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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE POST- GRADUATE DEPARTMENT ************** NGUYỄN THỊ THU HÀ PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN VIETNAMESE AND AMERICAN ENGLISH (FROM CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE) (ĐẠI TỪ NHÂN XƯNG TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT VÀ TIẾNG ANH MỸ, XÉT TỪ GÓC ĐỘ VĂN HOÁ) M.A Minor Thesis Field: Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 HÀ NỘI – 2009 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE POST- GRADUATE DEPARTMENT ************** NGUYỄN THỊ THU HÀ PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN VIETNAMESE AND AMERICAN ENGLISH (FROM CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE) (ĐẠI TỪ NHÂN XƯNG TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT VÀ TIẾNG ANH MỸ, XÉT TỪ GĨC ĐỘ VĂN HỐ) M.A Minor Thesis Field: Linguistic Code: 60 22 15 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyễn Văn Độ HÀ NỘI – 2009 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com iii TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY i ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………… ………… ….iii ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………… ……… … … v PART 1: INRODUCTION……………………………………………………… …… 1 Rationale Aims and Significance of the study Methods of the study Scope of the study Design of the sudy PART 2: DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1: Theoretical Background 1.1 Culture and language 1.2 Speech acts 1.3 Linguistic politeness 1.4 Overview of the Vietnamese and American English addressing system 1.4.1 Overview of the Vietnamese addressing system 1.4.1.1 Personal pronouns 1.4.1.2 Kinship terms 12 1.4.1.3 Status terms .13 1.4.1.4 Personal names 13 1.4.2 Overview of the American English addressing system .13 1.4.2.1 Personal pronouns 13 1.4.2.2 Kinship terms 15 1.4.2.3 Status terms .16 1.4.2.4 Personal names 16 Chapter 2: The study 17 2.1 Methodology and procedures 17 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com iv 2.1.1 The survey questionnaire 17 2.1.2 The informants 17 2.1.3 Data collection 18 2.2 Data analysis: Findings and Discussion 18 2.2.1 Consideration of selecting addressing terms 19 2.2.2 Frequencies of using addressing terms .20 2.2.3 Frequencies of combining personal pronoun “I” with other addressing terms 23 2.2.3.1 “I - title” ( Tôi – chức danh) 24 2.2.3.2 “I – kinship term”(Tôi – từ thân tộc ) .24 2.2.3.3 “I- first name” (Tôi – tên riêng) .25 2.2.3.4 “I – last name” (Tôi – tên họ) 25 2.2.4 Factor (factors) greatly impacting on the way people address at work 26 2.2.5 Trends of using the dyad “I - You” at work .28 2.3 Limitations of the study 29 PART 3: CONCLUSION 32 Main similarities and differences in using addressing terms and personal pronouns of the Vietnamese and American at work .30 1.1 Similarities .30 1.2 Differences 31 Implications for English language teaching and translation strategies 33 REFERENCES .36 APPENDIXES I LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com v ABBREVIATIONS ELT English language teaching F.A Frequencies of addressing FN Fist name FuN Full name KT Kinship terms LN Last name N Number NAT Neutral addressing term T Title TLN Title + Last name LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com PART 1: INTRODUCTION RATIONALE Addressing form which is an interesting language phenomenon is a significant tool expressing interlocutors‟ attitude, ideas and power, etc in communication There are numerous addressing systems in different languages and different cultures as well One must admit that Vietnamese addressing system is much more interesting, delicate and complicated than that of American English Therefore, not only foreigners but Vietnamese also get confused when using addressing forms to communicate with each other Vietnamese addressing system expresses the most clearly Vietnamese culture features that originate from traditional sense of family and community As American English addressing system, Vietnamese one classifies into three main types, one of which is personal pronouns However, the usage of personal pronouns between the Vietnamese and American is dissimilar because of different cultural features In fact, the first personal pronoun “I” of American English has its counterparts in the Vietnamese system dozens of linguistic forms of various grammatical subclasses, which causes difficulties for both the Vietnamese and the American while using this dyad With the hope of helping Vietnamese learners of English in general, and Vietnamese who work with speaking English foreigners avoid culture shock when interacting; the author has decided to investigate the use of the first personal pronoun in Vietnamese and American English from cultural perspective AIMS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The