TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHQT HONG BANG PIN NHIEN LIEU NGUON DIEN NANG SACH CUA TirONG LAI FUEL CELLS CLEAN ELECTRIC ENERGY SOURCE OF THE FUTURE v u DINH HUY 2H2O + Nhi^t nang (5) Phan ling tdng qudt: 2Hj + O j -> ^HjO + Dien nang + Nhiet nang (6) Cdc p h u o n g phdp c o ban tao hydro Hien nay, cdc nha khoa hpc da tim dugc ba phuong phap t^o ngudn hydro d& cung cap cho pin nhien lieu la: + Chuyen hda hydrocarbon (nhien lieu hda thach, sinh khdi) bdi nhiet (Reforming); + Dien phan nude (Electrolysis); + Phuong phdp sinh bpc (Biological method) 4.1 Hda nhi$t hydrocarbon 4.1.1 Hda nhiet thiin nhiin (Natural gas steam reforming): Thdnh phdn chii yeu cua thien nhien la metan (CH^) Khi metan tdc dyng vdi hoi nude tao carbon oxyt (CO) va hydro (H,) theo phdn iing sau: CH4 + H2O -> CO + 3H2 (d 900«C, edn xuc tdc) CO + 3H2O -> CO2 + 3H2 4.1.2 Khi hda hydrocarbon ngng (Gasification heavy hydrocarbon), tiic Id hda ddu md, than da: Bpt caebon (C) trdn vdi nude (HjO), hda nhiet d nhiet dp cao (1400°C): C + HjO -> CO + Hj + vai san phdm phu CO + 3H2O ^ CO2 + 3H2 (Cd the tach va thu hdi carbonic COj rdi chdn Idp COj) 4.1.3 Quy trinh hi^n dgi tgo hydro tir thien nhiin, khdng thdi carbonic (Kvarner Carbon Back and Hydrogen Process) Quy trinh eung cdp plasma d nhiet dp cao (1600°C), tdch hydrocarbon (ddu md, thien nhien) thdnh hydro (Hj) va than den (C) Than den tinh khiet dupe tao dimg hong sdn xudt vd xe hoi, ldm chdt khii luyfn kim, hoac dimg de luu trii hydro (dudi dgng dng nano carbon) Nha may ddu tien dya tren quy trinh hien dai ndy ddt tai Canada, bat ddu san xudt tirthdng6naml999 4.1.4 Khi hda sinh khdi vd nhiet phdn (Biomass Gasificasion and Pyrolysis) Mdnh gd vyn (sinh khdi thyc vdt, rac thai ndng nghiep, rae thai dd thi ) dugc hda d nhi^t dp cao -^ Chuyen hoi nude chiia hydro -^ Ngung ty ddu nhiet phan -> Hda nhiet -> Hydro (Khdi lugng hydro thu dugc bang 12-17% khdi lugng ciia sinh khoi) Vi nguyen li?u la chat thdi sinh hpc, nen phuang phdp san xudt hydro ndy tdi tao dupe (renewable) 4.2 Bi$n phan dung djch kiem nhd ddng difn mpt chieu (Binh dien phdn cd mdng ngdn cdch giira hai ^fn ctrc anot vd catot) Phdn ling tren di?n eye anot: 40H" -^ Oj + 2H2O + 4e" Phan Omg tren dipn eye catot: 2H2O + 2e" -> H2 + 20H" Phdn ling tdng qudt: 2H2O + dien ndng -> 2H2 + Oj SO 03 - THANG 9/2015 ^ iTRUdNG DAI HQC QUOC TE HONG BANG 4.3 Phuong phdp sinh hpc Mdt sd tao va vi khudn sdng nude thai ndng nghipp hoac nude thai sinh hoat cd khd ndng phan hiiy ede chdt thai hiiu co sinh hpc, tao hydro qua hinh trao ddi ehdt cua chiing Phan loai pin nhien lieu Trong khodng 15-20 nam gdn day, cac nha khoa hpc tren the gidi dd nghien ciiu vd phat minh bdy loai pm nhien lieu, bao gdm: Pin nhien lieu kiem [1-5]; pin nhien lieu mudi carbonat ndng chay [6-12]; pin nhien lieu vi sinh [13-16], pin nhien lipu mdng trao ddi proton [17-33]; pin nhien lieu oxyt rdn [34-59], pin nhien lipu axit phosphoric [60-67] va pin nhien lieu methanol [68-72]: H Pin nhien lieu kilm (Alkaline Fuel Cell, viit tdt Id AFC) S Pin nhien lieu mdng trao ddi proton (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, viit tdt Id PEMFC) H Pin nhien lipu axit phosphoric (Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell, viet tdt la PAFC) H Pin nhien lieu carbonat ndng cbdy (Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell, viit tdt la MCFC) S Pin nhien lipu vi sinh (Microbial Fuel Cell, viit tdt la MFC) S Pin nhien lieu oxyt rdn (Solid oxide Fuel Cell, viit tit Id SOFC) E Pin nhien lieu methanol (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell, viit tit la DMFC): S n h Pia nhien lien m a n g trao doi proton HiBk Pbi l U n Hfi Idtm (I) vi Pli aUn ! ( • uft phHpborh (b) Hiah Pin nhien liea oxit rin (a) va Pin nbien lila carimut Boag chay (b) E l l Sd 03-THANG 9/2015 TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHQT HONG BANG So«lnhciclofipinnlii£nli(n B i n g l So sinh dyng pin nhiSn li nciiinh Dsnf; pin nhiin Ma Chit di^n phin Nbift a^ vfln U n h Linh v ^ ihi£ dyng Vndieni Khuy^t ffi^m PAFC AFC PEMFC dich Polytnei U ^ Dung dich £)ung coiin, mong kilm axit chi cho pho^hoiic proton dl qua 80- 100"C 90-100"C - ThiSt bi -Qii3nsy diln c ^ tay -Khdng (dl dOng, gianvutiy nhd) -Giao thdng v§n tii (xe c$) - Hieu su&t - Phin lii^ pin 40-50% catot - Cdng suit nhanh hon ddng tiong chit kW-250kW di?n phin - Chit di^n kilm phan II ran ngn gjim I h i ^ nhftng vin dl an mdn \i bio tri - Nhi^t dp v3n hinh th4p (150-20tf'C) n€n c6 thi d t i ^ sii dyng rpng i3i cho cac dn% dyng thdng thudng - Khdi dpng nhanh - Nhi^t dd - Tdn chi diip nen ddi phi cho hdi xfic t ^ vi$c khii dii tiin (ohii COi khoi platin) n h i ^ li$u - Nhay cim vA ddng cao vdi