N/VAI NET VE HE THONG KENH JViaONG Vdl Ddi SONG • QUA DAN TOC HA NHJ VAN NAM TRUNG QUOC GS DL/ONG Lgc KIM Hoc vien HongHd, Vdn Nam, Trung Quoc Tdm tdt: Hf thdng kgnh muong efta ddn tgc Ha Nhi la sy ket tinh va tri tuf efta td tien, cfing la sy sdng tao vT dgi efta tl tien Khdi nguin cua bf thdng kenh muong vftng son eude Ai Lao - Van Nam ehinh la canh tdc rudng bac thang Td tien efta ngudi Ha Nhi cu trft trgn vung som cudc Ai Lao qud trinh phdt ttien ljch sft hang ngan nam, bang chinb ddi tay cdn cu va tti tuf thdng minh efta minh, de sdng tao ngn he thdng kenh muang va ngn vdn hda eanh tdc rupng bae thang sdn lan huy hoang Bai viet ndy thdng qua vifc didu tia nghien cuu thyc tg, khdng chi lam rd hf tbong kenh muang dupc td tien dan tdc Hd Nhi bdn Tpa Lgc, ma cdn dg cap tdi cdc van dg quygn sd hfiu, qudn ly kgnh muong vd phdn phdi ngudn nudc Tft khda: Ddn lpc Hd Nhi Trung Quoc vdn hda kenh muang T pa Lae la mpt ban thude xa Bao Hoa ehau Hdng Hd tinh Van Nam, thugc doan nfti phIa Nam nui Ai Lao, ed ngudi dan tgc Ha Nhi va dan tde Di cung chung sdng Toan bdn co 282 hp, 1315 ngudi (dan tdc Ha Nhi cd 144 hp 725 ngudi, ddn tde Di cd 138 hg, 590 ngudi) Ban trude gia tpc hg Pho dan tgc Ha Nhi dyng lgn, sau d6 gia tdc hg Duong vd hp Truomg efta dan tde Di mdi di cu ddn Tft xua tdi nay, hai dan tde bdn ludn chung sing hda thudn vdi Nhu bdn co dam eudi, vife tang va le tet thudng thi theo phong tuc cua timg nha de eft hanh vifc hieu hy va ddn le Nhung vifc tg ll Trgi Than, Trai Mdn, lg md gigng nudc va dao muong nude lgi ed bdn eftng lam Bai vilt di sau nghign eftu, phan tich nhiing khia cgnh ljch sft, dao muang khai cdng va rudng bgc thang efta ngudi dan ban Tpa Lae Ban Lac, rirng va nguon nirdc 1.1 Lich su vd mdi truomg Bdn Lgc Tpa Lgc la diln djeh tft "Ting Lao" ciia tigng Ha Nhi Tdng Lao ed nghia la mudn phuang tu hpi vg sinh sing Theo ttuygn -NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUO'C so 12 (172) - 201S Vii nit v^ hp thong kinh mu^ng mifng cua nhftng ngudi gia ttong bdn va ghi ehep ttong "phi hf gia tdc hg Duong", ban xay dyng vao gifta ddi Khang Hy nhd Thanh (khong r5 thdi gian eu thi), lftc thupc hat Lge Khung Thi Sd, chau Thach Binh, phu Ldm An Nam Dan Quic 22 (nam 1933), quy vl xa Lac Khung, khu 6, huyfn Thgch Btnh Nam 1950 lap ngn huyfn Hdng Ha, van thupc xa Lac Khung Nam 1954 quy hogch hanh chinh chuygn vl xa Bao Hoa (khu Gidp Din) thudc Khu 2, huyfn Hdng Hd Tu nam 1970 den thugc xa Bao Hoa, huyfn Hong Ha rudng nudc chiem 1200 miu, dong cd chigm 238.44 mau Tdng san lupmg luomg thyc dgt 543095kg, tong thu nhap kinh te dgt 176211 nhan ddn te Binh quan luang thyc diu ngudi la 413kg, binh quan thu nhgp kinh tl tren diu ngudi la 1340 Nhan dantf 1.2 Ritng vd ngudn nirdc Trudc ndm 1950, ban Tpa Lae cd 132 hecta rimg Lftc nay, eac vung rimg nguygn sinh ndm trgn dia phan cua ban nhu "nfti Sinh Dd Lgp Khuech, nfti Sft Tat Dang, nfti Hach Dogt Binh, nfti Minaka, nfti Henshengpian", eo