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B NỘI DUNG I Định nghĩa 1 Direct speech (Lời nói trực tiếp) Lời nói trực tiếp là sự nhắc lại chính xác những từ của người nói Lời nói trực tiếp thường được đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép và sau đông từ chính[.]
B NỘI DUNG I Định nghĩa: Direct speech (Lời nói trực tiếp) Lời nói trực tiếp nhắc lại xác từ người nói Lời nói trực tiếp thường đặt dấu ngoặc kép sau đơng từ có dầu phẩy (,) dấu hai chấm (:) Examples: Minh said, “I am a good student.” “I will go to his party”, she said Reported speech or Indirect speech (Lời nói gián tiếp) Lời nói gián tiếp tường thuật lại ý người nói, đơi khơng phải dùng từ người nói Lời nói gián tiếp khơng đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép Examples: Minh said (that) he was a good student She said (that) she would go to his party II Những thay đổi chuyển từ lời trực tiếp sang gián tiếp Thay đổi đại từ nhân xưng, đại từ sở hữu, tính từ sở hữu: Đại từ nhân xưng Chủ ngữ Trực tiếp Gián tiếp I He, she We They You They/ he/ she/ I Tân ngữ skkn Trực tiếp gián tiếp Me Him/ her Us Them You Them/ him/ her Trực tiếp Gián tiếp My His/ her Our Their Your Their/ his/her/ my Trực tiếp Gián tiếp Mine Him/ hers Ours Theirs Yours Theirs/ his/ hers Tính từ sở hữu Đại từ sở hữu Thay đổi động từ tình thái: (tenses and modal verbs) Direct speech Reported speech Present Simple: V1 Past Simple: V2/ed Ex1: Nam said “I am told to be at EX1: Nam said (that) he was told to be at school before o’clock” school before o’clock Ex2: He said “ I like beer” Ex2: He said (that) He liked beer Present Progressive: Past Progressive:was/were+Ving am/is/are+Ving Ex: He said (that) he was watching TV Ex: He said “I’m watching TV” Past Perfect: had + V3/ed Present Perfect: has/have + V3/ed Ex: He said (that) I had just bought a new book Ex: He said “ I have just bought a new book” Past Perfect: had + V3/ed skkn Ex: They said (that) they had come by car Past Simple: V2/ed Ex: They said “ We came by car ” was/were+V-ing or Past Perfect progressive Past Progressive: was/were + V-ing Ex:-He said ( that ) he was sitting in the park at Ex: He said “I was sitting in the park at o’clock” o’clock” - He said ( that )he had been sitting in the park at o’clock” Past Perfect: had + V3/ed Past Perfect: had + V3/ed Ex: She said “ My money had run out” Ex: She said ( that) her money had run out Future Simple: will +V without to would + V without to ( Vo) (V0) Ex: Lan said ( that) she would phone me Ex: Lan said “I’ll phone you” could can Ex : He said ( that) we could sit there Ex: He said “ you can sit here” might may Ex: Mary said ( that) she might go to Hanoi Ex: Mary said “I may go to Ha noi again again” 10 must/ had to 10 must Ex: He said ( that)he had to finish that report Ex: He said “I must finish this report” * Chú ý: Một số trường hợp khơng đổi động từ câu gián tiếp: - Nếu động từ mệnh đề giới thiệu dùng đơn, tiếp diễn, hoàn thành tương lai đơn, động từ câu gián tiếp không thay đổi Eg: He says/ he is saying/ he has said/ he will say, “the text is difficult” He says/ is saying/ has said/ will say (that) the text is difficult skkn - Khi câu nói trực tiếp thể chân lý hành động lặp lại thường xuyên, động từ câu gián tiếp không thay đổi Eg: My teacher said “The sun rises in the East” My teacher said (that) the sun rises in the East He said, ‘My father always drinks coffee after dinner’ He said (that) his father always drinks coffee after dinner - Câu trực tiếp có dạng câu điều kiện loại loại 3:Giữ nguyên thi không thay đổi Eg: She said, “If I had enough money, I would buy a new bicycle.” She said (that) if she had enough money, she would buy a new bicycle Eg: The teacher said, “If John had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exam.” The teacher said (that) if John had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exam Tuy nhiên lời nói trực tiếp câu điều loại chuyển sang loại lời nói gián tiếp Eg: The advertisement said; “If you answer the questions correctly, you may win one million dollar” The advertisement said that I might win one million dollar If I answered the questions correctly - Khơng thay đổi của: Could, would, might, should