THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY - PHOUTHALATH XAYYALATH DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE IN LAO PDR: A CASE STUDY OF SAVANNAKHET PROVINCE PHD DISSERTATION IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS HANOI, 2022 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY - PHOUTHALATH XAYYALATH DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE IN LAO PDR: A CASE STUDY OF SAVANNAKHET PROVINCE Specialization: AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Specialization Code: 9620115 PHD DISSERTATION Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr VU THI MINH HANOI, 2022 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat i DECLARATION I have read and understood the University’ policy on plagiarism I hereby declare on my honor that this PhD dissertation is my own work and does not violate the guidelines on good academic practices PhD Student Phouthalath Xayyalath TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii ABBREVIATION vi LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF TABLES ix INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale of the dissertation Research objectives 2.1 Overall objective .3 2.2 Specific objectives .3 2.3 Research questions 3 Research scopes 3.1 Scope of contents of the study 3.2 Scope of area and timing of study .4 Key findings of the research Dissertation structure CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1.1 Literature Review .7 1.1.1 Research results of commercial agriculture in the world .7 1.1.2 Research results on commercial agriculture in Laos 18 1.1.3 The gaps for this research .20 1.2 Research methodology 21 1.2.1 Research approaches 21 1.2.2 Data collection methods .27 1.2.3 Data analysis methods 30 CHAPTER THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES ON DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE 31 2.1 Related definitions and concepts .31 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat iii 2.1.1 Definition of agriculture .31 2.1.2 Definition of commercial agriculture 31 2.1.3 Definition of development of commercial agriculture 33 2.2 Characteristics of commercial agriculture .34 2.3 Role of development of commercial agriculture 35 2.4 Contents of development of commercial agriculture 37 2.4.1 The formation of areas of specialization agriculture and the development of cash crops and livestock production .37 2.4.2 Development of different types of agricultural production organizations 38 2.4.3 Development of linkage & cooperation in supply chains of agricultural products 39 2.4.4 Increase in eficiency of commercial agriculture 41 2.5 Main indicators of development of commercial agriculture 41 2.6 Main factors influencing development of commercial agriculture 42 2.6.1 Legal policy system for commercial agriculture 42 2.6.2 Demand of agro-products and competitive advantages in agricultural markets 42 2.6.3 Human resources in agricultural sector and related sectors 43 2.6.4 Sources of investment capital and credit 44 2.6.5 Development of agricultural extension network 44 2.6.6 The coordinaiton among concerned stakeholders in agricultural value chains 44 2.6.7 Natural conditions and natural resources .44 2.7 International and domestic experiences in developing commercial agriculture .45 2.7.1 Several international experiences 45 2.7.2 Experiences of several provinces in developing commercial agriculture 61 2.7.3 Lessons for Savanakhet province in development of commercial agriculture 71 CHAPTER CURRENT DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE IN SAVANNAKHET PROVINCE, LAO PDR 73 3.1 Overview of Savannakhet province 73 3.1.1 Natural conditions 73 3.1.2 Social and economic conditions 74 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat iv 3.1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of Savanakhet province in development of commercial agriculture 75 3.2 Curent development of commercial agriculture in Savanakhet province 76 3.2.1 Development of specialized cultuvating areas and cash crops in the 20112020 period .76 3.2.2 Development of production organization models in the last 10 years 87 3.2.3 Development of linkage and cooperation within agricultural suppy chains in the last 10 years 91 3.2.4 Efficiency of commercial agriculture development in Savanakhet province 100 3.3 Factors influencing development of commercial agriculture in Savanakhet 108 3.3.1 Improvement of state and provincial policies of encouraging