aims of the study are: - To present basic characteristics of the Vietnamese and American English addressing system - To concentrate on how the Vietnamese and American address as well as factors affecting on their choice of using addressing terms LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com - To investigate culture features of Vietnam and America lying in the use of the first personal pronoun “I” at work This is both significant and useful for Vietnamese learners of English and foreigners who have little knowledge of Vietnamese culture - To find out similarities and differences in the use of the first personal pronoun “I” of the Vietnamese and American Accordingly, all findings of this study, expected for being implicated in translation strategies and making a useful contribution to the further study, help Vietnamese learners of English avoid miscommunication and misunderstanding while working with Americans So, the study is aimed to solve these two research questions: What are similarities and differences in the use of addressing terms in general and the first personal pronoun “I” in particular of the Vietnamese and American? What are cultural features lying in the use of first personal pronoun “I” to address? METHODS OF THE STUDY The study begins by exploring theoretical background relating to the topic The relationship between cultures and languages is the first hypothesis that confirms a fact that language cannot separate from culture and via verse Speech acts, especially the illocutionary acts, is the second hypothesis that makes contribution to addressing terms The third hypothesis is politeness that is extremely important communication strategy cannot be ignored, especially in the case of using addressing terms Besides, interlocutor‟s parameters like age, gender, or occupational status, etc also impacts on the way they use addressing terms With the data collected from American and Vietnamese informants, the researcher has necessary linguistic input and reliable information of addressing and the use of personal pronouns Then, the researcher takes advantages of analyzing and statistic methods to analyze collected data On that basis, we draw out conclusion and some general comments about similarities and differences in using addressing term and personal pronouns between the Vietnamese and American by synthesizing method LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com SCOPE OF THE STUDY A great number of studies focus on characteristics of Vietnamese addressing forms in comparison with that of other cultures However, investigating the first personal pronoun “I” in Vietnamese and American English is still a new topic in Vietnam Therefore, the study aimed to concentrate on the impacts of socio-cultures on the way the Vietnamese and American address, especially the usage of personal pronouns, the combination between the first personal pronoun “I” with other addressing terms and trends of using the first personal pronoun “I”at work place as well, which are useful for Vietnamese learners of English who have difficulties in using addressing forms in general and the first personal pronoun while working with Americans Addressing is an interesting phenomenon in cross – cultural communication Therefore, analysizing similarities and differences of using the first personal pronoun “I” between the Vietnamese and American at work from cultural perspective are seriously analyzed DESIGN OF THE STUDY The study will consist of three main parts: Introduction, Development and Conclusion Part 1: Introduction consists of Rationale; Aims and significances of the study; Methods of the study; Scope of the study and Design of the study Part 2: Development concludes two chapters Chapter presents Theoretical background which will provide Culture and Languages, Speech acts, Linguistic politeness and Overview of the Vietnamese and American English addressing system that lay the foundations for the next chapter In chapter 2, the findings of the study will be presented and discussed Part 3: Conclusion presents similarities and differences in using addressing forms in general and the first personal pronoun in particular as well as implications for English language teaching and translation strategies LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com PART 2: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THE LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 CULTURE AND LANGUAGE Culture has multiple meanings in different disciplines and different contexts According to Nguyen Van Do (2004:64), culture is a system of values and non-values, standards and non-standards existing through the ways people in a society behave to the nature, social environment and themselves in the process of establishing and developing that society Another adequate definition about culture which is cited in Larry A Samovar (2007) is