Ought, had better, need câu nói gián tiếp Nhưng must -> had to/ must Eg: She said; “I could the homework She said the she could the homework - Động từ câu nói trực tiếp có thời gian xác định: Eg: He said, “I was born in 1980” he said that he was born in 1980 Thay đổi từ thời gian, nơi chốn: (Changes in time and place words/ Now and here Words.) skkn Direct speech Reported speech This evening That evening Today That day Tonight That night Now Then, immediately, at that time, at once Yesterday The day before, the previous day Tomorrow The following day/ the next day/ the day after / a day later Tomorrow morning The following morning / the next morning These days Those days Ago Before Two days ago Two days before Next week The following week/ the next week/ the week after/ a week later Last week The previous week/ the week before Last night The previous night/ the night before Here There * Lưu ý: Ngoài thay đổi thì, trạng từ thời gian cịn có thay đổi đại từ xưng hơ (personal pronouns), dấu câu, … This trước từ thời gian morning, week, month, … đổi thành that Examples: He said, “I am going shopping this morning.” (direct speech) He said that he was going shopping that morning (reported speech) skkn This, That (determiner) trước từ người vật đổi thành The Example: Mai said, “I like this book.” (direct speech) Mai said that she liked the book (reported speech) This, That đại từ đổi thành it Example: Mai said, “I like this.” (direct speech) Mai said that she liked it (reported speech) III Các loại câu tường thuật: Tường thuật lại lời trực tiếp xác định phủ định: (Statements) a Công thức chung: said S+ said to +O + (that) + S + V (lùi thì) told (O) b Ví dụ: (Language focus Unit 8/ p.89 – English 10) “I am going to Ho Chi Minh city soon.” (direct speech) She said (that) she was going to Ho Chi Minh city soon (reported speech) “I can’t help you because I have too much to do.” (direct speech) She said to me (that) she can’t help me because she had too much to (reported speech) c Các bước làm: Dùng động từ said (that) để tường thuật Nếu có đối tượng tiếp nhận việc tường thuật lại việc, ta dùng said to told để tường thuật Thực đổi chủ ngữ, tân ngữ tính từ sở hữu có Đưa động từ câu trực tiếp lùi skkn Thay đổi trạng ngữ d Bài tập tự luyện: Change this direct speech into reported speech: “He works in a bank” She said _ “We went out last night” She told me “I’m coming!” She said _ “I was waiting for the bus when he arrived” She told me “ I’d never been there before” She said _ “I didn’t go to the party” She told me “Lucy’ll come later” She said _ “He hasn’t eaten breakfast” She told me “I can help you tomorrow” She said _ 10 “You should go to bed early” She told me 11 “I don’t like chocolate” She told me 12 “I won’t see you tomorrow” She said _ 13 “She’s living in Paris for a few months” She said _ skkn 14 “I visited my parents at the weekend” She told me 15 “She hasn’t eaten sushi before” She said _ 16 “I hadn’t travelled by underground before I came to London” She said _ 17 “They would help if they could” She said _ 18 “I’ll the washing-up later” She told me Tường thuật câu hỏi Yes/ No questions: Câu hỏi Yes/No thường bắt đầu trợ động từ như: Do, Does, Did, Can, Could, Is, Am, Are, Will, Has, Have, Was, Were a Công thức chung: (câu trực tiếp) S + asked / said “ Aux + S + ……… ? ” (câu gián tiếp) S + ASKED + (O) + IF/ WHETHER + S + V (lùi thì) Ngồi động từ asked (sb), ta dùng số động từ khác để tường thuật như: wondered, wanted to know, required, … b.Ví dụ - “Did he arrive on time?” She asked me if he had arrived on time - “Have you been to Paris?” She asked me if I had been to Paris - “Are you working tonight?” She asked me if I was working that night skkn c Các bước thực hiện: Dùng động từ asked (sb) để tường thuật Mở đầu nội dung tường thuật If Whether Đảo trợ động từ sau chủ ngữ Nếu trợ động từ do, does did ta bỏ phải nhớ lùi cho động từ cuối câu không dùng dấu hỏi Thực đổi ngơi chủ ngữ, tân ngữ tính từ sở hữu có Biến đổi trạng ngữ thời gian, trang ngữ nơi chốn d Bài tập tự luyện She asked; “Are you wearing your over coat, Ann?” She asked us; “Are you angry?” She asked; “Do you always go to church on Sundays?” My