Khoa hoe Giao due •Giao due nirdc nc CAC YEU TO c a BAN D A M BAO SIT THANH CONG CUA QUAN Li DUA VAO NHA TRl/CTNG Q HOA KY • y 0 \ 1 Gidi thieu TCr d iu nhO''''ng nam 1960, quan li dya vao nha trudng (Sc[.]
Khoa hoe Giao due •Giao due nirdc nc CAC YEU TO c a BAN D A M BAO SIT THANH CONG CUA QUAN Li DUA VAO NHA TRl/CTNG Q HOA KY " •y 0::\ TS N G U Y I N XUAN HAI Trirdfng Oai hgc Sir piiam Ha Ngi Gidi thieu viee nang cao khdng ngCrng tich hpe tap eua hpe sinh Cac yeu to dam bao sy cong cua SBM 2.1 Cae nha trirang SBM cong eo tam nhin song dgng, tieh eye tap trung vao hoat dgng day va hge theo eac chuan cua bang va quan/huyen ve ket qua hgc tap cua hge sinh T i m nhin eua mdt nha trudng dat muc dieh va hudng di, cd t h i tao nhu'ng mong dgi cao v l tich hge tap eua hpe sinh NhO'ng nghien eCru v l phan d p quan li eho thIy, nha trudng SBM edng ed eac dac diem: a) Cd t i m nhin g i n vdi cac tieu chuan cua bang va quan/huyen; b) SCr dung t i m nhin d l chi SBM dugc hilu nhu la mdt dae trung chuan dao viee dua eac quylt djnh; c) Xem xet lai cho rlt nhiiu cai each hien hanh Dieu le nha t i m nhin qua cac giai doan nham dam bao sy trudng va hang loat md hinh nha trudng chit phu hgp cua nd ddi vdi nhO'ng hoat ddng cua lugng cao d cac trinh dp khac dugc xac nha trudng [1] djnh dya tren y tudng v l tang cudng nang Hiep hdi v l eai each nha trudng d Chicago lye cho cac vien tham gia d elp dp nha (the Chicago Consortium on School Reform trudng d l dua cac quylt djnh v l dpi ngu, - CCSR) nhin manh rang, t i m nhin la trung ngan sach, chuang trinh va giang day SBM tam eho viee kich thieh "mdi trudng hpc tap d i n d i n nhung sy thay doi van hda nha l l y hpc sinh lam trung tam", dd la mdi trudng trudng, thyc tiln Idp hpe va tieh hpc tap an toan, n i n n i p , tdn trpng l i n nhau, hpc tap eua hpc sinh va nudi dudng ban sac ca nhan T i m quan Bai vilt luge djch va tong hgp chudi cac trpng eua t i m nhin lien quan chat ehe d i n viee bai vilt eua tac gia Kerri L Briggs, Trudng Dai hpe tap cua hpc sinh hay mpt ea ehe ehinh hge Texas, thudc trudng DH Austin va Priscilla thCre hudng d i n viee day hpe [2] Mdt ca Wohlstetter, miln Nam California, Hoa Ky Npi e h i hudng dan viee day hpc cd the la nhO'ng dung bai vilt nhin manh so sanh giua eac nha chuan chuang trinh eua bang, eac chuan mdn trudng edng thye hien SBM - nha hpe qude gia (vi du nhu cac chuan Toan hpc), trwang SBM edng, vdi nhung nha trwang hoac mpt danh gia eua bang, chang han nhu dang cd ging thwc hien SBM Dya tren sy Chuang trinh danh gia giao due cua bang biin cua SBM nhung sang kiln eai each, Michigan (the Michigan Educational Assesscd t h i tin tudng ring 08 t l duae d l cap ment Program - MEAP) dudi day phan anh nhO'ng nguyen t i c tong Theo cae nha nghien eCru thudc Hiep hpi quat eho r l t nhiiu nha trudng quan tam d i n nghien CCPU chinh sach giao due (the TCr d i u nhO'ng nam 1960, quan li dya vao nha trudng (School - Based Management SBM) da trd mpt cupc eai each rdng Idn dugc thye hien phu hgp vdi tu'ng bang va cac nha trudng d quan/huyen tren toan nude My nhu la mdt phuang tien de thay doi nha trudng SBM da dugc nha nude SLP dung de tang trach nhiem nha trudng, dugc Hpi ddng nha trudng sir dung de day manh tieh hpe tap cua hpe sinh, dugc chinh