Triandis‟s In his point of view, culture is a set of human-made objective and subjective elements that have increased the probability of survival in the past and satisfied the participants in a society and shared among those who can communicate with each other because they have a common language and live in the same time and place Hence, language, religion, values, traditions and customs as well are hearts of culture Actually, language is a part of culture, without language, culture can not be protected and developed Not only does language allow people of a society-a culture to share information, ideas and feeling but it is also one of significant tools for the transmission of culture The relation between culture and language preciously described and presented through the following model: Language Human Culture Society LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 1.2 SPEECH ACTS ACROSS CULTURES We perform speech acts when we offer an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal and so on In general, a speech act is an utterance that serves a function in communication To communicate is to express a certain attitude, and the type of speech act being performed corresponds to the type of attitude being expressed As an act of communication, a speech act succeeds if the audience identifies, in accordance with the speaker's intention, the attitude being expressed For instance, in a birthday party, the speaker meets young lady and produces the utterance “You have a wonderful smile” or “I really like your skirt” These utterances are likely considered as compliments By contrast, in a funeral, for example, these utterances are produced, willbe ironical Hence, the same utterance can be interpreted as different kinds of speech act up to contexts or certain situation A speech act might contain just one word, as in "Sorry!" to perform an apology, or several words or sentences: "I‟m sorry I forgot your birthday I just let it slip my mind." According to the social-interactionist view, a speech act is a language phenomenon that results from acts of speaking or writing when someone (Speaker) says (or writes) something to someone else (Hearer) at a certain time in a certain context According to Austin (1962), speech acts are grouped into three ways: + Locutionary act: The act that constructs an utterance by following grammars and vocalizing the sentence For example, if a person says to you, “You can‟t that,” the locutionary act is to construct a sentence that literally means that you cannot that by making relevant physical sounds + Illocutionary act: The act that actually performs an act in uttering the sentence In the same example, the illocutionary act is to prohibit you from doing that + Perlocutionary act: The act that tries to accomplish by uttering it That is, by saying the sentence, he stopped you from doing that Among locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts, Austin (1962:120) especially focuses on the importance of illocutionary and extends his analysis by making a distinction between illocutionary and perlocutionary acts: “illocutionary acts are conventional acts while perlocutionary acts are not conventional” In order to perform an illocutionary act, LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 27 2.2.5 Trends of using the dyad “I - You” at work Da t a i n Ame r i c a D a t a i n Vi e t n a m 3% 1% 8% 87% 0% di sagr ee di sagr ee agr ee agr ee other other 92% The results collected from the Vietnamese informants are much more different than that of the American The chart showing Vietnamese data indicates that most of the Vietnamese not like to use personal pronouns at work (85%) although the pronoun “I” is extensively used in social communication They explain that if personal pronouns are used at work, which will create the distance between colleagues and sometimes express the disdain to the boss or elders This seems to contrast to Vietnamese tradition and culture as well as social relationship Moreover, there are a plenty of other addressing terms that can express feelings of respect or disrespect, sentiments and intimacy seldom found in other languages as American English one Besides, the Vietnamese always appreciate their family, which affects the usage of addressing forms in daily life Because of this habit, kinship terms as addressing forms are not only limited in family relationship but also used as effective way to communicate in society In social communication or at working place, the participation of them as addressing forms is very active and in fact they overwhelm other relationships Therefore, the Vietnamese seems to prefer using kinship term than personal pronouns at work This is understandable when only small amount Vietnamese informants choose personal pronouns often used at work (5%) To these informants, they wants there have formality and distance at