Effect of eggshell as a calcium source of breeder cock diet on semen quality

Effect of Eggshell as a Calcium Source of Breeder Cock Diet on Semen Quality Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 ( 2016 ) 137 – 142 2210 7843 © 2016 Published by Elsevier B V This is an o[.]

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 137 – 142 International Conference on Inventions & Innovations for Sustainable Agriculture 2016, ICIISA 2016 Effect of Eggshell as a Calcium Source of Breeder Cock Diet on Semen Quality Krittiya Lertchunhakiata,*, Pornpan Saenphooma, Manassanun Nopparatmaitreea, Supawadee Chimthonga a Faculty of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Technology Silpakorn University, Phetchaburi 76120, Thailand Abstract The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of calcium source (coarse limestone, fine limestone and grounded eggshell) in breeder cock diets on feed intake and semen quality Fifteen Arbor Acres breeder cocks at 61 weeks of age were randomly allotted into treatments of replications, in Randomized complete block design T1 ( control group) ; coarse limestone: fine limestone ( 50:50) , T2; coarse limestone: egg shell ( 50:50) and T3; egg shell ( 100) Body weight were recorded weekly, feed intake were recorded daily Ejaculates were collected by abdominal massage method twice weekly to evaluate semen quality The results showed that body weight and feed intake were not significantly different ( P>0 05) Semen quality were evaluated with sperm concentration, sperm motility, live sperm, abnormal sperm were not significantly different ( P>0 05) In conclusion, grounded egg shell can be used as calcium source in breeder cock diet with normal feed intake and semen quality © 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © 2016 The Authors Published by Elsevier B.V (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the Faculty of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Technology, Silpakorn University Peer-review under responsibility of the Faculty of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Technology, Silpakorn University Keywords: eggshel; calcium source; breeder cocks Introduction Hen eggshell, a waste material from domestic sources such as hatcheries, poultry farms, fast food industries, egg product factories, homes and restaurant, has been a serious matter as global awareness regarding organic waste materials and pollution problems was increased (Than et al., 2012, King’Ori et al., 2011) * Corresponding author Tel.: +6-603-259-4038; fax: +6-603-259-4038 E-mail address: krittiya_2549@hotmail.com 2210-7843 © 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer-review under responsibility of the Faculty of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Technology, Silpakorn University doi:10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.12.023 138 Krittiya Lertchunhakiat et al / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 137 – 142 The management of agricultural wastes is indispensable and a crucial strategy in global waste management For sustainable development, wastes should be recycled, reused, and channeled towards the production of value added products (Abdulrahman et al., 2014) Chicken eggshells can be used as an alternative soil stabilizer like lime since they have the same chemical composition Although, the most common source of calcium for layer feeds is limestone Due to the composition of the egg shell is approximately 98.2, 0.9, 0.9% calcium carbonate, magnesium and phosphorus (phosphate), respectively (Romanoff et al., 1949) Additionally, eggshell membrane consists of collagen as a component Collagen is a type of protein, fibrous in nature that connects and supports other bodily tissues, such as skin, bone, tendons, muscles and cartilage Eggshell membrane collagen is very low in autoimmune and allergic reactions as well as high in bio-safety and is of similar characteristics to other mammalian collagen Eggshells/shell membranes have multiple uses in nutrition, medicine, construction and art works (King’ori, 2011) Calcium accounts for 56% of the motilitystimulating activity of fowl spermatozoa and also fowl seminal plasma Restores and stimulates the motility of fowl spermatozoa at 40 °C in presence of calcium (Ashizawa and Wishart, 1987) Ca/P ratio of eggshell was ≥1.67 (Abdulrahman et al., 2014) Calcium recommended in cocks diet for attaining good semen quality could not be the same as recommended for female (Khalil et al., 2012) NRC (1994) and Kappleman et al (1982) concluded that there were no differences in the reproductive performance of broiler breeder cockerels fed 0.5 to g of calcium daily per bird While NRC (1994) and Norris et al (1972) reported that diets containing 0.1 percent nonphytate phosphorus were satisfactory for Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) cockerels Bootwalla and Harms (1989) found that no more than 110 mg of nonphytate phosphorus per bird daily were needed for maintaining reproductive capacity and bone integrity in broiler breeder cockerels However, calcium and phosphorus metabolism should be relate, due to low calcium levels increase phosphorus excretion and low phosphorus levels increase calcium excretion Eggshell calcium is probably the best natural source of calcium and it is about 90% absorbable (Bee, 2011) It is a much better source of calcium than limestone or coral sources Hence, utilization of eggshell waste inverting to animal diet which would transform the waste eggshells into a valuable item; giving financial benefits to the competitive egg processing industry including environmental friendly The scope of current study was to investigate the effect of eggshell as calcium source in Arbor Acres breeder cocks diets on body weight, feed intake and semen quality Materials and Methods 2.1 Experimental animal and diets Eggshell ( produced by Ross308 Hens) waste from Chaveewan hatcheries, Sriracha district, Chonburi province in Thailand were collected and transported to laboratory area at Silpakorn University The eggshell was washed throughly tap water Then, it was dried in hot air oven at 95 ˚C for h The dried eggshell was grounded, and storage at room temperature until dietary treatment preparation The composition of the eggshell was analyzed by proximate analysis (Table 1.) The experimental diet was formulated according to the standards prescribed in NRC (1994) Fifteen Arbor Acers breeder cocks at the age of 61 weeks were randomly allotted into treatments of replications, in Randomized complete block design The animals were raised by feeding diet containing different calcium sources as T1; control group coarse limestone: fine limestone ( 50: 50) , T2; coarse limestone: egg shell ( 50: 50) and T3; egg shell ( 100) follow Ingredients composition and nutrient levels of the experimental diets (Table 2.) The experiment was designed and conducted for a period of three weeks during summer season (March - April 2015) at the Poultry Farm, Faculty of Animal Science and Agricultural Technology, Silpakorn University During the period of study, the average minimum-maximum temperature and relative humidity recorded were 34.1-36.5°C and 68-73 percent, respectively Krittiya Lertchunhakiat et al / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 137 – 142 139 Table Chemical composition of grounded eggshell analyzed by proximate analysis Amount (%) Chemical composition Dry matter 99.40 CP 2.14 Calcium 29.87 Total phosphorus 0.16 moisture 0.60 Table Ingredients composition and nutrient levels of the experimental diets Item Treatment Treatment Treatment Corn ground 49.15 49.15 49.00 Broken rice 10.53 10.53 10.50 Extruded soybean 3.01 3.01 3.00 Soybean meal 07.24 07.24 24 Palm oil 1.00 1.00 1.80 Salt 0.38 0.38 0.38 Premix 0.50 0.50 0.50 DL- Methionine 0.32 0.32 0.32 Coarse limestone 5.52 5.52 - Fine limestone 5.52 - - - 5.52 10.8 11.62 11.67 11.95 ME (kcal/kg) 2,800 2,800 2,800 CP (%) 18.00 18.00 18.00 Calcium (%) 8.3 8.3 8.3 Phosphorus (%) 38.0 38.0 38.0 Ingredient (%) Eggshell Feed cost (Baht/kg) Composition by calculated 2.2 Body weight and Feed intake The Arbor acres cocks were serially tagged to represent treatments and replicates The cocks were housed in individually cage compartments in an open-sided building, fed standard breeders diet containing about 18% crude protein (CP) and 2,800 kcal/g metabolizable energy and given fresh cool clean water each morning ad libitum The cocks were fed with the experimental diets for weeks and then subjected to a semen collection twice weekly The cocks were weighed on weekly basis, while feed intakes were recorded daily 2.3 Semen quality evaluation The breeder cocks were caged individually and trained before start of experiment in order to stimulate erectile and ejaculatory responses to the abdominal massage method (Burrows and Quinn, 1937; Lake, 1957) of semen collection The semen was collected at twice weekly interval among 6.30-7.30 A.M to examine the following parameters viz; volume, motility, concentration, live and dead and morphological defect rates of sperm were estimated using methods described by Etchu and Egbunike (2002) Semen volume from each of the cocks were measured with the use of a collection tube graduated in ml For evaluation of motility, one drop of the diluted semen was placed on the slide and covered with cover slip The sperm motility was estimated by microscopic observation ( ×400 magnification) Sperm motility was expressed as the percentage of motile spermatozoa with moderate to rapid progressive movement A minimum of five microscopic fields was assessed to evaluate sperm motility on at least 200 