quyin trung uang sir dung de cai tiln tinh hieu qua cua bd may hanh chinh, eac Hiep hdi giao vien sir dung nham tang cudng nang lye cho giao viec va dugc cac nhdm cdng ddng sir dung nham Idi cudn sy tham gia eua cha me hpc sinh [1] [4] 60 KHGD so 65, thang - 2011 y^ %o due ni/6c ngoai • - K h o a hoe Giao due Consortium for Policy Research in Education - viee phan bo nguon tiln Day la t l chu CPRE), cae chuin va nhO'ng ca c h i hudng d i n chit de tao nhu'ng thay doi day hpc khac hudng tdi viec cu t h i hda "eai gi" Mdt ITnh vyc quan trpng khac eua tham quyin hoac ndi dung cua tai lieu, chuang trinh, nhung quylt djnh la tuyen dung va sir dung dpi ngu: "bang each nao" hoac cac v i n d l su pham thi SBM edng han cae nha trudng SLP lai thudc vao tCrng nha trudng [1] dung quyin quylt djnh d l tuyin dung va lya T i m nhin eua cae nha trudng SBM chpn dpi ngO - nhung ngudi hd trg va nhat tri cdng la phu hgp, tich cyc va sdng ddng vdi t i m nhin eua nha trudng [3] NhO'ng nha trudng dang ed ging thue hien Cac minh chCrng eua CPRE v l SBM cho thIy SBM thudng han e h i sd lugng eac vien nhung nha trudng SBM cdng sir dung tham gia vao tiln trinh xay dyng t i m nhin, va tham quyin eua hp de dua nhu'ng thay doi kit qua la, chi ed it gia trj dugc xac lap, ngudn dang k l v l chuang trinh hpe tap, dae biet la lue cua nha trudng khdng dugc mpi ngudi ITnh vyc lam t h i nao de ehuyin tai ndi hieu rd NhO'ng nha nghien eCru eua ca CCSR dung hpe tap d i n eho hpc sinh v-' > i:'• va Trung tam v l to chCre va eai tiln ca c l u - NhO'ng nha trudng dang ed gang thye hien trudng hpe (the Center on Organization and SBM thudng khdng tap trung vao viee giang Restructuring of Schools - CORS) da khang day va hpc tap ma tap trung vao nhu'ng thu djnh t i m quan trpng eua sy ddng tam hiep lye tuc, chang han nhu v l phan bo quyin lye giO'a eac ben lien quan thdng qua sCr mang nha va cac v i n d l v l quan gia Nghien eCru cua trudng SBM edng h l u hit lien quan mat CPRE nhin manh, cd nha trudng da bd ea thilt vdi nhu'ng thda thuan chung v l sCr mang nam de tranh eai v l eac v i n d l thu tue nhu cua nha trudng - mdi nha trudng d i u cd hilu bau CLP, dai dien uy quyin va quyin cua hieu biit chung v l nha trudng minh se nhu t h i nao trudng Tham ehi, cac cude hpp thudng tap tuang lai trung vao diiu kien lam viee eua ngudi Idn 2.2 NhCrng nha truxmg SBM edng nhu sir dung bai dd xe, sir dung dien thoai, CO tham quyen quyet djnh cac ITnh khdng suy nghT gi v l cac nhu elu eua hpc vyc ngan sach, ehuxyng trinh va nhan sy, sinh [6] dong thai hg sCr dung quyen de tao Nhu vay, cae nha trudng SBM edng sy thay doi co y nghTa giang day va biit sir dung quyin ty ehu eua hp mdt each cd hgc tap hieu qua, nhin manh vao viec hpe tap ed chit Trong nha trudng SBM cdng, giao vien, lugng eao theo t i m nhin cua hp, cd mdt dpi Ban giam hieu va nhu'ng ngudi khac cd nhiiu ngu de hanh ddng mang tinh tap t h i Ngugc quyin ddi vdi viee dua cac quylt djnh trye lai, nhu'ng nha trudng khdng tap trung vao viec tilp anh hudng d i n hpc sinh, dd ehinh la ddng hgc tap cua hpe sinh va cac ngudn lye de hanh ddng tap t h i thi khdng hieu qua viec su lye de Idi cudn sy tham gia vao SBM Mdt tham quyin quan trpng dd la quyin v l dung tham quyin cua hp de tao sy thay doi ngan