work where the working environment is not much affected by complicated social LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 28 relationship and familiar one, which will enhance their possibilities of working The last 10% give their own ideas, but mostly they say that personal pronouns are only used in the case of the meeting to create the formal and polite atmosphere Personal pronouns, to some extents, can be used among colleagues at the same age to show their friendliness and intimacy By contrast, 92% American informants show their preference of using the dyad “I you” at work because they not have to take the age, occupational status or attitude of colleagues into consideration 8% give their own opinion They say that initially people should/will call you by your first name or a respectful title to get your attention at the beginning of a conversation During the conversation, the dyad “I - You” is fine to use None of American correspondents chooses the dyad “I - you” should not be used at work 2.3 LIMITATION AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY The study only concentrates on investigating personal pronouns, especially the current reality of using the first personal pronoun “I” and the combination between pronoun “I” and other addressing terms as well as cultural factors impacting on the way the Vietnamese and American use addressing terms at work Therefore, it cannot cover all aspects of the both addressing system There is limited number of informants who take part in the survey because of time and distance The informants are divided into two groups The first group is teacher, offices, scientists or doctors coming from Vietnamese University of Commerce, Vietnam Mathematics Institute, Hanoi Children hospital The second group consists of American who are teachers, offices and scientists of University of Minnesota working Hence, the findings of the results cannot present for all the Vietnamese and American who are working in different fields or in different places However, they still make contribution to distinguish the addressing system of both nations Therefore, in the further study, it is recomended that the use of addressing terms at work place or the use of dyad “I-You” should be invesigated LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 29 PART 3: CONCLUSION MAIN SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN USING ADDRESSING TERMS AND THE FIRST PERSONAL PRONOUNS OF THE VIETNAMESE AND AMERICAN AT WORK 1.1 SIMILARITIES Vietnam has an age-long and special culture that is closely attached to the history of the formation and development of the nation Actually, Vietnam has got a fairly large cultural community orientating from wet rice culture, so people highly respect the elders and always appreciate their families, which affects all aspects of the Vietnamese life, especially in the way people address On the other hand, American culture has strongly nomadic features This means community life is not their favor but individualism and independence are considered the most That is perfectly understandable while in Vietnam a younger girl has to use the addressing term “em” to call her older colleague “chị” to show the respect and intimacy but in America, the interlocutors can use the neutral dyad “I - You” only However, there still have some similarities among the two nations in the way of addressing Both American and Vietnamese informants agree that “attitude of addressee” is not an important factor that they take into consideration while addressing They explain whether the hearer is in bad or good mood that does not affect on the way they use addressing term to call him/her Besides, gender and occupational status are not their most consideration in choosing a suitable addressing term to call a colleague; they only play a part in their selection Concerning to the frequencies of using addressing terms while communicating to colleagues at work, a common feature that is found between the two cultures is full name, title and last name, title without last name are never used while communicating to colleagues at work place When communicating to younger colleague or colleague at the same age, both the Vietnamese and American prefer using first name By using first name, the solidarity, intimacy and friendliness between the addressor and addressee are more and more cemented LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 30 By contrast, they never use last name, full name, title and last name to address the younger or at the same age colleague Another similarity between the two nations is that they often combine personal pronoun “I” with title at work place in the case the speaker has lower status but he is older than the hearer Both the Vietnamese and American consider culture is the most prominent factor impacting on the way people address It is perfectly culture that decides