 266 Symbiotic nitrogen-fixers, 582–583 Sympodial branching, 113 Syntopic congeners, 362 Syntrichia ruralis, 24 T Tachigalia versicolor, 560 Tagetes erecta, 586 patula, 586 Takakia, 32 Tannins, 483 Taxus, 584 Teloschistes capensis, 48 Temporal heterogeneity, 232–233 plasticity of leaves and plants to increase in Amax, 243 photoinhibition, 243 two modes of acclimation, 243 Terminalia, 120 Terpenoids, 484 Terrestrial vascular plants, 12 architecture of, 103 Tetraberlinia tubmaniana, 320 Tetramorium caespitum, 500 Tetraphis, 32 Thallose hygrophytic liverworts, 17 Thaumetopoea pityocampa, 498 Functional Plant Ecology Thelephora, 584 Themeda, 496 triandra, 440 Thevetia ahouai, 127, 129 Thiphene R–terthienyl, 586 Timber species, regeneration of, 562 Tortula ruralis, 17, 24 Tracheids, 104 Trachypogon plumosus, 91 Tragopogon pratense, 554 Traits, competitive ability and, 464–465 Trampling intensity, 73–74 Transport rates (TRs), 263 Trebouxia, 30 Treefall gaps, 357 Tree ring analysis, 315 Trientalis europaea, 495 Trifolium arvense, 613 pratense, 495 pretense, (red clover) 617 repens, (white clover) 231, 615, 618 Triose-phosphate utilization (TPU), 637 Tripogon, 39 Tritrophic systems, 496–497 Tropical biomes, 358 Tropical ecosystems, 314 Tropical forest(s), 318, 319, 351, 362 antiherbivore defenses in, 353 carbon uptake and organic matter production, 328 characteristic structural feature of, 332 coexistence mechanism of competitive exclusion, 355, 357–358 intermediate disturbance, 353 life history trade-offs, 353–354 niche differentiation, 352–353 pest pressure, 353–354, 361 sunfleck occurrence, 357 treefalls reinforce, 357 diversity, origins of, 358 mycorrhizal symbiosis role of, 326–327 nutrient supply in, 327 plant species densities in, 359 Tropical palms, 330 Tropical region climate, 314 Trunk inclination, 135 Tundra ecosystems, 375 biogeochemical models of, 378 Turgor pressure greater, 177 and osmotic potential, effects of, 179 Tussock tundra, species in, 376 Two-phase resource dynamics model, 466 Typha latifolia, 440, 446 Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C024 Final Proof page 723 10.5.2007 2:59pm Compositor Name: VBalamugundan 723 Index U Ulmus sp., 495 procera, 516 Umbilicaria aprina, 30, 394, 404, 407 decussata, 410 spodochroa, 43 Umbilicariaceae, 17 Uncoupled models, stomatal conductance and, 640 Understory plants, 136 Understory species, facilitative mechanisms, 442–443 Unit leaf area (ULR), 77 Urocystis tridentalis, 495 Urolithiasis, 484 Uromyces trifolii, 495 Usnea aurantiaco-atra, 44, 419 sphacelata, 411, 413 Utricularia, 266, 276 Uvularia, 136 V Vaccinium myrtillus, 266 vitis-idaea, 371 VAM, see Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae Vapor phase conductance, 190–191 Vapor pressure deficit, 605 Vascular cambium (VC), 153, 155 Vascular epiphytes, 334 ecophysiology of CAM epiphytes, 336 occurrence of CAM in specific groups of epiphytes, 336 Vegetation indices, 661–662 Vegetation trends biodiversity, 393–394 biomass, 394 community structure, 395 Vegetative reproduction among woody plants, 516 disadvantage of, 517 in hydrophytes, 517 Vellozia andina, 14 kolbekii, 16 schnitzleinia, 14 Velloziaceae luteola, 23 tubiflora, 23 Veratrum lobelianum, 492 Vertical root distribution, asymptotic model of, 165 Verticillium, 585 chlamydosporium (see Pochonia chlamydosporia) Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae role in colonization by, 162 Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae, 320 Vesicular–arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizae, 302 Viola cazorlensis, 531 Volcanic substrates, primary succession on, 443 Vonitra utilis, 330 VPD, see Vapor pressure deficit Vulnerability curves, of plant species, 199 W Warming responses, meta-analyses of, 378 Water availability, 92 entry, effects of, 177–179 extraction, in