sach cua nha trudng [5] Day la mdt ITnh ed y nghTa giang day va hpc tap vyc thudng dugc uy thac cho cae nha trudng 2.3 NhO'ng nha truxyng SBM cong cac k l hoach SBM, d i i u dugc coi la phan tan quyen lye rong rai thong qua to trd ngai ddi vdi sy thay doi Cac nha trudng chux: nha truxyng bang viee tao nhirng chi cd quyin v l mdt s l lugng tiln nhlt djnh mang Iwai cua cac nhom quyet djnh hoac phai ddi mat vdi nhung can trd tCr phia Nghien eCru eua CPRE v l SBM da phat hien bang hay quan/huyen v l viee sir dung ngudn rang, eac nha trudng SBM edng phan tiln nhu t h i nao Mac du vay, eac nha bo quyin lye dya tren Hieu trudng hoac mdt trudng SBM cdng bllt each djnh hudng hdi ddng d l Idi eudn cac ben lien quan vao viec lai cac ngudn t i l n de hd tra cho viee cai tiln quylt dinh eua nha trudng, ed sy phan bo tich hgc tap cua hpe sinh thdng qua quyin lye mdt each sang tao giO'a cac ca nhan KHGD so 65, thang - 2011 61 Khoa hoe Giao due bIng viee thilt lap cac mang ludi, cac nhdm lam viee va nhO'ng uy ban thudng trye dac biet Ben canh dd, cae hdi ddng nhu'ng nha trudng SBM cdng xac djnh uu tien xay dyng sy g i n k i t va cac hoat ddng phdi hgp thdng qua cae nhdm dua quylt djnh Cae hdi ddng lam viec nhIm dam bao ring, eac nhdm lam viec tap trung vao t i m nhin eua nha trudng va nhu'ng ngudn lye hp ed de dam bao hoat ddng cd hieu qua Nha trudng da c l u true lai k l hoach de giup cac giao vien cd thdi gian lam viec vdi C l u true edng viec la nhan td quan trpng d l phat trien sy cam k i t ddi vdi t i m nhin cua nha trudng va sy cdng tac trach nhiem de dat dugc t i m nhin CPRE nhan thIy rang, cac nha trudng dang e l gang thyc hien SBM tap trung quyin lye vao Hdi ddng trudng Sy tap trung quyin lye khdng chi lam qua sCre cac vien Hdi ddng vdi nhung yeu elu qua sCre v l thdi gian, ma cdn tao nhu'ng xung dot va thilu tin tudng giO'a nhO'ng ngudi "cd quyin" va "khdng ed quyin" Sy hien dien eua cha me hpe sinh ehi mang tinh tugng trung tham gia vao viee quylt djnh K i t qua la thilu sy cam k i t giO'a eac lien ddi d l i vdi cae quylt djnh mdt sd it ngudi ed quyin lye dua [2] 2.4 Trong cac nha truxyng SBM edng, sy phat trien kien thuv va kT nang la mot tien trinh hwang tai xay dyng mot nha truxyng du nang lye eho sy thay doi, tao mot cong dong chuyen mon va phat trien tren casachia se kien thirc Cac nha trudng SBM cdng lya chpn hoat ddng phat triln chuyen mdn trye tilp, lam rd cac nhu c l u cua hpc sinh va lap k l hoach eai each cu t h i , phu hap vdi nha trudng Sy phat triln ehuyen mdn theo cae chu d l lien quan d i n kT nang lien ca nhan viee dua quylt djnh va eac kT nang quan li, cae chu d l lien quan d i n cai thien tieh hpe tap eua hpe sinh Han nO'a, nhO'ng nha trudng cdn cung d p cac khda dao tao, bdi dudng eho dpi ngu d d p dp nha trudng, bao gdm cha me hpc sinh, eac vien edng dong, d l giup hp trd nhCrng vien ed nang lye han d e no lye lap k l hoach va dua quylt djnh 62 -Giao due nu'oc ng©aj> Nhung k l hoach phat triln ehuyen mdn cac nha trudng SBM edng dugc thilt k l d l cd anh hudng, tac ddng toan trudng, hudng tdi xay dyng nang lye d l dat dugc cac muc tieu chung han la mue tieu ca nhan, cac chuang trinh mang tinh lien tue va ddng bd Ngugc lai, nhung nha trudng dang c l gang thyc hien SBM hoac thilu