the way people address While the American can call his President by first name like Obama or Clinton; the Vietnamese consider that way of addressing express disdain or impolite attitude, in their turn they will call “Thủ tướng Nguyễn Tấn Dũng” to show the respect Besides, a common feature between the Vietnamese and American can be found is that they also mostly take occupational status and context of communication as the most important determining factors deciding the way people address at work Meanwhile, dwelling area is not appreciated as a decisive factor that has great impact on interlocutors‟ choice of using addressing terms In short, the above some similarities between the Vietnamese and American in the way they use addressing terms in general and the first personal pronoun “I” in particular as well as the prominent determining factors affecting on the choice of using addressing terms are extremely significant and useful for Vietnamese learners of English and Vietnamese people who work with American They can take advantages of these similarities to avoid culture shock while studying or working in speaking English environment 1.2 DIFFERENCES Generally, the addressing system of both nations is equivalent that includes four main subclasses: personal pronouns, kinship terms, status terms and proper names However, there exist great difficulties between the two nations in the way of using addressing terms and personal pronouns in particular One of the biggest differences between the two cultures is age factor While the Vietnamese take age is the most important factor in their consideration of choosing addressing terms, the American pay little attention to this factor Actually, the American can address the colleagues easily though they not know their age because they have a flexible dyad “I - LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 31 You” Besides, the attempt to know age of the conversation partner seems to be not polite because age is one of individual matters that avoid being asked by the American Meanwhile, the Vietnamese have to identify the age of the addressee so as to select a suitable addressing term to call him/her This means that addressing term is a significant tool saving the face of the addressee and showing the respectful attitude to him as well Therefore, age is the greatest important factor that cannot be ignored in communication In fact, at the beginning of the conversation, to some extent, Vietnamese interlocutors not know age of each other but no sooner a small mount of time they know the age of the partner than they select an appropriate addressing term that is used during the conversation While the Vietnamese pay the most attention to the factor “age”, the American consider the context of interaction the most In different context, they will use different addressing form Frequencies of using addressing terms while communicating to colleagues at work between the Vietnamese and American are quite different When the Vietnamese informants choose kinship terms (mixed personal pronouns) as their common addressing term while communicating to colleagues, American informants are in favors of using first name and the first personal pronoun “I” Concerning to the combination between the first personal pronoun “I” and other addressing terms, while a large number of Vietnamese select the dyad “I-kinship” as another addressing term used at work to show the speaker‟s politeness to the hearer who may be older than him, it seems unacceptable to be used at work place by the American Using the dyad “I-title + last name” is sometimes used in American at work at the beginning of the conversation, but the Vietnamese never use it Actually, although most American says that the dyad “I-title + last name” can show their respectful attitude to the addressee, the Vietnamese consider it as an insignificant tool in communication because it creates the formality between interlocutors, which is unexpected The trend of using the dyad “I - You” is extremely different between the Vietnamese and American Most Vietnamese informants express that they would like to use kinship terms at work instead of the dyad “I - You” because by using kinship term, can interlocutors LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 32 maintain intimacy, politeness and friendliness in communication Besides, it is said that Vietnamese addressing terms are diversified and flexible and the use of kinship terms not only in families but also in society or working places is a typical culture feature of Vietnam which other countries not have By contrast, the American like to use the dyad “I - You” at work because they not pay attention to the age, occupational status or attitude…of the addressee IMPLICATIONS FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING AND TRANSLATION STRATEGIES We are living in the context of globalization