THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
90 ^^CaoJhiJnjlh^ V E T A N G T H t r c M O C H U M (3 N H O M ClT D A N T A Y , H O A , N U N G V A THAI TAI THI T R A N LIEN NGHIA, H U Y E N ©tfC TRONG, TiNH LAM HONG PGS.TS Cao The Trinh T r u d n g a i hoc Da Lat Tdm tat Qua tu lieu diin da ddi chiiu vai cdc nguon tdi lieu tic internet ve tdng thuc mp chum & nhihig cu ddn thupc ddn tdc Choang vd nhdm Khdch gia & khu vuc Ddng Nam Trung Quoc cho thdy, tap tuc cdi tdng vdo lu (dn xung) d nhdm cu ddn Tdy, Hoa, Nimg vd Thdi tgi thi trdn Liin Nghia (huyen Due Trpng tinh Ldm Dong) Id su ki thica tic truyen thong nguyin qudn cua hp - cdc tinh khu vuc Ddng Nam Trung Qudc Khi sang Viet Nam vd sau di cu vdo Liin Nghia tic giira thi ky XX, cdc nhdm cu ddn ndy dd mang theo tdng thicc md chum vd dip tuc tri trin qui huang mdi Tdng tuc ndy da cd tic thdi tien sic, rdt phd biin & khu vice Ddng A vd Ddng Nam A, cd nhirng di chi thupc cdc nin vdn hda Sa Huynh Lung Leng, Cdn Gid dang thdy tai thi trdn Liin Nghia Tuy la minh chung cho mdt tdng thuc tu hdng ngdn ndm trudc, nhung hiin cdn bd tap tuc ndy vd tap tuc cdi tdng ndi chung vi phdn vi sinh, dnh hu&ng tdi mdi trudng sdng vd sue khde cua nhirng ngudi true tiip tham gia cdi tdng Tukhoa Hung tdng, cdi tdng, tdng thuc mp chum, tdp tuc cdi tdng vdo lu Ngdynhgn bdi: 2/1/2020; ngdy guiphdn biin: 28/2/2020; ngdy duyet ddng: 17/4/2020 Tdng thicc md chum/vd (jar burial custoras) hay cdi tdng vdo chum/vd (jar reburial customs) dugc biet den ttong cac ngudn tai Ueu Trang van bang nhiing thuat ngii ^ | g ^ {ung quan ldng), P ^ p (ddo tdng) hay ^ ^ ^ (kim anh tdng)", la hien tugng bit gap kha phd biln cac di chi khao cd hgc tbdi tien sit d Dong A va Ddng Nam A, cd cac di chi thugc Van b6a Sa Huynh phan bd dpc eac tinh duyen hai mien Trang va di chi Lung Leng d tinh Kon Tum (Vu Cong Quy, 1999; Lam Tbi My Dung, 2003; Nguyln Thi Hau, 2008; ^ i a ^ ± ^ ^ ^ l ^ # i ^ W ^ ^ / f , 2018) Trai qua hang chyc thi ky, tang thiic da bl mai mot, hiu nhu khong dugc phan anh cac cdng trinh nghien ciru vl phong ttic tap quan cua cac dan tdc khu vyc Tu mot cugc khao sat diln da tai thj trin Lien NghTa (huyen Dire Trpng, tinh Lam Ddng), chiing tdi dugc biet, den cac cu dan Tay, Hoa, Nung va Thai d day van bao luu mgt hinh thitc cai tang ddc dao: xuang cit ngudi chit dupe cho vao nhiing cdi lu, chir khdng phai vao nhirng chiee tteu sanh hinh hop chfl' nhat nhu d ngudi Viet cac tinh phia BSe Day la mot hien tugng "la", nhat la ttong bdi canh cu dan Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc so - 2020 tai cac tinh phia Nam dat nudc hau nhu khdng cd tuc cai tang Chiing tdi da cd ging tham khao hau bet nhiing tu lieu cd lien quan tdi nghi le tang ma cua cac tdc ngudi d Viet Nam va ca dan tdc Choang d Trang Qudc - noi ma ngudi Tay, ngudi Nimg va cac tdc ngudi La Chi, Pu Peo, San Chay dugc gdp ehung vao tdc danh dd ( [ i ^ ^ S ^ I ^ | a ] ^ ^ | t / A ? ^ l l ^ ^ ^ ^ , 1984, tr 495-508), ket qua la chiing tdi chua gap cdng trinh/bai vilt nao dl cap tdi tap tuc cai tang d khdi cu dan nay, ke ca bai khao sat phong tuc tang ma ciia ngudi Nung d Diie Trpng ciia tac gia Nguyen Huy Khuyen cdng bd each