k l hoach phat triln chuyen mdn, hoac cho phep dpi ngu lya ehpn va xay dyng k l hoach ty dao tao, ty bdi dudng cua hp b i t ke nd cd lien quan d i n eac muc tieu cua nha trudng hay khdng va chi cd mdt sd it ngudi tham gia Trong s l nhO'ng trudng dang ed ging thyc hien SBM, nhiiu Hieu trudng thudng bd qua ngudn ngan sach eho dao tao theo tung trudng hgp va vi vay, khdng cd sy tham gia cua toan trudng viee dua cac quylt djnh lien qua d i n hoac eai gi vao khda dao tao Cac nha trudng SBM cdng ddi vdi nhiiu mCre dp khac nhau, cd quyin thilt k l cac ca hdi hpe tap hudng tdi dap Crng nhu elu dpi ngO va hpc sinh, tan dung triet de cac ngudn lye tu' phia ben ngoai de phat triln dpi ngu Nghien cuu cua CCSR d eac trudng hpc edng d Chicago cho thIy rang, eac giao vien cac trudng dang ed ging thye hien SBM hilm tham gia vao cac hoat ddng phat trien ehuyen mdn b i t k l la nha trudng to chCre hay dugc tai trg tir to chCre ben ngoai, khoang han mdt nCra giao vien khdng tham gia vao mpt hoat ddng phat trien ehuyen mdn nao ngoai nha trudng mdt nam hpc [2] 2.5 Cac nha truxyng SBM cong eo hang loat ea ehe eho viec thu thap thong tin lien quan den nhO'ng wu tien eua nha trwang va de lien lac vai tat ca cac lien dai cua nha trwang Cac nha trudng SBM cdng thu thap va biin thdng tin dang ke tdi hang loat cae lien ddi ca trudng va edng ddng xung quanh He thing thdng tin nhu: Cae mue tieu phat trien nha trudng, hoat ddng eua nha trudng va tieh hpe tap cua hpe sinh, cac each tilp d n sang tao d l i vdi viec day manh viec hpc tap cua hpc sinh hay danh gia k i t qua hpc tap eua hpc sinh, sy hai Idng cua cac lien ddi ddi vdi nha KHGD so 65, thang - 2011 ;b due nude ngoai —Khoa hoc Giao due ^''^^O'ng, He thing thdng tin thu thap qua ca kenh giao tilp ehinh thuc va khdng ehinh thCre, dygc sap x i p theo thu ty uu tien va biin rdng rai den cho t i t ea cae lien ddi Nhd dd, nha trudng thu hut dugc sy tham gia tich cyc cua cae lien ddi, ddng thdi giup hg danh gia dugc tiln trinh phat triln nha trudng Cae nha trudng dang cd gang thye hien SBM cd xu hudng it danh thdi gian va eac ngudn lye khac de thu thap thdng tin, cd lap vdi eac trudng khac va vdi cdng ddng dja phuang, it quan tam de giai quylt cae v i n d l tuang ty d cae nha trudng khac dien nha trudng cua hp He thing thdng tin thu thap chu y i u dya vao nhO'ng tai lieu chinh thCre nhu van ban, thu tCr va eac thda thuan ghi nhd Cae lien ddi it dugc tilp can vdi nhCrng thdng tin dong vai tro la nha quan li va giup cho sy thay doi dien thuan Igfi, nhirng nha lanh dao giao vien thwang co trach nhiem xung quanh cac van de day va hgc Mdt ham y ben eua SBM dd la sy chia se lanh dao se md rdng sy g i n k i t eua nhCrng ngudi tham gia d dja phuang cac cdng viec eua nha trudng, ngugc lai, cac edng viee nha trudng giup cho viec tri sy quan tam va eung d p sy hd trg dang ke cho nhO'ng sy eai tiln giang day tren Idp va viee hpc tap cua hpc sinh 6" cae nha trudng SBM edng, lanh dao se khdng cdn t i n tai nhu la trach nhiem ddc quyin cua ngudi hieu trudng Khi sy lanh dao dugc chia se, Hieu trudng va eac vien gan kit mdt each tich eye quan li, tao eac ca hdi va xda bd rao can va ho trg cho 2.6 Cae nha trwang SBM cong su' sy thay doi Hieu trudng la nhan to quan trgng dung ea phan thwang bang