the gpi vdi eai ten hd nude xanh ctia noi day Nguin nude chdy tft nhiing cdnh rimg da tudi lgn bang ngdn mau rugng (ban Tga Lac cd hon mpt nghin mau rupng) Sau nam 1957, difn tieh rimg bj tan pha nghiem trpng, ngudn nudc gidm thigu, mdt bp phan khdng nhd rudng nude bign thdnh rugng kho, ddng nudc cua bdn ciing trd nen nhd ban, nude dftng sinh hogt cua eon ngudi eung ngdy eang khd khan Hifn tai, nudc dung sinh hogt cua ba ban phdi dan tft noi each xa bdn tdi 5km Nhung theo nam thdng, ciing vdi dp lyc dan sl tdng trudng, vifc tan phd rimg xdy nghiem trpng, din tdi hifn tupng lfi quet va xdi mon dat Mudi nam trd lgi day, eft tdi mfta mua, lu lyt lgi cdng tSng them, dit ndng nghifp bj ngdp nang Sy tdn pbd qua mfte eiia ngudi dli vdi bf sinh thdi thi Dien tich rumg va nfti tren dia bdn la hon 430 hecta, do: dien tich rftng 132 hecta (rimg tap thg 96 hecta, rimg tu hiiu 36 hecta), difn tieh dat hoang, niii hoang la 298 hecta (nfti hoang 201 hecta, dat hoang 97 hecta), ti le rimg che phft 30.7% Tham thuc vat rftng nhift ddi Thi nhudng pha ttdn giua dit do, hodng thd va dat nau hda trdn Khi hgu binh quan nam la 17.6°C, thdng lgnh nhit va thang ndng nhat Lupng mua hang nam la 1485.3 mm, thdng dgn thdng 10 Id miia mua, lupmg nude mua ehiim 80% lupng nude mua ca ndm Noi cao nhat d day so vdi myc nudc bien la 2120m (nui Sft Tat Dang), nai thap nhit so vdi mue nude biln 840m (ven bd sdng Duong Ngd Cuu) Nguon nude chu yeu la thupng du sdng Man Ban, sdng Tpa Lge Ting difn tieh dit canh tac la 1438.44 mau, ttong NGHIEN CIJU TRUNG QUO'C so 12 (172) - 2015 — 45 DU'aNG LUC KIM sy bao thft cua ty nhien danh eho eon ngudi cung edng nghiem tigng Nguin nudc ehay qua noi ddy chfnh la song Man Ban, thupc nhdnh sdng Hdng Song Mgn Ban bit nguin tft khu rftng nguygn sinh tren mii Sinh Dd Lgp Khuich va rimg nguygn sinh tien nui Sft Tat DSng Nudc tu hai khu rimg nguygn sinh chdy ra, sau di vdo ven ban Tpa Lae thi trd "sdng Tpa Lae" Sau dd tft Tpa Lge chdy qua cdc bdn Gid 6, Bich Cu, Bi Xa rdi nhdp vdo Mgn Bdn mdi, nen cd cai tdn la "sdng Man Ban" Tu Mgn Ban mdi chdy dgn dap Mdnh Long, dupe ggi la "sdng Manh Long" Tft dap Manh Long chgy qua edc bdn Thit Tinh, Thi Ddi, sau chdy qua phia sau ban Dgi Hdc Cdng thi nhdp vao ddng sdng Hlng Doan chay qua ban Tpa Lgc khoang 12 km 1.3 Logi htnh kinh mirang Kenh muong efta dan tde Ha Nhi tten vung niii Ai Lao dupc chia lam ba logi la muong quan, muong ban vd muong tu nhan Dong muong eua ban Tpa Lac ehi cd muong bdn va muong tu nhan Xin ndu mgt so net khdi quat vg tinh hmh kgnh muong chinb efta ban ndy Mpt Id "muang lan San NgU Sa Pa" Con muong la eon muong ddn nudc hai bdn Tpa Lae va Gid Ngu Luc cftng ddo Bat dau ddo tu ndm 1940 din ndm 1942 mdi xong, diu ngudn tu "minaka" dgn culi nguin la bdn Tpa Lgc, ddi km, tdng difn tich tudi tigu la hon 112 mdu, ban Tpa Lgc la hom 50 miu, bdn Gia Ngu Lue la ban 62 mau Hai la "muang Gid O", eon muang la muong dan nude hai bdn Tga Lgc