plants, 186–188 flows, 177, 188 loss and assimilation, 300 effect of, 177, 179, 183 leaf area index, 294 stomatal regulation, 292 movement, in plants chemical potential, 176 environmental conditions affecting, 203 passive and active movement, 176 xylem pressure potential role, 199 potential assessment, 177 changes, reasons of, 179 decline of, 183 factors determining, 177 ă Hofler diagram, 176177, 183, 185 increase, reason of, 179 osmotic potential, 177, 185 pressure potential, 177 relations, in plants, 176, 438 chloroplasts, role of, 179 leaves tissue–water relationship, 183 opening and closing of stomata, 179–181 physiology and role of guard cells, 179–180 potassium ion, effect of, 180 roots, role of, 179–180 water loss regulation by leaves, 179–180 resource, individual and ecosystem responses, 290 stress, 297 transfer hydraulic architecture, 296 patterns of changes in DC with water stress, 295 soil–plant resistance and water flow, 294 Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C024 Final Proof page 724 10.5.2007 2:59pm Compositor Name: VBalamugundan 724 uptake, 197 rooting depth and patterns, 29 Wet forests, 354 Wetting=drying cycles in Antarctica, 409 Whole-plant=canopy models, 629 big-leaf models, 632–633 inhomogeneous canopies, 631–632, 643 longwave radiation, 630 plant stands, uniform monotypic, 630–631, 640–642 shortwave radiation and, 630 uniform multispecies plant canopies, 631, 642 Whole-plant growth, 271 and photosynthesis, 228 Wind damage, trampling and, 92–93 dispersed species, 556 downburst of, 355 Woody plants, 105 hedgerows, linear arrangements of, 136 Functional Plant Ecology Xenorhabdus sp., 592 Xerophyta eglandulosa, 21 humilis, 28 scabrida, 24 villosa, 28 viscosa, 29 Xerophytism, 12 Xiphinema diversicaudatum, 592 Xiphinema sp., 586 Xylem conduits, 177, 197 air bubbles, 198 air–water interfaces, 197–198 cavitation event, 197–198 collapse pressure, 198 metastable conditions, 197 voids, 198 Xylem vessels, 104 Y X YPLANT model, three-dimensional, 124, 127, 130 Xanthophyll cycle, 658, 669 Xanthoria candelaria, 408 elegans, 394 mawsonii, 30, 394 Z Zigadenus paniculatus, 524 Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_plates Final Proof page 16.4.2007 2:52pm Compositor Name: BMani FIGURE 22.3 True-color AVIRIS image for a region of Ventura County in southern California showing the Pacific Ocean (bottom), the western edge of the Santa Monica Mountains (center right) and developed and agricultural areas (top left) The different colored bands receding into the background illustrate the spectral dimension (Z dimension), in this case 224 different spectral bands (wavelengths), ranging from near-ultraviolet bands (foreground) to the infrared bands (background) Much of the information content of this image is present in this spectral dimension Francisco Pugnaire/Functional Plant Ecology 7488_plates Final Proof page 16.4.2007 2:52pm Compositor Name: BMani June 2002 December 2002 Net primary productivity (kgC m−2 year −1) FIGURE 22.7 Global NPP estimates for the months of June and December, 2002, derived from the MODIS satellite sensor (From NASA’s Earth Observatory, http:= =earthobservatory.nasa.gov=.) ... Pugnaire /Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C000 Final Proof page i 12.5.2007 2:00pm Compositor Name: JGanesan Functional Plant Ecology Second Edition Francisco Pugnaire /Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C000... Francisco Pugnaire /Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C002 Final Proof page 10 30.4.2007 7:54pm Compositor Name: DeShanthi Functional Plant Ecology Francisco Pugnaire /Functional Plant Ecology 7488_C002... in Functional Plant Ecology: The Species-Sampling Problem, Plant Ecology Strategy Schemes, and Phylogeny 685 Mark Westoby Index 705 Francisco Pugnaire /Functional Plant Ecology