tien va khong nhlt viee thue day sy eai each cua nha bang tiin de edng nhan sy tien bg cua ea trudng [4] nhan va nhom theo eac muc tieu cua nha Trong eac nha trudng dang e l gang thye trwang [5] hien SBM, mdt sd hieu trudng khdng cd nhO'ng Phln thudng dugc sir dung de cdng nhan kT nang d n thilt d l lam viec mdi trudng nhO'ng nd lye eua ea nhan va nhdm, va d l phan d p Cach thCre quan li eua hp mau thuIn nhan biit nhu'ng cai tien viee day va hpc vdi nhO'ng chuan myc eua viec chia se quylt Phln thudng, v l thyc chit, la de thue day va djnh Vi du, mdt sd hieu trudng han c h i cac dpng vien giao vien gan k i t SBM hdi ddng trudng ddi vdi eac v i n d l khdng quan Cac nha nghien eCru CPRE nhan thIy ehi mdt trpng va han c h i y kiln cua dpi ngu nha trudng so it cac nha trudng SBM edng su dung d l i vdi cac v i n d l quan trpng khac (chang han phln thudng la tiln va phln Idn la khdng bIng nhu t i m nhin cua nha trudng) tiln mat bao gdm nhO'ng Idi cam an, cdng nhan 2.8 Cac nha trwang SBM edng cac cude hpp dpi ngu, danh gia eao lam giau tir cac ngudn lye ben ngoai nha cae bu'a an trua, cae bCra tide danh gia trwang thong qua viec thu hut vao mang dat mue tieu cua nha trudng Guskey va Peter- Iwai chuyen mdn va hoat ddng nghe nghiep son nhan thIy ring, nhCrng phln thudng khdng a cdng dong doanh nghiep dja phwang bIng tiln mat da khuyin khich sy tham gia, Ca hai loai nha trudng SBM d i u cd cac ngudn ddng thdi hudng sy nd lye tdi cae muc tieu cua lye tCr ben ngoai Cac nha trudng SBM nha trudng edng, dudng nhu la dugc hudng lgi nhiiu han NhO'ng phan thudng khdng biin d cae cac ngudn lye tap trung vao nhO'ng d i each nha trudng dang nd lye thyc hien SBM vi thilu hay sang kiln cu thi Cae nha trudng cd ngudn sy ddng Idng vdi t i m nhin cua nha trudng, khd lye han c h i va kem hieu qua hp dua nhiiu khan de xac djnh mpt each chinh xac nhung nd phuang hudng va cd tinh canh tranh Mdt nguon lye quan trpng cho d i each ea d u lye nao dang de trao phln thudng 2.7 Trong eac nha trwang SBM nha trudng dd la eac ngudn lye giao due nhu cong, sy lanh dao dwgc chia se giOra cac mang ludi giao vien hoac mang ludi hiep hpi vdi nhanvikn va giao vien Hieu trwang thwang cae thilt k l d i each cu the NhO'ng kiiu lien kit KHGD so 65, thang - 2011 63 Khoa hoe Giao due nay, nhlt la ITnh vyc day va hpc, eung d p nhiiu he trg d n thilt cho giao vien thyc hien d c d i d e h cu the Theo nghien eCru cua CORS, d e nha trudng SLP dung nhCpng ngudn lye mdt d e h ed hieu qua nhlt dd la hg nhan thCpc dugc sy d n thilt eua d e ngudn lye Mdt ngudn lye ed ich Igi khac dd la sy lien kit ma Hieu trudng tao vdi cae to chCre ben ngoai, vi du nhu vdi cac nhdm doanh nghiep Hieu trudng cac nha trudng SBM edng xay dyng quan he vdi cae mue dieh cu the Chang han, Hieu trudng tilp can vdi gidi bao ehi de giup eho d e mdi quan he edng chung, vdi trudng dai hpc d l eung elp sy phat trien ehuyen mdn, vdi doanh nghiep d l ho trg v l cdng nghe Hieu trudng cac nha trudng dang ed gang thyc hien SBM it cd xu hudng han viee tim kilm cac mdi quan he ben ngoai [4] [3] Ket luan Khi tiln vao t h i kl mdi, cae nha hoach djnh chinh sach dang tap trung vao viec eai tiln tich eua hpe sinh va su dung SBM nhu la mdt cdng eu de dat dugc mue tieu dd Han nu'a, cac ehinh sach mdi