development of cash crops to increase farmers’ income 108 3.3.2 Increase in market demand for agricultural products 110 3.3.3 Qualifications of human resource in agricultural sector .111 3.3.4 Increase of investment and credits in the agricultural sector and rural development 112 3.3.5 Development of agricultural extension network and services 115 3.3.6 Cooperation among partners in agricultural value chains 117 3.3.7 Change of natural conditions and diseases 119 3.4 General evaluation on developemt of commercial agriculture in the province 120 3.4.1 Achievements and causes 120 3.4.2 Shortages and causes 121 CHAPTER SUGESSTED SOLUTIONS TO SPEED UP DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE IN SAVANNAKHET PROVINCE 124 4.1 Forecasted contexts for commercial agriculture development in the province .124 4.1.1 Opportunities for development of commercial agriculture in the province .124 4.1.2 Challenges to develop commercial agriculture in comming years 126 4.1.3 Orientation for agricultural development in Savannakhet to the year 2025 and vission to 2030 .128 4.2 Recommended solutions to speed up the development of commercial agriculture in Savannakhet province 131 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat v 4.2.1 Concretize and effectively implement policies for agricultural and economic development especially investment attraction policy 131 4.2.2 Promote development and widen application of science and technology advances and standards to agricultral production .133 4.2.3 Improve skills of farmers through education and agricultural extention systems133 4.2.4 Encourage cooperation to develop the linkages within agricultural value chains 134 4.2.5 Promote stakeholder participation in various forums to improve models of contract agriculture system 135 4.2.6 Continue to improve agricultural and rural infrastructure in the province 137 4.2.7 Expand markets for local agricultural products 137 4.2.8 Strengthening local capacity to prevent natural harzads and adapt to climate change 138 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 139 LIST OF WORKS THAT THE PHD CANDIDATE HAS PUBLISHED 141 REFERENCE 142 APPENDIX 152 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat vi ABBREVIATION 7th NEADEP 7th National Economic and Social Development Plan 8th NEADEP 8th National Economic and Social Development Plan ACMECS Ayeyawady Chao Phraya Mekong Economics Cooperation Strategy ADB ASEAN Development Bank AFTR Asean Free Trade Areas APB Agriculture Development Bank ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ATIGA ASEAN Trades in Goods Agreement CARD Commercial Agriculture and Rural Development CF Contract Farming DCAP Development of Commercial Agricultural Production DOAF District Office of Agriculture and Forestry FDI Foreign Direct Investments GDP Gross domestic product GOL Government of Lao Lao PDR Lao People’s Democratic Republic LDB Lao Development Bank LDD Land Developmetn Department LPRP Lao People’s Revolutionary Party MAF Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Department MDGs Millennium Development Goals MOA Ministry Of Agriculture NAFRI National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute NEM New Economic Mechamism TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat vii NEW National Econimics University ODA Official Development Assistance PCPP Promotion of Commodity Production Program PDAF Provice Department of Agriculture anfd Forestry REDD Reduced Emission from Deforestation an Forest Degradation SAFD Savannakhet Agriculture and Forestry Department SPS Sanitary and Phyto Sanitary TBT Technical Barriers to Trade UNDB United Nations Development Business UNDP United Nationals Statistical Development Program USD US Dollar USDA United States Department of Agriculture VND Vietnamese Dong WB World Bank WTO World Trade Organization TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat viii LISTOF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Logical framework for the research on Development of commercial agriculture in Savannakhet province 26 Figure 1.2 Map of study areas of three Districts in Savannakhet Province 28 Figure 2.1 Production cost of cane sugar in 2015 46 Figure 2.2 Yield of processed sugar calculated per hectare of harvested sugarcane 47 Figure 2.3 Production cost of sugar and purchase price of sugarcane 49 Figure 2.4 Structure of world sugarcane production costs 49 Figure 2.5 Sugar cane procurement into the production