va Gid cimg dao Bdt diu ddo tft nam 1935, dau muong bat nguon tft "Hgc Ddng Lgc" den cudi muong Id "Long Ma", dai km, tdng dien tfch tudi tieu la ban 550 mau, dd bdn Tpa Lgc la hon 140 mau, ban Gia la 410 mau Ba la "muang Dao Ld Ca", muong Id muang ddn nude hai ban Tga Lge va ban Gid Ngft Lue cung ddo Khong ro thdi gian dao, dau muong bit nguin tu ehan ban Tpa Lge den cudi muong la "niii Ta La Bdng ", dai km, tdng difn tfch tudi tieu la ban 210 miu, ttong ban Tpa Lgc la 145 mau, bdn Gid Ngu Lue Id 65 mau Bdn Id "muang Son Ca", muang la muong dan nudc hai ban Tga Lgc va ban Bich Cu cung bd cdng sftc dao Bit diu dao tft nam 1950, diu muong bit ngudn tft dau cdu Gebili din culi muong la ben ven ban Bieh Cu, ddi 3,5 km, ting difn tich tudi tieu la ban 270 mdu, ttong dd bdn Tpa Lae Id hom 130 mdu, bdn Bich Culdhon 140 mau Ndm Id "muong Bdng Lgp Khuich", muong Id muong dan nudc tap thi cu dan ban Tpa Lac eimg bd cdng sftc dao Khdng ro thdi gian dao, diu muong bit ngudn tft chdn bdn Gia Ngu Luc din cudi muong la "Bang Lap Quang", dai 2.5 km, tdng difn tich tuditieula horn 165 mdu -NGHIEN Cliu TRUNG QUO'C so 12 (172) - 2015 Vii nit ve he thong kenh mwang Sdu la "muang nudc Lpng Xu ", muong la muong dan nudc tap thi eu ddn bdn Tpa Lge cung bd cong sftc ddo Dupc dao vdo ndm 1950, diu mucmg bit ngudn tu "Ha Bd Dftc Bang Ddp" din eudi muang Id "A Cde Mae Ml Dudng", dai km, ting difn tich tudi tieu la hon 130 miu Nguyen Iy cau tao muong va trinh tu* quan ly mutfng 2.1 cdu tgo mirang vd quyen sd hiru 2.1.1 Cdu tgo muang nuac Dan tde Ha Nhi va dan tpc Di d bdn Tpa Lgc la nhiing ngudi di cu tu phia Bic bd Bdy la "mucmg nudc Ha Bd Due", sdng Hdng den viing nui Ai Lao muong la ba ho nhd Ly Van Hpc, khoang nhiing nam eudi ddi nha Minh ddu Ly Son efta ban Tpa Lgc cftng bd cdng sftc ddi nha Thanh Lftc hp tdi ban djnh eu, nhumg vftng ddt ddng bang phi nhieu d day dao Duoe dao vao ndm 1949, diu va hf thdng tudi tieu da bi ban dgn trudc muang bat ngudn tft "A Ca Dl Nguyft hg chigm mat La ngudi dgn sau, ngudi Ha Dd" cudi muang la "Ha Bd Dftc Bang Nhi d bdn Tpa Lge ehi edn bigt tidng Ifta Ddp", ddi 1.5 km, tong difn tieh tudi tigu khd trgn sudn nfti va cde edy tidng ua dat la 64 mau, day Id eon muang tu nhan kho khac Sau nay, dua tten co sd ttdng Tdm la "mirang nudc Duang Ngo Cicu", trgt tren ddt khd hgn san ed cftng vdi sy muong ndy la muang ddn nude bin tuan theo moi trudng sinh thdi va quy Iugt hd Phd Dftng Chau, Truomg A Sau cua bdn bien hda efta ty nhien, hp da tan dung hgt Tpa Lgc cung bo cong sue dao Dupe dao sftc dgc diem dia hinh, hau, tham thyc vdo nam 1948, dau muong bat nguon tu "Ha vdt cua vftng ndy, cftng vdi uu the dia hinh "nui cao dgn dau thi nude eao dgn Bat Dftc Tha Dang Mae Dudng" den cuoi do", d vung doc thodi de tudi tidu, hp dya muong la "Duong Ngd Cim Bang Can", dai theo dja hinh nfti ma dao muang va lam 2km, tdng difn tich tudi tieu la 115 mau, day rudng bde thang Lftc lap kg hogch xdy