sperms for each sample The semen concentration was 140 Krittiya Lertchunhakiat et al / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 137 – 142 measured using haemocytometer Live, dead and abnormal sperm were counted and expressed as the percentage of by live, dead and abnormal sperm using 5% eosin and 10% nigrosin stains The field for examination of spermatozoa was chosen at random and at least a total of 200 spermatozoa was counted 2.4 Statistical analysis Data were statistically analyzed according to SAS program ( SAS, 2004) using GLM Procedure Analysis of variance was carried out using the following model: Yij= μ+ i+ j+ ij; Where Yij= individual observation, μ= overall mean, i =block effect, j=treatment effect, ij=error Differences among treatments means were separated by Duncan's multiple range test (Duncan, 1955) Results and discussion 3.1 Live performances From the present study, the body weight for each group was initially comparable and no difference was found up to the end of the trial Throughout the weeks period, the average feed intake of the control group was 181.81±25.29 g/bird/day, which was not significantly (P>0.05) different from those in the groups fed 50% eggshell (187.04±23.10 g/bird/day) and 100% eggshell (192.95±27.65 g/bird/day) No effect of dietary treatment was found for body weight and feed intake among three groups (Table ) The results are in agreement with Gongruttananun (2011) reported that ground, steriled eggshell can be mixed with other calcium source in diet of Rhode Island Red Roosters, which were not affected to body weight and feed consumption Additionally, the results found in laying hens in previous studies (Froning and Bergquist, 1990; Scheideler, 1998) However, breeder cocks should be controlled body condition score (1-5) not exceed 2.5 with high libido and fertility, BCS affect the performance of breeder animals Table Body weight and feed intake of cross-bred cocks fed with different calcium sources (P>0.05) Parameters Treatment Treatment Treatment bodyweight (g) 4,696.97±170.91 4,620.00±186.48 5,030.00±239.57 feed intake (g/d) 181.81±25.29 187.04±23.10 192.95±27.65 3.2 Semen characteristics The mean semen volume revealed no significant difference among treatment groups during the experimental period (Table 4.) These results are similar to those obtained by Eltohamy and Takahara (1985), Neuman et al (2002), Zhai et al (2007), Parizadian et al (2011) and Khalil et al (2012) who demonstrated no significant effect in semen volume of calcium, carnitine and zinc supplemented cocks The mean sperm concentrations showed no significant difference among treatment groups according to Gongruttananun (2011) revealed that there were not significantly different in sperm concentration among Rhode Island Red breeder cocks fed with difference calcium sources (ground fine limestone, 50% eggshell and 100% eggshell) Furthermore, Khalil et al ( 2012) observed no significant effect on semen concentration in local chicken strains receiving calcium supplemented (1, and 3%) groups However, numerical record of highest semen concentration was noticed in treatment 2% calcium group Prabhakar et al (2014) confirmed that calcium percent in cross-bred cock diet improved the sperm concentration (P0.05) effect in percentage of viability sperm among Rhode Island Red breeder cocks fed with difference calcium sources (ground fine limestone, 50% eggshell and 100% eggshell) From the current study, no significant difference were found in abnormal sperms parameter (Table 4.), agree with Gongruttananun ( 2011) reported that no significant differences were found in term of sperm abnormality among treatment groups Although, Prabhakar et al (2014) recommended that calcium percent in cross-bred cock diet can reduced abnormal (P0.05) Parameters Treatment Treatment Treatment P-value Physical characteristics color milky white milky white milky white odor normal normal normal pH 7 5 Mass movement score (0-5) Semen quality Semen volume (ml) 0.39±0.04 0.40±0.02 0.39±0.03 0.52 Semen Concentration (106 sperm) 157.64±22.01 190.80±46.28 147.88±26.64 0.40 Sperm motility (%) 76.27±2.61 80.74±1.76 72.63±4.57 0.10 Sperm viability (%) 82.70±3.10 82.31±2.39 77.37±2.34 0.39 Sperm abnormality (%) 21.27±2.74 22.25±2.99 20.76±2.17 0.71 Conclusion Ground egg shell can be used as calcium source in breeder cock diet with normal feed intake and semen quality Additionally, inverting of egg shell to breeder cock diet as an alternative application to reduce the environmental pollution problems Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by Silpakorn University Phetchaburi Information Technology Campus Creativity and Research Fund References Abdulrahman, I., Hamzat, I.T., Bashir, A.M., Haruna, S., Hindatu, Y., Mohammed, N.J., Sulaiman, M., 2014 From Garbage to Biomaterials: An Overview on Egg Shell Based Hydroxyapatite Journal of Materials Available source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/802467.pdf March 2015 Ashizawa, K., Wishart G.J., 1987 Resolution of the sperm motility-stimulating principle of fowl seminal plasma into Ca2+ and an unidentified low molecular weight factor J Reprod Fert 81, 495-499 Bee, W., 2011 How to make calcium from egg shells www.healingnaturallybybee.com Downloaded from the internet on 30/09/2011 Bootwalla, S.M., Harms, R.H., 1989 Research note: Effect of supplementary dietary phosphorus on the reproductive capacity and bone integrity of broiler breeder males fed a corn-soybean meal diet Poult Sci 68, 1153 Burrows, W.H., Quinn, J.P., 1937 The collection of spermatozoa from the domestic fowl and turkey J Poult Sci 16, 19-24 Duncan, D.B., 1955 Multiple Range and Multiple F-Test Biometrics 11, 142 Eltohamy, M.M., Takahara, H., 1985 Effects of dietary calcium levels on testicular function in the White Leghorn cocks J Fat Agr 30, 125-134 Froning, G.W., Bergquist D., 1990 Utilization of inedible eggshells and technical albumen using extrusion technology J Poult Sci 69, 2051-2053 Etchu, K.A., Egbunike, G.N., 2002 Effects of processed sweet potato on the performance of broiler birds in the humid tropics during the rainy season Trop Anim Prod Investig 5, 67-78 Gongruttananun, N., 2011 Effects of using eggshell waste as a calcium source in the diet of Rhode Island Red roosters on semen quality, gonadal development, plasma calcium and bone status Kasetsart J (Nat Sci.) 45, 413-421 Kanyinji F., Maeda T 2010 Additional dietary calcium fed to Barred Plymouth Rock roosters reduces blood cholesterol, elevates seminal calcium, 141 142 Krittiya Lertchunhakiat et al / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 11 (2016) 137 – 142 and enhances sperm motility, thermo- tolerance and cryosurvivability Anim Reprod Sci Jul;120( 1- 4) : 158- 65 doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.04.001 Kappleman, J.A., McDaniel, G.R., Roland, D.A., 1982 The effect of four dietary calcium levels on male broiler breeder reproduction Poult Sci 61, 1383 Khalil, M.H., El-Sahn, A.A., Khalifah, M.M., Shahein, E.H.A., 2012 Role of body’s calcium: it’s effect on the semen quality and fertility percentage in some local chicken strains Egypt Poult Sci 32, 613-623 King’Ori, A.M., 2011 A review of the uses of poultry eggshells and shell membranes International J Poult Sci 10, 908-912 Lake, P.E., 1957 The male reproductive tract the fowl J Anat 91, 116–129 Neuman, S.L., Lin, T.L., Hester, P.Y., 2002 The effect of dietary carnitine on semen traits of White Leghorn roosters J Poult Sci 81, 495–503 Norris, L.C., Kratzer, F.H., Lin, H.J., Hellewell, A.B., Beljan, J.R., 1972 Effect of quantity of dietary calcium on maintenance of bone integrity in mature White Leghorn male chickens J Nutr 102, 1085 NRC 1994 Nutrient Requirements of Poultry 9th ed National Academy press, Washington, D.C Parizadian, B., Ahangari, Y.J., Zamani, M., 2011 Investigation the effects of dietary L-carnitine supplementation on characteristics of rooster semen during liquid storage J Anim Vet Adv 10, 1985-1990 Prabhakar, R., Moorthy, M., Edwin, S.C., Mani, K., Ramesh, S.V., 2014 Effect of dietary levels of calcium carnitine and zinc on semen characteristics of cross-bred chicken Ind J Vet & Anim Sci Res 43, 180 – 186 Romanoff, A.L., Romanoff, A.J., 1949 The avian egg John Wiley & sons, Inc New York, NY SAS, 2004 SAS/STAT User‫׳‬s Guide.Version9.1.SAS Inst Inc., Cary NC Scheideler, S.E., 1998 Eggshell calcium effects on egg quality and Ca digestibility in first-or third-cycle laying hens J Appl Poult Res.7, 69–74 Stradaioli, G , Sylla, L , Zelli, R , Chiodi, P , Monaci, M , 2004 Effect of L- carnitine administration on the seminal characteristics of oligoasthenospermic stallions Theriogenology 62, 761–777 Than, M.M., Lawanprasert, P., Jateleela, S., 2012 Utilization of eggshell powder as excipient in fast and sustained release acetaminophen tablets Mahidol University Journal of Pharmaceutical Science 39, 32-38 Zhai, W., Neuman, S.L., Latour, M.A and Hester, P.Y., 2007 The effect of dietary L-carnitine on semen traits of White Leghorns J Poult Sci 86, 2228-2235  ... waste as a calcium source in the diet of Rhode Island Red roosters on semen quality, gonadal development, plasma calcium and bone status Kasetsart J (Nat Sci.) 45, 413-421 Kanyinji F., Maeda... total of 200 spermatozoa was counted 2.4 Statistical analysis Data were statistically analyzed according to SAS program ( SAS, 2004) using GLM Procedure Analysis of variance was carried out using... and expressed as the percentage of by live, dead and abnormal sperm using 5% eosin and 10% nigrosin stains The field for examination of spermatozoa was chosen at random and at least a total of