aunt said; “Is a return ticket cheaper than two singles?” The boss asked; “Are you a student?” She said to me; “Did they tell you when they left?” The teacher told boys; “Are you writing your name on the paper?” My boyfriend asked me; “Can you say your name on the paper?” Mr Green told Lan; “Do you write the report for me?” 10 Ann said to her; “Will you your homework tonight?” Wh-questions: Câu hỏi W/h thường bắt đầu từ như: what, why, when, who, which, where, whose, how (much/many/often/old…) a Công thức chung: (câu trực tiếp) S + asked / said “ Wh – word + Aux + S + ? ” (câu trực tiếp) S + ASKED + (O) + Wh – Question word + S + V (lùi thì) skkn Ngồi động từ asked (sb), ta dùng số động từ khác để tường thuật như: wondered, wanted to know, required, … b Ví dụ “What are you doing now?”, she said She asked me what I was doing then “When did you come back home?” She asked me when I had come back home c Các bước thực Dùng động từ asked (sb) để tường thuật Mở đầu nội dung tường thuật nghi vấn từ câu hỏi trực tiếp Đảo trợ động từ sau chủ ngữ Nếu trợ động từ do, does, did ta bỏ phải lùi cho động từ cuối câu không dùng dấu hỏi Thực đổi chủ ngữ, tân ngữ, tính từ sở hữu có Thực biến đổi trạng ngữ thời gian, trạng ngữ nơi chốn d Bài tập tự luyện “Where is he?” She asked me “What are you doing?” She asked me “Why did you go out last night?” She asked me “Who was that beautiful woman?” She asked me “How is your mother?” She asked me “What are you going to at the weekend?” She asked me 10 skkn “Where will you live after graduation?” She asked me “What were you doing when I saw you?” She asked me “How was the journey?” She asked me 10 “How often you go to the cinema?” She asked me Tường thuật lại câu cầu khiến (indirect commands, requests) a Các hình thức biểu câu cầu khiến: - “Can you wait a moment, please?” he said - “Could you tell me the way to the post office?” She said - “Will you help me with my homework?” said Peter - “Woud you like to join our Drama Group?” she said - “Please turn on the lights?” said Lan - “Would you mind cleaning the blackboard?” he said - “I wonder if you can type this letter for me?” she said - “Do you think you could help me?” she said b Công thức chung: S + asked/ told + O + to/ not to – infinitive c Ví dụ: - “Eat your dinner!” She told me to eat my dinner - “Don’t make a mess!” She asked me not to make a mess d Các bước thực hiện: Dùng động từ asked/ told (sb) để tường thuật 11 skkn Đưa động từ câu trực tiếp hình thức “to-inf” yêu cầu mang nghĩa khẳng định “not to-inf” yêu cầu mang nghĩa phủ định Nếu câu yêu cầu/ đề nghị trực tiếp có chữ “Please” ta bỏ Thực thay đổi có liên quan( đổi ngơi, thay đổi trạng ngữ thời gian, nơi chốn e Bài tập tự luyện “Please help me carry this” She asked me “Please come early” She “Please buy some milk” She “Could you please open the window?” She “Could you bring the book tonight?” She “Can you help me with my homework, please?” She “Would you bring me a cup of coffee, please?” She “Would you mind passing the salt?” She “Would you mind lending me a pencil?” She 10 “I was wondering if you could possibly tell me the time?” She 12 skkn Câu gián tiếp với động từ nguyên thể( Reported speech with to infinitive) Khi lời nói trực tiếp lời đề nghị, mệnh lệnh, ý định, lời hứa, lời yêu cầu,… chuyển sang câu gián tiếp, động từ tường thuật động từ nguyên mẫu dùng để truyền tải nội dung Cụ thể có trường hợp sau: Động từ tường thuật + tân ngữ+ to V *Động từ tường thuật: ask, advise, command, invite, order, recommend, encourage, urge, warn, want, beg, persuade, remind , instruct … Ex: He said, “Would you like to go out > He invited me to go out for a for a drink?” drink ( invited sb to V Mời … ) She said to me; “How about some > She invited me some coffee coffee” “I will look after the house for you if you -> He offered to look after the house like” he said for me if I liked ( Offered to V đề nghị làm gì…) Ex: She said, “Can you lend me your > She asked me to lend her my book?” ( asked sb to V yêu cầu làm book ?) Ex: She said to me; “Don’t forget to ring > She reminded me to ring her up me up tomorrow evening” the next eveining ( Nhắc làm ) Ex: “You should study harder,” my > My mother