in which English standard level is considered as an indispensable factor deciding the success of everyone Hence, studying English is extremely important and necessary to accelerate the exchanges of economy, education and culture among nations This explains why the studies investigate the relations between languages and cultures have great significance of improving the quality of teaching foreign languages as well as translation and interpretation missions In fact, culture is the prominent factor directly affecting on the acquisition of second language As the result, it is a need to investigate addressing terms in Vietnamese and American English from cultural perspective Addressing terms between the two nations have similarities and differences that were analyzed and mentioned in previous chapter Because of difficulties, many English learners make mistakes while communicating to the American or in the process of translation and interpretation Besides, effects of the mother tongue on the second language often make learners confused when translating documents from Vietnamese into English or via verse While the Vietnamese show excessive interest in age of addressee, the American pay attention to the context of interaction the most Therefore, Vietnamese learners of English sometimes find it is difficult to understand the communicative situations, which impacts on the ways they select appropriate addressing terms There is no complete equivalence among addressing terms in Vietnamese and American English Actually, American addressing system is much simpler than Vietnamese one It is because that there exists a neutral dyad “I - You”, which is used in communication as “prefabricated units” However, Vietnamese addressing system has no equivalent dyad with LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 33 the dyad “I - You” because there are always a number of socio-cultural factors dominating Vietnamese addressing system Therefore, although I and You are personal pronouns, they are not only translated into Vietnamese personal pronouns (tao-may; to- ban,….) but other addressing terms upon to the context According to Nguyen Quang, there are 14 dyads in Horizontal Relationship Type I in Vietnamese addressing forms These dyads can not find equivalences in English except for the dyad “I - You” Therefore, it cannot be denied that there is no real match in the meanings and implications between English and Vietnamese personal pronouns The English pronouns are neutral; they bear no particular socio-cultural meanings or pragmatic implications, while most of the Vietnamese counterparts express either intimacy and familiarity or disrespect and arrogance, depending on context Only one pronoun (tôi) has a neutral meaning However, if used in family contexts by an inferior to a superior also implies disrespect and disparagement It also implies distance when used between husband and wife or close friends So, it is recommended that when translating the dyad “I - You”, we should take advantages of our diversified personal pronouns so as to make the translated documents suitable to Vietnamese contexts In addition to the dyad “I - You”, the American seems to prefer using the first name in communication to call the addressee without taking his/her age, occupational status or gender, etc Even their President Black Obama can be called Obama only, which is unacceptable in Vietnam society because first name is used to call addressee who is younger than the addressor or at the same age and different gender This difference causes culture shock for Vietnamese learners of English or Vietnamese working with American often It is reason why in the process of translation or interpretation, especially in meetings, we need to highly pay attention to the usage of first name in order to find out suitable terms that not offend the hearer The Vietnamese really like to use kinship terms in almost communication both in the family and in society The Vietnamese kinship terms are much more complex and extensive in meaning than the American English terms They have primary meanings, denoting blood relationships, and extended meanings, used between non-related people, which are highly pervasive and intricate In fictive use they can imply various degrees of intimacy or distance, LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 34 respect or disrespect, affection, love or hatred, sarcasm, anger, and formality The main meanings of English kinship terms, on the other hand, are denotative They are rarely extended and certainly not employed as a way of expressing the range of meanings associated with the Vietnamese terms The habit of using these terms of Vietnamese sometimes affects on the way they address American and the way they translate them into English The following example will illustrate this clearly: Ông liệu tống cổ thằng khỏi nhà khơng tơi giết (“Khơng Có Vua”, p 51) Grandfather consider kick neck guy that out house no servant kill him “You better throw that guy out of the house before I kill him” (“Without a King”, p.37) Con xin lỗi bố (“Khơng Có Vua”, p.54) Child beg mistake father “I‟m sorry, Father” (“Without a King”, p 39) It is remarkable that Vietnamese kinship terms are translated into the dyad “I – You” in almost situations at work place, in society conversation or even in family It is a fact that most Vietnamese learners of English have to study in a non – native American English environment They seldom have opportunities to communicate with native English speakers, which sometimes cause misunderstandings in their face to face conversation with them Therefore, when practicing conversations in the class, the learners should be given different contexts in which they can use different addressing terms In order to help the learners avoid mistakes when using addressing forms in general and personal pronouns in particular, in the teaching and studying process, we had better pay attention to take contrastive comparison between the two languages Only the basic of investigating similarities and differences between Vietnamese and American English as well as their variables in using, we can avoid unexpected mistakes Moreover, teaching and studying English are necessary to closely connect with investigating national cultures, customs, or habits, etc of both Vietnam and America Only by doing this, can we use two languages accurately and significantly For these reasons, it is hoped that the study of personal pronouns in Vietnamese and American English from cultural perspective would make a small contribution to reduce difficulties that Vietnamese learners of English often have LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 35 REFERENCES Tiếng Việt: Diệp Quang Ban (2003), Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt, tập 1, Nxb Giáo dục, Hà Nội Nguyễn Tài Cẩn (1975), Từ loại danh từ tiếng Việt đại, Nxb Khoa học Xã hội, Hà Nội Nguyễn Văn Độ (2004), Tìm hiểu mối liên hệ ngơn ngữ - văn hoá, Nxb Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội, Hà Nội Phạm Ngọc Hàm (2000), So sánh đối chiếu từ xưng hơ gia đình tiếng Hán tiếng Việt, Luận văn thạc sỹ, trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội Nhân văn, Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội, Hà Nội Nguyễn Thái Hoà (1999), Các phương tiện tu từ biện pháp tu từ tiếng Việt, Đinh Trọng Lạc (ed.), Nxb Giáo dục Hồ Thị Lân (1990), Tìm hiểu vai trị từ xưng hô hoạt động giao tiếp nhân tố tác động đến từ xưng hô, Luận văn Thạc sỹ, Đại học Sư phạm Hà Nội, Hà Nội Nguyễn Phú Phong (2002), Những vấn đề ngữ pháp tiếng Việt: loại từ chị thị từ, Nxb Đại học Quốc gia, Hà Nội Nguyễn Quang (2004), Một số vấn đề giao tiếp nội văn hoá giao văn hoá, Nxb Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội, Hà Nội Trần Ngọc Sanh (2003), Từ xưng hơ có nguồn gốc danh từ chức vị giao tiếp tiếng Việt, Luận văn Thạc sỹ, Đại học Sư Phạm Hà Nội, Hà Nội 10 Trần Ngọc Thêm (1997), Tìm sắc văn hoá Việt Nam, Nxb Khoa học Xã hội, Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh 11 Trần Ngọc Thêm (1999), Cơ sở văn hoá Việt Nam, Nxb Giáo dục, Hà Nội 12 Nguyễn Huy Thiệp (1987), “Khơng có vua”, Những truyện thành thị, Nxb nhà văn, trang 35-67 13 Cù Đình Tú (2001), Phong cách học đặc điểm tu từ tiếng Việt, Nxb Giáo dục, Hà Nội LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 36 Tiếng Anh: 14 Austin, J-L (1962), How to Do Things with Words, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 15 Brown, G and Yule,G (1983), Discourse Analysis, Cambridge: CUP 16 Brown, Penelope and Stephen C Levinson (1987), Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 17 Brown, R and Ford M (1964), “Address in American English”, in Hymes (ed.), Language in Culture and Society, Harper and Row 18 Brow, S (2004), Relationship Terms, Oak Road Systems, http://oakroadsystems.com/ genl/relation.htm 19 Celce-Murcia and Larson Freeman (1999), The Grammar Book, Boston: Heinle add Heinle 20 Cooke, Joseph (1968), The Pronominal Reference in Thai, Burmese and Vietnam, Berley: University of California Press 21 Crystal, D (1997), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, Cambridge University Press 22 Green, Georgia M (1989), Pragmatics and Natural Language Understanding, Hillsdale, New Jersey 23 Grice, H Paul (1975), “Logic and Conversation”, Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts, Vol 9, New York: Academic Express, pp 113-197 24 Grundy, Peter (1995), Doing Pragmatics, Edward Arnold, London 25 Halliday, M and Hasan, R (1976), Cohesion in English, London: Longman 26 Larry A Samovar, Richard E Peter, Edwin R McDaniel (2007) Communication between Cultures, Thomson Wadworth 27 Lương Huy Vũ (1990), Discursive Practices and Linguistics Meaníngs: The Vietnamese System of Person Reference, Amsterdam