Id eon muong tu nhan dyng muong nude, hp da nghT ddn vife Trong tdm eon muong ke ttdn, cac can eft vao ngudn nudc md xde djnh ro muong tft I dgn la thude sd hiiu efta tap tuygn dudng efta muong di, budc ddu udc the hai ban; den la thugc sd hum tap the luong dupc dp ddi efta muong, sftc chfta efta ban Tpa Lgc; den la ede muong nudc eua mucmg va khd ndng md rpng bao thupe sd hiiu efta bd phan cu dan ban Tpa nhieu difn tfch rudng bgc thang Trudc Lgc Tong difn tich tudi tidu la hon 1615 khdi cdng, thi d dau muong liy eon ga va I vit lam ll cftng thd dia vd thin mdu, rupng ndng nghiep cua ban muong, eau mong nhgn dupe sy giftp dd Tpa Lae Id 960 mau, cac ban edn lgi ehiem Clia thin linh Ngudi Ha Nhi cl dgi dao 655 mau Ngodi vdn cdn mdt sd muong hg khdng cd ede thilt bj hifn dgi sdng nhd le NGHliN CUU TRUNG QUO'C so 12 (172) - 2015 ^ 47 GU'PNG Lgc KIM nhu may va thuoc no nhu bay gid, ddo dupc mudi may kilomet muang that khong phdi la mpt ehuyfn de dang Phuong phap ddo efta hp la: Tft noi cd ngudn nudc bat ddu dao, d vftng nude ehay xigt hp xay cdi dap dde nghieng khoang 5m dgn 10m dg lam giam bdt tie dp nudc Bd dg dung cpe gd va tte ldm tru, dip bing da, giua cdc epe go tbi dung ddy mdy dai bugc chat, lam kign cd bd de Sau dd, viing diu ngudn se ddo muong dan nudc va ddo di phin dat vd dd ehan ddng chdy cua nudc, tigp tuc dao theo ehieu nudc chay cho den diem cudi cung thi thdi Neu qua ttinh dao muong qua rimg ma gdp phdi ranh nudc (hoac kgnh nudc dang chay rimg) thi dftng nhfimg cdy thdn ddi va thang nhu tre, thdn edy dfta tgo I mdng dan nudc; neu gap phai muong nudc vln cd tft trudc, thi trgn muong nude dao eai cdng dg dan nudc Trong qua trinh ddo muong, dya vao difn tfch tudi tigu md moi mdt dogn muong se dg cdng eho nude chay ra, cdng chinh la diem phdn nudc eho vftng dd, va ed the dao thgm muong nhd, mucmg nhd lai ed the dao them mdt sl nhdnh nhd khac Cft nhu vdy, qua nhilu thi hf hp khdng ngimg no luc cuoi cftng cfing ddo ^upe hf thdng muong nudc tudi tieu ngang dpc chgy khip cdc rudng bac thang Sau nudc Cdng hoa nhan dan Trung Hoa tbanh lap, Trung Qudc rat coi ttpng vifc xdy dyng thuy lpi ndng nghifp, khdng chi sfta chfta mdt sd muong mdng san co ma cdn khoi dao them mft sl muong khac nfta Den nam 2010, ban Tga Lgc cd 38 eon mucmg Idn nhd Trudc ddy, muong nudc deu dupe dap bang ddt vgy de sat Id Sau nam 1990, ehinh quyen dia phuang da bd tign de xdy dyng mdt sd muong chinh bing xi mang Muong nudc cua ngudi Ha Nhi ehu ygu dupe dan tft tiong rimg mii, dim, suoi Binh thudng, Iupng nudc chay cac muang chinh se phy thupe vdo eac nhanh muong, cdc nhanh ndy se phu thude vao difn tt'ch tudi tigu md chia ra, eac nhdnh mucmg khdng gilng lai duac phan den edc sudn ddc efta rupng bdc thang Ddng nude se tft rufng eao chdy vao cong, sau tudi day, nudc sg lgi chay tft cdng thodt xudng chd rugng thap, tien ddy thi chdy xudng, dan dan tudi bet eac tang cua rudng bdc thang Tft xa nhin Igi, cac cong nudc