advised me to study mother said harder ( Khuyên làm ) Động từ tường thuật + động từ nguyên mẫu (to V) * động từ tường thuật :agree, demand, hope, promise, threaten, offer, refuse, decide Ex: “All right, I’ll wait for you” -> He agreed to wait for me he said Eg: ‘No, I won’t lend you my -> He refused to lend me his car car” 13 skkn Eg: ‘I’ll send you a card on your -> He promised to send me a card on my birthday” birthday Bài tập tự luyện: Rewrite the following sentences in reported speech with infinitives “Remember to write to me soon,” she said to me She reminded “You’d better spend more time learning to write,” I said to the boy I advised “Would you like to have dinner with us tonight?” Mike said to Linda Mike invited “Please, please turn off the T.V, John,” said Tom Tom begged “Don’t lean your bicycles against my windows, boys,” said the shopkeeper The shopkeeper warned “Open the safe,” the robber said to the bank clerk The robber ordered “Leave this space clean, David,” she said She told “Shall I open the window for you, Edna?” he said He offered “I’ll wait for you I promise,” he said to me He promised 14 skkn 10 “Would you like to come with me?” John said to Mary John invited 11 “Don’t forget to take the holiday,” Mark said to me Mark reminded me 12 “You should take a holiday,” Jane said to David Jane advised 13 “I thought you took a holiday last summer,” Tom said to Sophia John expected Sophia 14 “Taking a holiday would be a good idea,” George said George proposed 15 “ You really must take a holiday, Linda,” Jim said Jim told 16 “Don’t touch that switch, Peter,” I said I warned 17 “Read this document before you sign it,” he said to her He advised 18 “Will you help me, please?” she said to me She asked 19 “Please as I say,” he said to me He begged 20 “Don’t forget to prune the roses,” my aunt said to Alfred My aunt reminded Câu gián tiếp với danh động từ (Reported speech with gerund): 15 skkn - Khi lời nói trực tiếp lời đề nghị, chúc mừng, cảm ơn, xin lỗi … Thì chuyển sang câu gián tiếp, ta thường dùng động từ tường thuật với danh động từ theo sau để truyền tải nội dung lời nói trên.Cụ thể có trường hợp sau: * Động từ tường thuật:deny, admit, Động từ tường thuật + V-ing suggest, regret Ex: He said to me; “Let’s -> He suggested going home go home” Động từ tường thuật + giới từ + Ving… Động từ tường thuật: : dream of, object to, insist on, complain about, think of, look forward to Ex: “I’ll help you with your physics -> Peter insisted on helping Susan with her exercise,” Peter said to Susan physics exercise “I’ll drive you to the station I -> Peter insisted on driving Linda to the insist,” Peter said to Linda station “I want to pass the exam with flying -> John dreamed of passing the exam colours,” John said with flying colours Động từ tường thuật + giới từ + tân ngữ * Động từ tường thuật: thank sb for, + Ving… accuse sb of, congratulate sb on, apologize sb for, warn sb against, prevent sb from, stop sb from… Ex1: “It was nice of you to help me -> Tom thanked me for helping him Thank you very much,” 16 skkn Tom said to you Ex2: “I’m sorry I’m late,” Peter said > Peter apologised for being late Ex3: John said, “I heard you received the > John congratulated me on receiving the scholarship Congratulations!” scholarship Ex4: “Stay here! I can’t let you go out -> Her mother prevented Jane from going tonight,” her mother said to Jane out that night Ex5: “Don’t go out alone at night,” I said > I warned Linda agaisnt going out alone to Linda at night Ex6: “You took some of my money,” he > He accused me of taking some of his said money Bài tập tự luyện: Rewrite the following sentences in reported speech with Gerund “Why don’t we organize an English competition for our student?” said Ms Lien Ms Lien suggested ……………………………………………………… “I’m sorry I’m late,’ said Mr Thanh Mr Thanh apologized ……………………………………………… “Me? No, I didn’t take Sue’s calculator,” Said Bob Bob denied ……………………………………………………… “You took my pencil,” said David to Henry David accused ……………………………………………………… “I must see the manager,” he cried He insisted ……………………………………………………… “If you wanted to take my bike, you should have asked me first,” said Mike to his brother 17 