day chua lau (Nguyen Huy Khuyen, 2013, tt 9-12) Van biet, lau de cap tdi phong tue tang ma eiia cac dan tgc, gidi Dan tdc hgc/Nhan hpc thudng chi trinh bay den nghi thirc mai tang lan dau (hung tdng), hinb thirc cdi tdng (cd the it phd bien han) hau nhu chua dugc quan tam tdi Vi vay, chiing tdi da lien lac vdi mdt sd nha dan tdc hgc la ngudi dan tgc Tay va deu xac nhan la chua he bat gap phong tuc d dan tgc minh Vay tai tang tuc ddc dao dd lai xuat bien giiia mdt vimg dat phia Nam cao nguyen Lang Bian, noi bao quanh bdi nhiing cu dan Thugng va ca ngudi Viet d day khdng be co tuc cai tang? Phai chang day la su ke tuc tang tuc mp chum ciia cac cu dan thupc cac nen van hda Sa Huynh, Lung Leng? Dudi day, chiing tdi co gang di ttm Idi giai cho van de Vai net ve nguin g6c bd ph^n cu dan Tay, Hoa, Nung, Thai tai thi tran Lien Nghia va nghi I^ tang ma ciia ho Thi ttin Lien NghTa dugc lap vao 6/3/1984 tren co sd sat nhap xa Tung NghTa va thdn Lien Hiep cua xa Lien Hiep (Ban Chap hanh Dang bd tbi ttan Lien NghTa, 2015, tr 12) Bg phan cu dan Tay, Hoa, Nung, Thai d day cd hen quan tdi sy ddi ciia xa Dai xa Tiing NghTa 64 nam trude, gan vdi chuang trinh tai dinh cu cua chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem doi vdi bd phan dan di cu tii' cac tinh phia Bic sau Hiep dinh Gio-ne-vo (21/7/1954) Thanh phin cu dan ban diu tai Tung NghTa hen quan tdi dgt chuyin cu vao cac nam 1954, 1955 va 1963 Dgt I nam 1954 gdm cd 745 ngudi Thd (tiic Tay), 523 ngudi Thai (ca Thai den va Thai tring) va hd ngudi Viet Day la nhiing gia dinh co ngudi tham gia quan ddi va bd may cai tri ciia Phap tir cac tinh Ddng Bic (Tay) va Tay Bic (Thai), dugc chinh quyln thyc dan Phap di cu vl Ha Ndi vao cac nara 1950 (Tay) va 1952 (Thai) sau cac chiln dich Bien gidi va Tay Bic ciia Quan dpi nhan dan Viet Nam Ngay 5/8/1954, bp dugc dua bing may bay tu Ha Ndi vao Da Lat, tam cu tai day han thang Den 16/11/1954, hp dupe chuyin xudng vung dit Lien NghTa - dd cdn hoang vu, bat ngan cay cd Dgt diln vao 15/4/1955, chinh quyen Sai Gdn rilp tuc chuyin them 363 ngudi Niing Phan Slinh ttr Sdng Mao, Binh Thuan len Hg cung thude nhimg gia dinh cd ngudi tham gia quan dpi va bp may cai tri cua Phap d Luc Nam (tinh Bic Giang), dugc chlnh quyen thyc dan Phap chuyin cu vl Cim Pha Ngay 4/9/1954, hg dugc di chuyen bang tau cua Hai quan Phap vao Lang Cd, d lai day thang, sau dd di chuyin tilp bang tau thuy vao Gd Vap it ngay, ttip dap xe lira Sdng Mao Do d day khdng du dit canh tac, may thang sau, hg lai 91 92 ^jjioTldTrinh dupe chuyin len Tiing NghTa (Trin Chau Nggc, 1971, tt 23-30, 51) Dgt dien tir nam 1963 va rai rac ttong nhiing nam sau do, chinh quyln Sai Gon tilp tuc chuyen mpt bg phan nhiing gia dinh "quan - can - chinh" di theo thii ITnh Vodng A Sang tir cai gpi la "Khu ty tri Niing" d Hai Ninh (gdm cac huyen, thi phia Ddng tinh Quang Ninh hien nay) vao Nam sau Hiep dinh Gio-ne-vo Bd phan cdn dugc biet den vdi cac ten ggi la "ngum Hoa , "Hoa Niing" hay "Nimg Mong Cai" vdi sd lugng kha ddng (4.756 nhan khau vao nam 1971) Nhu vay, khac vdi phan ddng ngudi Hoa d phia Nam dat nudc co to tien la nhiing cu dan ti nan nha Thanh tir cudi thi ky XVII, diu thi ky