cua mgng bae thang giong nhu eac thdc nudc treo d giua trign nui J.2 Quyin sd hint kenh muang Muong mang cua ngudi Ha Nhi gdm muong phan quan, muong bdn vd muang tu nhan Ndm 1956 ttd ve trudc, quyen sd huu kenh muang se dya theo nguygn tie dao muong thi muang sg thudc ve ngudi dd Co nhiing mucmg den ban cftng ddo, cd kenh muong ban tap trung ddo, cd kenh muong gia dinh dao, cd kenh muong sau ddo xong tlu ban cho ngudi khac, vgy ma quyen sd hfiu dien biln rit phftc tgp Vi du, "muong Duong Ngd Cftu" la mpt bp phdn dan bdn Tpa Lac ddu tu cdng sue ddo len, vdy quyen sd huti muang chi - NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUO'C s6' 12 (172) - 2015 Vii nit ve hp thong kinh muvng thudc vg mpt vdi hp dd; "mucmg Bdi Lap Khuech " la toan ban Tpa Lgc tap trung ddu tu cong sftc vdo ldm vdy quyln sd hfiu se thudc ve cd ban; "muong Ha Bd Dftc" la nha dau tu eong sue vao ddo, gim Ly Vdn Hpe, Ly Son, Duomg Tgi Himg vay quygn sd hum thupc vl nhd nay; "muong Me Xich Ddng" la nhd Duomg No Pbdt ddo, vdy quyln sd hiiu se thupc vl nha Ndm 1958 sau edng xa boa, cho du la muong cu dg lai hay Id muong mdi dao, tit cd diu thupc quygn sd hum cua tap thg Ndm 1981, sau tien hdnh ehe dp cai cdch rudng ddt, quyen sd hiiu kenh mucmg thudc vl thi ngudi hudng lpi Nhiing muong trai ddi trdn nhfimg thfta rudng cua nhieu hg gia dinh cua cac ban khac nhau, vgy ma tinh ttang eftng mdt muang md nhieu gia dinh khdng eimg mot ban diing chung ciing rat nhieu Vi dy nhu nhOmg eon muong "Son Ngfi Sa Pa", "Gia 6", "Som Ca" nim tinh trgng chfta NIU nhu cdng trinh sfta chfta ldn thi Au Ca A Ba dftng to ehuc cdc ho dimg chung kenh muomg cung sua ehua Tren thyc tl, Au Ca A Ba phy trdch vife sfta chfta bdo ve muomg nhung tat ed cac gia dinh cung diing ehung deu tu giae bao vf va sua chfta muomg, chi can nhin thiy muong bj tie hoge sut Id thi ai efing phai tign hanh khai ddng Ddy ehinh Id mot hanh ddng ve su nhdn thftc quan hf gifta rudng dong va thfty loi qua trinh thye tiln trdng rufng bgc thang mpt thdi gian dai eiia td tidn ngudi Ha Nhi Au Ca A Ba kbdng phu traeh phan phdi nudc va boa giai viee tranh chap thfty lpi Hp chi phu trdch vifc bao cao cde van dg lien quan cbo trudng ban vd ngudi quan ly kenh mucmg dg hp giai quyet 2.2.2 Phuang phdp phdn chia ngudn nuac Phuong phap pban chia ngudn nudc truyin thing cua ngudi Ha Nhi gdm ed loai sau: "Au Thau Thau","Au Thdng 2.2 Qudn ly muffng vd phuffng phdp Tung", "Au Hac San", "Au Thft Ddu" Sau ddy, chftng tdi xin gidi thieu so qua vg cdc phdn chia ngudn nudc loai da neu d tren: Thu nhdt la Au Thdu 2.2.1 Quanly muang Thiu: Au nghTa la nudc, Thau Thau nghTa Trudc nam 1949, muong nudc eiia la khae gd, tidng Hdn ed nghTa la khie gd ngudi Ha Nhi bit kg la mucmg quanh phan nude De su dung ngudn nude hop ly, nucmg ban, muang tu eua tu nhan deu tranh nhiing tranh chdp vg thuy lpi, giam ngudi dge trdch quan ly, ngudi Ha Nhi ggi thieu tdi da sue ngudi dau tu, dya vao bing tgn " Au