skkn Mike criticized ……………………………………………………… “ You won the scholarship Congratulation!” Mary told me Mary congratulated ………………………………………………… “It was kind of you to help me with my homework,” Lan said to Hoa Lan thanked ……………………………………………………… “Turn off the computer You are not allowed to play game now,” Dick’s mother said to him Dick’s mother prevented ……………………………………… 10 “I’m sorry that I broke the glass,” said Peter Peter apologized ……………………………………………………… 11 “Let’s invite Mr Brown to the party next weekend,” he said He suggested ……………………………………………………… 12 “You stole the jewels,” the inspector said to him The inspector accused ……………………………………………… 13 “I only borrowed your car for some hours,” the man said The man admitted ……………………………………………………… 14 “I’m sorry I damaged your tape recorder, Mike,” said Bob Bob apologized ……………………………………………………… 15 “It’s nice of you to invite me to lunch,” Bob said to John Bob thanked ……………………………………………………… 16 Carol said, “What about going to the cinema this weekend, Max ?” Carol suggested ……………………………………………………… 17 “I’m sorry I forgot your birthday,” Dave said Julia 18 skkn Dave apologized ……………………………………………………… 18 “Why didn’t you tell me the truth?” he said to me He accused ……………………………………………………… 19 “Don’t go near that deserted house,” Tony said to Monica Tony warned …………… ……………………………………… 20 “I’m sorry I broke the vase,” my son said My son admitted ……………………………………………………… Dạng tập trắc nghiệm Choose the best answer He said he…………… at the “Ritz” Hotel A.is staying B has stayed C was staying D will stay C am studying D studied He asked me where I…………… A have studied B study I thought that I ………….my work at that time A shall finish B will finish C should D will have finish finish He wondered if she lived…………….with her parents A here B there C in there D in here They wondered………………she would come if it rained A what B who C whether D then He says he………… at school two years ago A had worked B works C had been D worked working Victor said he………….very busy A is B will be C was D may be C can speak D has spoken I asked Hoa if she……………… Chinese A could speak B speaks Tina asked me how long I…………… a teacher A have been B had been C am 19 skkn D will be 10 She asked me…………….I liked pop music A if B whether C that D A&B 11 The students asked if I was going to teach them physics……………… A the next day B next day C day next D the day next 12 I want to know he…………for her birthday A has bought B buys C had bought D would buy 13 She said she………….come to the party on Friday A won’t B can’t C doesn’t D couldn’t C was D has been 14 Chris asked me where my car…………… A is B will be 15 Mr Jim said that he……………….happy with his new assistant A weren’t B isn’t C wasn’t D aren’t C had give D had given 16 He said that John……………….up his job A has given B have given 17 She said that she ……………to learn to drive A is going B was going C go D goes 18 I knew that he……………….a very clever man A was B will be C has been D is 19 They said they…………….us if we needed A help B helped C had gone D would help 20 “Go home,” said the teacher to us A The teacher told us to go home B The teacher said us to go home C The teacher told us go home D The teacher told to us to go home 21 “Don’t forget to clean your teeth,” said Granny to Helen A Granny told Helen not forget to clean her teeth B Granny told Helen not to forget to clean her teeth C Granny told Helen to not forget to clean her teeth D Granny said Helen not to forget to clean her teerh 22 “Please bring me some fish soup,” he said to the waitress A He asked the waitress bring him some fish soup B He asked the waitress to bring her some fish soup 20 skkn ... reminded Câu gián tiếp với danh động từ (Reported speech with gerund): 15 skkn - Khi lời nói trực tiếp lời đề nghị, chúc mừng, cảm ơn, xin lỗi … Thì chuyển sang câu gián tiếp, ta thường... 12 skkn Câu gián tiếp với động từ nguyên thể( Reported speech with to infinitive) Khi lời nói trực tiếp lời đề nghị, mệnh lệnh, ý định, lời hứa, lời yêu cầu,… chuyển sang câu gián tiếp, động...Trực tiếp gián tiếp Me Him/ her Us Them You Them/ him/ her Trực tiếp Gián tiếp My His/ her Our Their Your Their/ his/her/ my Trực tiếp Gián tiếp Mine Him/ hers Ours Theirs