process of sugar mill operator 56 Figure 2.6 The Role of the Chief Quota sugarcane 57 Figure 2.7 Benefit allocation pattern of Thai cane and sugar industry 58 Figure 2.8 Share of sugar imports by China, Indonesia and Malaysia .60 Figure 2.9 Allocation and cultivating areas of main crops in Lao PDR 64 Figure 2.10 Laos’ agricultural export in total export during 2012-2018 .68 Figure 3.1 Wet Season paddy production in Savannakhet 79 Figure 3.2 Dry paddy production in Savannakhet 79 Figure 3.3 Wet and Dry Season Paddy production in Savannakhet 80 Figure 3.4 Cash crops production in Savannakhet .82 Figure 3.5 Sugarcane production in Savannakhet 83 Figure 3.6 Cassava production in Savannakhet 84 Figure 3.7 Watermelon production in Savannakhet 85 Figure 3.8 Banana production in Savannakhet .85 Figure 3.9 Structure of main cash crops in terms of prodution value in 2020 .86 Figure 3.10 Percentage of types of agriculture products exported in 2011-2020 104 Figure 3.11 Growth rate of Savannakhet’s Gross.Domestic Product (%) .106 Figure 3.12 GDP per Capita in the period of 2011-2020 (USD/Capita/Year) 107 Figure 3.13 Economic structure of Savannakhet in 2016, 2020 and Plan 2020 108 Figure 3.14 Better education results in higher labor productivity 112 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat 149 81 Ranis, G., Stewart, F., & Angeles-Reyes, E (1990), Linkages in Developing Economies: A Philippine Study San Francisco, ICS Press 82 Rao, E.J.O., and Qaim, M (2011), “Supermarkets, farm household, and poverty: insights from Kenya”, World Development, 39: 784-796 83 Rohana,P., Mahaliyanaarachchi, RM., Bandara, AS (2006), “Commercialization of Agriculture and Role of Agricultural Extension”, Sabaragamuwa University Journal, vol 6, no 1, pp 13-22 84 Romain,R., and Lambert, R (1995), “Efficacite technique et couts de production dans les secteurs laitiers du Quebec et de ontario”, Canadian Jagric Economic, 43: 37-55 85 Rosenstein-Rodan, PN.(1943), “Problems of industrialization of Eastern and South-Eastern”, Europe Economic Journal, 53, 202-211 86 Rosenzweig, M R., and Stark, O.(1998), “Consumption Smoothing, Migration, and Marriage: Evidence from Rural India”, Economic Demography, E Elgar, Cheltenham, UK/Northampton, MA, Vol pp 592–613 87 Strasberg P.J., Jayne, T.S., Yamano, T., Nyoro, J., Karanja, D., and Strauss, J (1999), Effects of Agricultural Commercialization on Food Crop Input use and productivity in Kenya, Michigan State University International Development Working Papers No 71 Michigan, USA 88 Scitovsky, T (1954), “Two concepts of external economies”, Journal of Political Economy, 62, 143-151 89 Seyoum, ET., Battese, G.E., and Fleming, E.M (1998), “Technical efficiency and productivity of maize producers in eastern Ethiopia: A study of farmers within and outside the Sasakawa-Global 2000 project”, Agric Economic, 19: 341348 .DOI: 10.1016/S0169-5150(98)00037-1 90 Singh, B P (2001), “Nontraditional crop production in Africa for export”, In J Janick, A Whispkey, & A Whispkey (Eds.), Trends in new crops and new uses, Alexandria, VA: ASHS Press, pp 86–92 91 Singh, S (2002), “Contracting out solutions: political economy of contract farming in the Indian Punjab”, World Development, 30: 1621-1638 92 Soukkhanthat, T (2015), Sustainability Analysis of the Lao Farming System, Ph.D Dissertation Keio University 93 Stevens & Cathy, Jabasa, L (1988), Agricultural Development Principles: Economic Theory and sEmpirical Evidence, Johns Hopkins University Press TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat 150 94 Saichay Phoumanivong & Dusadee Ayuwat, (2013), The impact of contract farming on rural household, Lao PDR, ISS & MLB―September 24-26, 2013 95 Temu, A E., & Marwa, N W (2007), Changes in the governance of global value chains of fresh fruits and vegetables: Opportunities and challenges for producers in sub-Saharan Africa, Geneva: South Centre 96 Timmer, CP (1997), “Farmers and markets: the political economy of new paradigms American”, Journal of Agricultural Economics, 79, 621-627 97 Timmer, CP (1988), The agricultural transformation In H Chenery, & T N Srinivasan (Eds), Handbook of Development Economics Amsterdam: North Holland 98 Timmer, CP (2002), Agriculture and economic development In B Gardner, & G Rausser (Eds.), Handbook of Agricultural Economics Amsterdam, North Holland: Elsevier Science 99 Todaro and Micheal P (1998), Kinh tế học cho giới thứ ba: giới thiệu nguyên tắc, vấn đề sách phát triển, Chương 