Ca A Ba" "Au Ca A Ba" lupng dan nudc cua mpt muomg co thg phu ttach vifc sfta chfta bdo vf kenh tudi tigu cho dien tich rupng bgc thang muong Lftc muong tie nghen, sut Id thi nhigu hay it, thdng qua sy thuang lupng thudng Au Ca A Ba khoi ngudn va sfta cua cac chu dign, quy dinh mdi thfta rupng NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUtfC so 12 (172) - 2015 — 49 DU'aNG Lgc KIM dupc cdp bao nhigu nude, va lugmg nudc dd dupc khae tren mpt gd, dua tbeo tuan tu tft dau muomg tdi eudi muong, ddt gd ndy tgi diem cdng phan nudc dg muomg nudc ty dpng phan nudc Go da khac hoan ehinh roi thi cft theo md dung khdng dupc thay dli Muang ldn khdc gd phan nudc tdi muong nhd, muang nhd khdc gd phan nude tdi rudng, tang tang ldp ldp, ddi ddi dya vdo md dftng theo, ngudi ngudi tuan thii Thir hai la Au Thong Tung, Au la nudc, Thdng Tung nghia la luan luu, nghTa tiing Han la luan luu dan nudc hodc phdn dogn dan nudc Moi nam vdo tbdng thdng lftc tinh trang sft dung nudc trd nen cang thang, de thugn lai eho eae hd trdng ttgt, dua vao dien tieh tudi tieu nhieu hay ft, tbdng qua vice thuang lugmg, chia mucmg nudc tbanh may dogn, thudng thi phdn dogn, luan luu xd nudc tft xa tdi gan, cd luc sg bdc tham dg xem doan ndo dupe ddn nudc trudc, eho nao vdn chua dgn lupt nhgn nudc thi phai tu ddng dong cdng lai, khdng dupe nhgn nudc, nao tdi lupt thi md edng I I dem Thii: ba dd la Au Hic San, Au la nudc, Au Hac la edng nudc, mifng edng (thuy khau), San nghTa la xa nude, nghTa tigng Hdn la md chd mifng cong nudc vdo rugng, digu duoc tien hdnh gifta hai hg gia dinh cd quan hf tdt Vi du rugng cua bgn A d phfa tren, vay ngudn nudc tuong ddi ddi dao, rupng nhd ben B d phfa dudi, tinh trang lugng nude khdng dii thi khdng tien hanh tring 50" trpt dupc, ben B se ehft ddng thuang luong vdi bgn A, sau bgn A ddng y, ben B se dan mpt bp phgn nude tft chd chfta nudc efta bgn A vao rudng cua minh Trong thdi gian dan nudc theo quy djnh, neu nudc chay vao rupng cua hd khac thi khdng duac tien sft dung, Phucmg phap de xu ly vifc la: tai chd mifng cdng de xa nude vao rufng eua hp gia dinh khac cam mgt canh edy, bigu thi ngudn nudc la ddn tft thfta rudng cua ngudi bgn tdt den, cac hg khae khdng duac diing Thu tu la Au Thft Ddu: Au la nudc, Thft la khiic hodc dudi, Dau la chat dftt, vdi y nghTa la chat dftt dudi ngudn nude hogc dudi muomg Moi mdt mucmg nudc dao deu ed mdt difn tich khu vyc tudi tieu nhat djnh, dudi muong thudng lay mdt sudn niii hay mdt ddc mii nao dd ldm edt mdc gidi, cpt moc la ranh gidi khdng eho rupng d ben ngoai hogc rugng mdi md d ben chua co sy dong y thi khdng dugc phep sft dung nudc ttong mucmg ludi tieu Trft dugc sy ddng y cua hd tudi tieu ban dau, bode lupng nudc cua bg tudi tigu ban dau du thua md tu dpng chay xudng phia dudi, rudng bgc thang ciia ho mdi md dupe phep sft dung 2.3 lien cdng cho ngirdi qudn ly micffng vd xu-phgt doi vdi ngudi trom nudc 2.3.1 Tiin cdng cho ngu&i qudn ly muang Tiln