Evaluation of Carinata Meal in Dairy Heifer Feeding Programs

South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2018 Evaluation of Carinata Meal in Dairy Heifer Feeding Programs Karla Rodriguez-Hernandez South Dakota State University Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Part of the Dairy Science Commons Recommended Citation Rodriguez-Hernandez, Karla, "Evaluation of Carinata Meal in Dairy Heifer Feeding Programs" (2018) Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2632 https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/2632 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange For more information, please contact michael.biondo@sdstate.edu EVALUATION OF CARINATA MEAL IN DAIRY HEIFER FEEDING PROGRAMS BY KARLA RODRIGUEZ-HERNANDEZ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Major in Biological Sciences Specialization in Dairy Science South Dakota State University 2018 iii This Dissertation is dedicated to God To my Mom, and in memory of my Father To all the heifers that were part of my experiments Happiness is not a goal, it is a by-product - Eleanor Roosevelt iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to the members of my graduate committee Dr Jill Anderson, Dr Alvaro Garcia, Dr Jeffrey Clapper, Dr Maristela Rovai, Dr Sung Shin, and Dr Vikram Mistry, thank you for your advice, wisdom, and support Special thanks to my advisor Dr Jill Anderson for your support and patience during these four years of research Thank you to CONACYT and INIFAP, Mexico for the payment of my tuition and stipend during my Ph.D studies Thank you to Dr Mark Berhow for the assistance with glucosinolates analysis Thank you especially to Dr Jeffrey Clapper and Dr George Perry for their assistance and advice with hormone analysis Dr Perry thank you as well for lending us the ultrasound for the study in Chapter as it was very valuable Thank you to the SDSU DRTF farm crew, especially Pete Linke, Melissa Schmitt, Kyle, Aaron, Olivia B., Brennen and Tasha Crane for their assistance with care of the heifers during the farm trial, maintaining the facility, and their help when called with a problem Thank you to my fellow graduate students without your help and support I would not have been able to conduct this research Especially to ‘Jill’s research team’ and friends Nirosh Senevirathne, Rhea Lawrence, Chelsea Schossow, Lauren Shearer, Michaella Della, Taylor Aubrey, and Lydya Olanju Our awesome undergrad helpers: v Maggie Stiles (and Nick), Jacob Weg, Kirby Krogstag, Kelly Berger (and Josh) and Alex My seniors and good friends Angie Manthey, Juan Sanchez-Duarte and Sanjeewa Ranathunga Thanks to my friends Kristi Prunty, Ahmed Salama, Gerardo Caja, Kirsten Linke, Fernanda, Tasha Laska, Leyby, Nathaly, Rodrigo, Dalia, Carl, Dipak and Venkat for your friendship and help with some of the samplings, and the other fellow grad students, professors and staff of the Dairy and Food Science Department Last but not least I would like to thank Gabriel for enduring with me and for your love And to my family for their support and love vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii LIST OF FIGURES xvi LIST OF TABLES xx ABSTRACT xxviii INTRODUCTION CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW Growth performance of dairy heifers Growth rate and puberty Growth rate and future milk yield Heifer feeding programs 10 Conventional program 10 Stair-step program 11 Bulk forage feeding program 13 Limit-feeding program 14 Alternative feedstuffs for dairy heifers 18 Brassica carinata 19 Carinata meal 22 Anti-nutritional substances of carinata oilseeds and meal 24 vii Erucic acid 25 Glucosinolates 26 Rationale and significance 28 CHAPTER SHORT-TERM TASTE PREFERENCE OF CARINATA MEAL COMPARED WITH OTHER OILSEED MEALS AND DISTILLERS DRIED GRAINS WITH SOLUBLES 30 ABSTRACT 30 Introduction 31 Materials and Methods 33 Experimental Design 33 Animal Measurements and Sampling 36 Laboratory Analysis 36 Statistical Analysis 38 Results and discussion 38 Conclusions 41 Acknowledgments 41 CHAPTER EVALUATION OF CARINATA MEAL AS A FEEDSTUFF FOR GROWING DAIRY HEIFERS: EFFECTS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, RUMEN FERMENTATION, AND TOTAL TRACT DIGESTIBILITY OF NUTRIENTS 50 viii ABSTRACT 50 Introduction 52 Materials and Methods 53 Experimental Design 54 Animal Care and Feeding 55 Animal Measurements and Sampling 56 Laboratory Analysis 57 Statistical Analysis 60 Results and Discussion 62 Feed Analysis 62 Heifer Growth Performance 63 Rumen Fermentation Characteristics 64 Apparent Total Tract Digestion of Nutrients 65 Conclusions 66 Acknowledgments 67 CHAPTER EVALUATION OF CARINATA MEAL AS A FEEDSTUFF FOR GROWING DAIRY HEIFERS: EFFECTS ON METABOLIC PROFILE AND ONSET OF PUBERTY 77 ABSTRACT 77 ix Introduction 78 Materials and Methods 80 Experimental Design 80 Sample Collection and Analysis 81 Statistical Analysis 85 Results and Discussion 86 Fatty Acids 86 Metabolites and Metabolic Hormones 89 Puberty 91 Conclusions 93 Acknowledgments 93 CHAPTER SOLVENT-EXTRACTED CARINATA MEAL COMPARED WITH CANOLA MEAL OR SOYBEAN PRODUCTS IN DIETS FOR GROWING DAIRY HEIFERS: EFFECTS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, RUMEN FERMENTATION, AND TOTAL TRACT DIGESTIBILITY OF NUTRIENTS 118 ABSTRACT 118 Introduction 119 Materials and Methods 120 Experimental Design 121 ... OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Total dry matter intake (DMI) of grass hay, grain mixes offered to test taste preference of carinata meal (CRM), canola meal (CAN), camelina meal (CAM), linseed meal (LIN),.. .EVALUATION OF CARINATA MEAL IN DAIRY HEIFER FEEDING PROGRAMS BY KARLA RODRIGUEZ-HERNANDEZ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy... distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS)…………………………………………………………… 113 Figure 4.6 Plasma concentrations of insulin for growing Holstein heifers fed diets containing 10% (DM basis) carinata meal (CRM)