15-16, NXB Giáo dục 100 Tordoff, AW., Bezuijen, MR., Duckworth, JW., Fellowes, JR., Koenig, K., Pollard, E HB., and Royo, AG (2012), Ecosystem Profile: 101 Taro Yamane (1967), Statistics, An Introductory Analysis, 2nd Ed., New York: Harper and Row 102 Trần Đức Viên (1995), Nông nghiệp đất dốc, thách thức tiềm năng, NXB Nông nghiệp Hà Nội 103 Unnevehr, L (2000), “Food safety issues and fresh food product exports from LDCs”, Agricultural Economics, Vol 23, pp 231–240 104 Valdes, A., & Foster, W (2005), Reflections on the role of agriculture in propoor growth Paper prepared for the research workshop: the future of small farms Kent: Wye College 105 Valdes, A., & Foster, W (2005), Reflections on the role of agriculture in propoor growth Paper prepared for the research workshop the future of small farms Kent: Wye College 106 Van der Meer, C L J (2006), “Exclusion of smallholder producers from coordinated supply chains: Market failure, policy failure or just economies of scale ”, In R Ruben, M Slingerland, & H Nijhoff (Eds.), Agro-food chains and networks for development, Netherlands: Springer, pp 209–217 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat 151 107 Wannamolee, W (2008), “Development of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for Fruit and Vegetables in Thailand”, Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Benchmarking: Global GAP for Fruit and Vegetable, Sheraton Subang Hotel and Tower, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, (14-23July2008), Science and Education Publishing 108 Weir, S., and Knight, J (2000), Education externalities in rural Ethiopia: Evidence from average and stochastic frontier production functions Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford, UK 109 Weir, S (1999), The Effects of education on farmer productivity in rural Ethiopia 1st Edn, University of Oxford, UK, pp: 50 110 Weitz (1971), From Peasant to Farmer: A Revolutionary Strategy for Development, Columbia University Press 111 World Bank (2005), Rural Finance Innovations: Topics and Case Studies, Report No 32726-GLB, World Bank, Washington D.C 112 World Bank (2007), World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development, World Bank (WB), Washington D.C 113 WWF (2013), Ecosystems in the Greater Mekong: Past Trends, current status, possible futures Bangkok, Thailand, Available at: wwfpanda.org/ greatermekong 114 Yang, D (2004), “Education and Allocative Efficiency: Household Income Growth during Rural Reforms in China”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol 74, pp 137–162 NSC, 1999 UNDP/NSC, 2006).(MPDF, 2004).Oxfort (2829) MAF, 1999a TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat 152 APPENDIX A: Quetionnairs for households sugarcane cultivation for commercial agricultural production by contract farming with Sugar Factory in Savannakhet Province I: Commercial Agricultural Production Sugarcane cultivation for Contract Farming Questionnaires for household II: General information (Please tick 1.1 Name of District Xaibouly Outhomphone 1.2 Female Age: under 30 years 1.4 Adsaphone Gender: Male 1.3 one box only 31-40 years 41-50 years 51 over years Education level: Illiterate High School Primary School Diploma 1.5 Member of family under people Secondary School 4-5 people more then people up 1.6 Activities income structure of households Crop cultivation Livestock Fishery Trade Forest product Service Other General labor 1.7 Land area for Sugarcane cultivation by Contract Farming (hecta) 1- hectas 6-10 years hectas 11- 15 hectas 1.8 How long you contract framing with the sugar factory 1- years 1.9 4-7 years - 11 years Transportation distance between sugarcane farm and sugar factory Less than 10 Km 11-20 Km 21 - 30 Km More than 31 Km TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat 153 B: Advantage and Disadvantage for commercial agricultural production development by contract farming Advantages for commercial agricultural production development by contract farming of Sugarcane Cultivation farmer (Please tick one box only) Adding a score to the number box is based on farmer satisfaction In the order of to score digits as appropriate as detailed below Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 4 No Contents A1 There is capital to clear the area /planting seeds/fertilizers the factory is the first to provide funding for farmers A2 Participated in training on various cultivation techniques as such: planting and fertilizing properly A3 