edng cua Au Ca A Ba (muong trudng) ehi la thdc, khdng dung tiln va cac vat pham khae dg tra Trude nudc -NGHIEN Cliu TRUNG QUOC so 12 (172) - 2015 Vii net ve he thong kenh mwang Cgng hoa nhdn dan Trung Hoa lap (1949), ngudi ta can eft vao mdi thfta rupng thu hoaeh dupe bao nhigu thdc dl tinh, vgy vife ttd tien cdng cho Au Ca A Ba eiing dya vao lugmg thoc thu hogch dupc ma cac hp gia dinh da sft dung kenh mucmg tudi tigu cho rudng eiia minh de tinh todn Vi du "kgnh muong Son Ngu Sa Pa" bdn Tpa Lge va bdn Gia Ngu Luc eftng dao Muong ddi km, tdng difn tich tudi tieu ban 112 mau Trong dd, ban Tga Lgc la hem 50 mau, ban Gid Ngu Lue hon 62 mdu Trude vao hop tac xd ndng nghifp, muong ehu eua ldng se ban bae vdi de ehpn mgt ngudi muong trudng duac mpi ngudi tin nhifm de dftng quan ly muomg, tidn cdng eua muomg trudng Id mdi mdu rugng thu dau thdc (khoang 10kg), ngudi quan ly muomg nay, mdi ndm tien cdng cd the dupc 1120 kg thdc Ngodi ra, neu muong la eua mdt ban, thi ed cdch tra tign cdng eho Au Ca A Ba: Thu nhdt dya vao difn tieh mdu rudng efta hd diing kenh muang de tfnh tign cdng; thir hai la tat ca eae hp dung kdnh muomg se cdt mdt pban rudng eho Au Ca A Ba ttdng trpt, eoi nhu la tign cdng Tu ndm 1958 din 1980, ttong thdi gian nay, bdn ciing su dyng kenh muong thi mdi ban quan ly mdt nam (ludn phien qudn ly), tign cdng cua Au Ca A Ba dpi san xuat cham cdng, tham gia phan phdi lao dgng xd vien Tu nam 1981 den nay, vg co bdn da khdi phuc lgi hinh thftc qudn ly truygn thdng NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 12 (172) - 2015 - 2.3 Xir phgt ddi vai ngudi trdm nu&c Hinh phat vifc qudn ly nguon nude cua ngudi Ha Nhi chii ygu la ddi vdi ke ttpm nude, mue dich cua vifc la nhim phong tranh, rang bugc, khong ehg hanh vi trgm nudc, nhdm bao vf, phdn phli hpp ly sft dung nudc rupng bdc thang Thudng thi vife xft phgt va qudn ly ngudn nude, mdi bdn efta ngudi Ha Nhi dgu cd quy djnh chung, ai cung bigt, nhung bifn phdp xu phgt cu the thi cde ban ty djnh liy, ed la nhirng ngudi dung chung kenh mucmg cung thdo luan vd dua quy dinh Hanh vi trgm nude dugc bigu hifn chii ygu dudi hinh thftc sau: Mot Id ngudn nudc cua rupng nha ben dudi khdng du, ttdm nudc ciia nha bdn tren, sau kbi md edng nudc cua muang se ddn nude cua nha ben tren xudng nyiomg cua minh Hai Id bd mdi lap diln cbua dupe su ebo phep eua ngudi khdc dd ty y din nudc tu muong cua ngudi kbac Ba Id cung mpt muang luan phien dan nude tudi tigu, ngudi khdc dang tien hanh tudi tieu thi ty y din nude vao rupng eua minh Bon la, nha ben dudi phd bd rugng eua nha bgn tren dl ldy nudc Trong nhfimg each tren, bit ludn dimg each ndo di nfta dg lay nude dgu bj eoi Id hanh vi an trdm nudc, chi can bj mucmg ehu phdt hien, thi ke trdm nude se bj muomg cbu tidn banh xft phat Viec xft phat ndy se dya vao tieu chuin ma eae hp dung kenh muang da dua qua trinh thuang lupng tft ban diu Viec xft phat ddi vdi nhumg ke trpm 51 DUaNG Lgc KIM nudc chft yeu