and Philadenphia: John Benjamins 28 Nguyễn Huy Thiệp (1996), “Without a king”, Night, Again: Contemporary Fiction from Vietnam, Linh Dinh (ed.), Seven stories press, trang 114-136 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 37 29 Quirk, R (1972), A Grammar of Contemporary English, London: Longman Group Ltd 30 Trần Thị Thanh Bình, Some Australian-Vietnamese Cross-Cultural Differences in Student to Teacher Addressing, M.A Thesis, Hanoi College of Foreign languages, VNU 31 Yule, G (1997) Pragmatics, OUP LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com I Questionnaire This questionnaire is designed for research purposes only It is aimed to find out how personal pronouns in Vietnamese and English are used at work All your information and co-operation are welcomed and highly appreciated Age: Sex: Male Female Occupation: Which factor you pay attention the most when address your colleagues? Please choose one answer only Age Relationship Sex Context of interaction Occupational status Attitude of addressee How often you use these terms of addressing while communicating to colleagues? Terms of addressing Frequencies of addressing Often Sometimes Seldom Never First name Last name Full name Title and last name Title without last name Neutral addressing “you” Kinship term Which of these addressing terms you combine with personal pronoun “I” at work ? (You can choose more than one answer) a Title b Kinship term c First name d Last name Please satisfy your answer by explain in which cases these combinations are used LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com II Title:………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Kinship term:……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… First name:………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Last name:……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… In your opinion, which factor (or factors) thereinafter has great impacts on the way people address? (You can choose more than once answer) a Context of interaction b Culture c Occupational status d Dwelling area Do you agree that we should you personal pronouns often at work? a Agree Because: I not have to take their age, occupational status, attitude, etc into consideration I want there still has the distance between our relationships Other reason: b Disagree Because: It cannot show my attitude to the addressee There are many other terms of addressing making our relationship closer Other reason: c Other opinions:………………………………………………………………………… Thank you for your co-operation! LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com III PHIẾU ĐIỀU TRA Chúng soạn phiếu điều tra nhằm tìm hiểu việc sử dụng đại từ nhân xưng nơi làm việc người Việt Nam số tình cụ thể Tất thông tin thu nhận dùng cho phần phân tích luận văn mà khơng dành cho mục đích khác Xin bạn vui lịng giúp chúng tơi trả lời câu hỏi phiếu điều tra Tuổi: Giới tính: Nam Nữ Nghề nghiệp: Khi bạn xưng hô với đồng nghiệp, yếu tố sau bạn quan tâm nhất? Tuổi Mối quan hệ Giới tính Bối cảnh giao tiếp Vị trí cơng tác Thái độ đối tác Bạn thường dùng từ xưng hô sau giao tiếp với đồng nghiệp? Tần xuất Cách xưng hô Thường Thỉnh xuyên thoảng Hiếm Không Tên Họ Họ tên đầy đủ Chức danh tên họ Chức danh Đại từ nhân xưng (tôi, tao, tớ ) Từ thân tộc (anh, chị, cô, chú, ) Bạn kết hợp đại từ xưng hơ đích thực ngơi thứ với từ xưng hô sau nơi làm việc? (Bạn chọn nhiều đáp án) a Chức danh b Từ thân tộc c Tên riêng d Tên họ LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com IV Bạn giải thích đại từ xưng hơ đích thực ngơi thứ kết hợp với từ xưng hô trường hợp nào? Chức danh:…………………………………………………………………………… Từ thân tộc: …………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Tên riêng: ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Tên họ:…………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Theo bạn, yếu tố sau có ảnh hưởng lớn tới cách xưng hơ? (Bạn chọn nhiều đáp án) a Bối cảnh giao tiếp b Văn hố c Vị trí cơng tác d Đặc điểm vùng miền Theo bạn, nơi làm việc có nên thường xuyên sử dụng đại từ nhân xưng xưng hơ với đồng nghiệp khơng? a Có Lý do: b Không Lý do: c.Ý kiến khác: Cảm ơn hợp tác bạn! LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ... forms in general and the first personal pronoun in particular as well as implications for English language teaching and translation strategies LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com... in case there is some ambiguous information in the questionnaire 2.2 DATA ANALYSIS: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION Concerning to analyzing the research data, the collected information is organized in. .. reliable LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 19 2.2.1 Consideration of selecting addressing terms occupational status 5% context of interaction 10% gender 15% attitude of addressee
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