There are higher yields from traditional planting based on nature A4 There is a definite guarantee price on the purchase of agricultural products A5 There are farmers' agricultural products quantity and quality A6 Using modern machinery in plowing, clearing land area and the use of machinery for planting A7 There is a plan in place for the timely planting and harvesting of agricultural products Advantages for commercial agricultural production development by contract farming of Sugarcane Cultivation farmer No Contents B1 Using modern machinery to clear agricultural land area is quite expensive B2 Allocation of mechanized schedules in the clearing of cultivated The land area sometimes is quite late to meet the needs of farmers B3 That farmers increased debts because of the high cost of TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat 154 inputs high cost of fertilizer, the high cost of labor, making the fence B4 Leader Fields not clear calculate agriculture production supply raw material to the factory B5 Supply sugarcane varieties are not standard and Resulting in substandard agricultural production B6 The capital that the factory provides to farmers is still too high in interest rates compared to bank interest rates B7 Response of sugarcane varieties and fertilizer are sometimes too late out-of-season planting results in substandard plant growth III: Opinions of sugarcane farmers who have been entitled to advantage and Disadvantage of the sugarcane cultivation process under contract farming with the sugar factory in Savannakhet Province 3.1 What you have policy and advantage for commercial agricultural production development by Contract farming system from sugarcane factory in Savannakhet Province? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.2 What you have problems and disadvantages for commercial agricultural production development by Contract farming system from sugarcane factory in Savannakhet Province? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat 155 3.3 What has changed before and after the contract farming with the sugarcane factory in the past to the present? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.4 Comment ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… 3.5 Recommendation ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Thank you for your cooperation TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat 156 C: Output Calculation detail from SPSS program Frequency Table Districts Frequency Percent Valid Xaibouly Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 120 40.0 40.0 40.0 Outhomphone 90 30.0 30.0 70.0 Adsaphone 90 30.0 30.0 100.0 300 100.0 100.0 Total Gender Frequency Valid Male Female Total Cumulative Percent Valid Percent Percent 234 78.0 78.0 78.0 66 22.0 22.0 100.0 300 100.0 100.0 Age Frequency Percent Valid Under 30 years old Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 29 9.7 9.7 9.7 31 to 40 year old 87 29.0 29.0 38.7 41 to 50 year old 114 38.0 38.0 76.7 51 year old over 70 23.3 23.3 100.0 300 100.0 100.0 Total TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat 157 Education Level Valid Percent Frequency Percent Valid Illiterate Cumulative Percent 96 32.0 32.0 32.0 Primary School 84 28.0 28.0 60.0 Secondary School 66 22.0 22.0 82.0 High School 39 13.0 13.0 95.0 Diploma 15 5.0 5.0 100.0 300 100.0 100.0 Total Member of Household Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Less than people 27 9.0 9.0 9.0 to people 171 57.0 57.0 66.0 More than people 102 34.0 34.0 100.0 Total 300 100.0 100.0 Main Activities for Income Frequency Percent Valid Crops Cultivation Valid Percent Cumulative Percent 165 55.0 55.0 55.0 Livestock 60 20.0 20.0 75.0 Fishery 18 6.0 6.0 81.0 Trade 13 4.3 4.3 85.3 Service 11 3.7 3.7 89.0 General labor 24 8.0 8.0 97.0 Forest product 3.0 3.0 100.0 300 100.0 100.0 Total TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat 158 Period of Contract farming Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative Percent Percent Valid to years 201 67.0 67.0 67.0 to years 72 24.0 24.0 91.0 to 11 years 27 9.0 9.0 100.0 300 100.0 100.0 Total Distance between Farm and Sugar Factory Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative Percent Percent Valid Less than 10 km 129 43.0 43.0 43.0 11 to 20 km 69 23.0 23.0 66.0 21 to 30 km 57 19.0 19.0 85.0 More than 30 km 45 15.0 15.0 100.0 300 100.0 100.0 Total TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat 159 Descriptives DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 Toatal_A /STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV MIN MAX Descriptive Statistics N Minimum Maximum Mean Std .Deviation A1 300 4.71 606 A2 300 4.65 655 A3 300 4.18 728 A4 300 3.98 814 A5 300 4.44 899 A6 300 4.66 668 A7 300 3.85 728 Toatal_A 300 3.43 5.00 4.3529 29358 Valid N (listwise) 300 DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 Toatal_B /STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV MIN MAX Descriptive Statistics N Minimum Maximum Mean Std .Deviation D1 300 4.76 532 D2 300 4.62 705 D3 300 4.15 573 D4 300 4.67 602 D5 300 3.91 1.236 D6 300 3.32 928 D7 300 4.04 906 Toatal_D 300 3.00 4.86 4.2100 32764 Valid N (listwise) 300 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat 160 D: Commercial Agriculture Crops Production in Savannakhet Province Paddy Yield Dry Season Year Harvested Arae 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Total Average Max Min (Ha) Production (Ton) Crop Yield (Ton/Ha) 29,469 132,022 4.48 31,286 138,190 4.42 31,286 138,915 4.44 28,548 140,958 4.94 29,770 145,336 4.88 27,783 149,811 5.39 29,270 151,800 5.19 28,000 155,740 5.56 26,060 165,000 6.33 29,145 167,545 5.75 290,617 1,485,317 51 29061.7 148531.7 5.14 31,286 167,545 6.33 26,060 132,022 4.42 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat 161 Sugarcane Production Year Harvested Arae (Ha) Production (Ton) Crop Yield (Ton/Ha) 2011 12,985 795,200 61.24 2012 13,850 849,070 61.30 2013 13,714 854,830 62.33 2014 13,990 876,960 62.68 2015 14,565 910,110 62.49 2016 15,230 950,155 62.39 2017 15,695 987,525 62.92 2018 15,595 978,925 62.77 2019 15,540 983,525 63.29 2020 15,600 989,064 63.40 Total 146,764 9,175,364 624.82 Average 14676.4 917536.4 62.48 Max 15,695 989,064 63.40 Min 12,985 795,200 61.24 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat 162 Cassava Production Year Harvested Arae (Ha) Production (Ton) Crop Yield (Ton/Ha) 2011 4,472 109,865 24.57 2012 4,572 115,865 25.34 2013 4,891 129,950 26.57 2014 5,120 140,269 27.40 2015 5,270 145,365 27.58 2016 5,270 156,460 29.69 2017 5,981 167,460 28.00 2018 6,015 197,575 32.85 2019 7,930 239,929 30.26 2020 8,636 269,380 31.19 Total 58,157 1,672,118 283 Average 5815.7 167211.8 28.34 Max 8,636 269,380 32.85 Min 4,472 109,865 24.57 Watermelon Year Harvested Arae (Ha) Production (Ton) Crop Yield (Ton/Ha) 2011 3,189 28,500 8.94 2012 3,289 29,606 9.00 2013 3,305 30,825 9.33 2014 3,885 32,455 8.35 2015 3,929 33,025 8.41 2016 3,880 39,995 10.31 2017 3,949 43,110 10.92 2018 4,130 45,920 11.12 2019 4,363 46,995 10.77 2020 4,577 50,015 10.93 Total 38,496 380,446 98 Average 3849.6 38044.6 9.81 Max 4,577 50,015 11.12 Min 3,189 28,500 8.35 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat 163 Banana Production Year Harvested Arae (Ha) Production (Ton) Crop Yield (Ton/Ha) 2011 2,889 26,513 9.18 2012 2,989 28,661 9.59 2013 2,905 33,234 11.44 2014 3,085 35,145 11.39 2015 3,120 37,575 12.04 2016 3,280 43,559 13.28 2017 3,940 46,567 11.82 2018 4,030 48,876 12.13 2019 4,163 53,267 12.80 2020 4,377 55,567 12.70 Total 34,778 408,964 116 Average 3477.8 40896.4 11.64 Max 4,377 55,567 13.28 Min 2,889 26,513 9.18 Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Total Average Max Min Sugarcane 795,200 849,070 854,830 876,960 910,110 950,155 987,525 978,925 983,525 989,064 9,175,364 917,536.40 989,064 795,200 All Crops Production Cassava Banana 109,865 115,865 129,950 140,269 145,365 156,460 167,460 197,575 239,929 269,380 1,672,118 167,211.80 269,380 109,865 26,513 28,661 33,234 35,145 37,575 43,559 46,567 48,876 53,267 55,567 408,964 40,896.40 55,567 26,513 Watermelon 28,500 29,606 30,825 32,455 33,025 39,995 43,110 45,920 46,995 50,015 380,446 38,044.60 50,015 28,500 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat123@gmail.com moi nhat ... is the development of commercial agriculture in recent years in Savannakhet province? • What factors are hindering the development of commercial agriculture in Savannakhet province? • What solutions... policies and economic liberalization, bilateral and multilateral (Mahaliyanaarachchi and Bandara 2010) Comparative study is describing and analyzing agricultural participation in East Asian economies... orientation and goals of development of commercial agriculture in Savannakhet province Solutions for development of commercial agriculture in Savannakhet province - Improve agricultural & rural infrastructure
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