la phat tien, ndu khong cd Ddng thdi, ttong cupe sdng van hda trdng tign thi lay nhfimg thft co gia tri tuomg trpt trgn rudng bgc thang trudng ky, da ducmg dl nop phgt nhu lpn, gd, vjt Neu tdng ket dupc hf thing qudn ly vdn trdm nudc mang tinh chdt nghigm trpng, minh trdng tipt tren rupng bdc thang va thi cdc ehu dien diing chung kgnh van minh muomg mang khoa hpc dde dao muong efta eac ban hpp lai, phd nguyen thuy Hinh thuc quan ly nay, khdng vd tdt ea bd rupng cua ke trgm nudc, lam chi chigm mpt vj tri quan trpng khdng thi nude chay hgt ngodi, vdi tinh chat thg thay thg su sach kgnh muong thi gidi hifn day Id hinh phgt ngng nhat ma ke trpm md edn cd gid trj tham khao quan ttgng nudc pbai chiu vife xay dung nen van minh kgnh Ket luan Tft nhiing van dg ngu trgn, ehung ta khdng khd nhdn ra, ngudi Ha Nbi va ngudi Di eiia ban Tpa Lac la mdt ban dodn kdt boa thudn, hp cung Id dien hinb eho cdc dan tpc tring lua nudc tren rupng bgc thang, eanh tac Ifta nudc trgn rudng bgc thang la tdm diem van minh ndng nghifp ciia hp May nghin ndm trudc, td tidn ciia bp da tft eao nguyen Thanh Tang xa xdi den vung dit Tft Xuyen khu vye song Dai Do, Nba Long, An Ninh, va bit diu tft khu vue sdng An Ninh ma dan din di chuyln tdi khu vuc viing nui An Lao cua Van Nam C do, ban dau cupc sdng cua hg la tring trpt trgn viing dat khd Sau tbiy dupc, d day sdng ngdi ehang chjt, muong suli rimg day dac, nfti non trung difp, cay xanh che phft, luang mua dli dao, "nfti cao den dau, nudc cao din do" Hp da tan dyng ddc diem mdi trudng tu nhign d day, no luc khdng ngimg ddo muong xe mang, pha mii lam ddng bing, tao vdn hda trdng trgt trgn rupng bdc thang va he thing mucmg mang tudi tigu ndi tiing tren thi gidi 52 mucmg thdi hifn dgi Nam 2015 mdt tin vui den vdi ngudi Ha Nhi chdu Hong Hd la rupng bge thang da dupc td chftc UNESCO vinh danh la di san van hda thg gidi Ngudi dich: Ha Hfi TiSn Hpc vien Hong Hi, Vin Nam, Trung Qufic TAI LI$U THAIVI KHAO [1] Chinh phit Nhan dan Huyfn Hlng Ha, Dia danh Huyen Hdng Hd [M] Con Minh, Nha xuit bin Dan tgc Van Nam, nam 1991 [2] Ll Yeu sit, 5M- Vdn minh Khoa hgc Trung Hoa M], Thugng Hai, Nha xuit bin Thugng Hai Nhan din, nim 2010 [31 Hiing Tinh, Trjuh Hilu Van, Vdn hda nudc vd nudc bdo ve mdi tnrdng [M] Bic Kinh, Nha xuat ban sach bio Trung Quic, nim 2008 — NGHIEN c i u TRUNG QUd'C so' 12 (172) - 2015 ... Sd, chau Thach Binh, phu Ldm An Nam Dan Quic 22 (nam 1933), quy vl xa Lac Khung, khu 6, huyfn Thgch Btnh Nam 1950 lap ngn huyfn Hdng Ha, van thupc xa Lac Khung Nam 1954 quy hogch hanh chinh chuygn... nhan dan Trung Hoa tbanh lap, Trung Qudc rat coi ttpng vifc xdy dyng thuy lpi ndng nghifp, khdng chi sfta chfta mdt sd muong mdng san co ma cdn khoi dao them mft sl muong khac nfta Den nam 2010,... dgi Nam 2015 mdt tin vui den vdi ngudi Ha Nhi chdu Hong Hd la rupng bge thang da dupc td chftc UNESCO vinh danh la di san van hda thg gidi Ngudi dich: Ha Hfi TiSn Hpc vien Hong Hi, Vin Nam, Trung