cd dac diem cua SBM cung vdi nhO'ng eai each v l chuang trinh va phuang phap giang day, nhu la mdt phan eua cdng cude eai each, nhung khdng phai la t i t ea Thye ra, sy ho trg lien bang eho nhu'ng thilt k l cai each nha trudng thdng, cung vdi sy diiu ehinh thieh ung eua cae quan/huyen dang tilp tue, cho thIy ring, sy ty ehu eua nha trudng se tri dae diem quan trpng eua cai each giao due Cae bang, vdi sy hd trg d elp lien bang, dang thue d l y xay dyng va thyc hien nhung chuan myc giao due cao han, ddng thdi, cd sy tap trung Idn han d l i vdi sy phat triln ehuyen mdn d l dam bao ring giao vien ed kiln thCre va kT nang de day hpc d nhO'ng chuan cao han NhO'ng kinh nghiem v l eac nha trudng SBM cdng va nhO'ng nha trudng dang cd gang thuc hien SBM da cho thIy, SBM phai hoat ddng dya tren sy sang tao eua hdi ddng nha trudng nhIm djnh hudng eho cae to khac Khi he thing giao due tilp tue dugc djnh hinh 64 -Giao due nirdc nc bdi nhung khuynh hudng nay, cac nha trirdng thye hien SBM, hoac nhu la mdt ea c h i cai each can ban hoac nhu mdt ea c h i cai each dugc g i n vao, se cd the trd nen cdng han thyc hien td dugc gidi thieu tren day (Lwac djch) TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] Betty Malen, Rodney T Ogawa, and Jennifer Kranz, "What we know about school-based management? A case study of the literature - a call for research," In Choice and Control in American Education, eds W H Clune and J F Witte (Washington DC: Falmer Press), 289-342 [2] Anthony S Bryk, A View from the Elementary Schools: The State of Refonv in Chicago (Chicago: Consortium of Chicago School Research, 1993) Malen, Ogawa, & Kranz, "School- Based Management," 310-314 [3] Richard F Elmore, Penelope L Peterson, Sarah J McCarthy, Restructuring in the classroom: Teaching, Learning, and School Organization (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996), 1-14 [4] Peter J Robertson, "Improving School Quality through School-Based Management: A Theoretical Model of the Process of Change," I n Advances in Research and Theories of School Management, ed R.T Ogawa (Greenwich, CT: JAI, 1995) [5] Allan O Odden and Carolyn Busch, Financing Schools for High Performance: Strategies for Improving the Use of Educational Resources (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1998): 26-44 [6] Thomas R Guskey and Kent D Peterson, "The Road to Classroom Change,"Educational Leadership 53, no (1996): 10-14 SUMMARY The article makes a comparasion between the schools with successful school-basedmanagement (SBM) and the schools that are trying to apply SBM The author also presents elements to ensure the success of SBM KHGD so,65, thang - 2011 ... lai, nhung nha trudng dang c l gang thyc hien SBM hoac thilu k l hoach phat triln chuyen mdn, hoac cho phep dpi ngu lya ehpn va xay dyng k l hoach ty dao tao, ty bdi dudng cua hp b i t ke nd... tham gia vao cac hoat ddng phat trien ehuyen mdn b i t k l la nha trudng to chCre hay dugc tai trg tir to chCre ben ngoai, khoang han mdt nCra giao vien khdng tham gia vao mpt hoat ddng phat trien... casachia se kien thirc Cac nha trudng SBM cdng lya chpn hoat ddng phat triln chuyen mdn trye tilp, lam rd cac nhu c l u cua hpc sinh va lap k l hoach eai each cu t h i , phu hap vdi nha trudng Sy