XVIII, dugc cac chiia Nguyln bd fri dinh cu tai khu vyc ddng bing sdng Ciiu Long (Dao Trinh Nhit, 2016, tr 35-36), bd phan ngudi Hoa d Lien NghTa cd mgt lai Hch khac Theo dng Tran Trung Nam - Chu tich Hpi ngudi Hoa tai Lien NghTa, phan ddng ngudi Hoa d day cd gdc gac tir huyen Phdng Thanh, tinh Quang Ddng, Trang Quoc (nay la Phdng Thanh cang thi, thudc Khu ty tri Choang) Nam 1945, sau sy vd cua lien minh khang Nhat giiia Dang Cdng san Trung Qudc va Trang Hoa Qudc dan dang (Quoc - Cdng hgp tac), cha dng hg - von than vdi phe Quoc dan dang da di cu sang Hai Ninh Thdi ky 1947 - 1954, thyc hien am muu "ehia de tti", tren vung dit Hai Ninh, thuc dan Phap da lap "Khu ty tri Niing" (Territoire Autonome Nung) Voong A Sang (Hoang Phiic Thinh) dimg dau Sau Hiep dinh Gio-ne-vo, Vodng A Sang keo theo toan bp "quan - can - cbinh va quyen thude cua hg" vao dau quan cho chinh quyln Viet Nam cdng hda Liic dau hg dugc bd tri tam cu tai khu vuc Ba Ngdi (Khanh Hda), ve sau chuyen vao viing luu sdng Ma 6, Binh Thuan (ve sau dgc sdng Mao) Do mat dan di cu vimg hdi kha cao, vao nam 1963, chinh quyen Sai Gon tiep tuc dua mgt bd phan len Timg NghTa Do vay, phan ngudi Hoa d Lien Nghia chu yeu la nhirng ngudi noi phuong ngir Quang Ddng, ttong dd ed khoang 1/3 la ngudi Ngdi (con dugc ggi la He hay Hac-cd, am Han-Viet la Khdch gia), tiic bp phan ngudi Han phuang Nam, d phia Nam sdng Tradng Giang - khac vdi ngudi Han phuong Bac (trung nguyen), noi ma viec dao bdi mo ma bi xem la "dai nghich bat dao" Do vi tri nga ba dudng, lai them tin ddn ve viec xay dung thu phu tinh Tuyen Dire tai day, nen cu dan eiia xa Timg NghTa khdng ngimg tang nhanh Theo sd heu thing ke 2/2/1971, cd 16.241 ngudi, ttong chii yeu la ngudi Tay, Nung va ngudi Hoa Nimg hay Nung Mong Cai Ngudi Viet (Kinh) luc cdn la thieu so so vdi cac dan tpc khac tren dia ban vdi 1.850 ngudi (Trin Chau Nggc, 1971,tr.217, 101) Theo sd heu thing ke, din 28/4/2018, thi ttin Lien NghTa cd han 47.617 nhan khiu, dd: ngudi Viet cd 29.791 khiu (62,6%), ngudi Tay cd 5.127 khiu (10,77%), ngudi Hoa cd 5.415 khiu (11,3%), ngudi Nung ed 5.238 khiu (11%), ngudi Thai cd 1.277 khiu (2,9%) Ngoai cdn co 501 ngudi ty khai la "Thd", nhung khdng phai la dan tgc Thd thugc nhom Ngdn ngir Viet - Mudng, cu tni chii ylu d mien Tay tinh Nghe An va mdt phin tmh Thanb Hoa, ma chi la mot ten gpi khac ciia ngudi Tay Hg ndi ngon ngir Tay - Thai, bao luu nhung net van hda trayin thdng cua cu dan Tay, nen cd van khai la ngudi Tay, din tdi dan sd bp phan "Thd" lien tuc biln dpng theo chieu hudng giam: 1.256 ngudi nam Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc so - 2020 2003, cdn 760 ngudi nam 2007 (Dao Thi HSng, 2010, tr 17-18), va din edn 501 ngudi Nhu vay, thuc chit ngudi Tay d day cd 5.628 khau, chiem 11,8 % (UBND thi ttin Lien NghTa, 2018) So vdi sd lieu thdng ke tir 2/2/1971, ca khdi cu dan ed ngudn gdc tir cac tinh miln nui phia Bac deu khdng tang, tham chi giam nhe Nguyen nhan la cd mgt bd phan da chuyin cu sang cac dia phuang lan can nhu xa Phu Hdi (huyen Diie Trgng), xa Tan Van (huyen Lam Ha), huyen Dinh Quan (tinh Ddng Nai) , nhat la giai doan 1976 - 1986 Do gin gui ve ngudn glc va ngdn ngu, lai cgng cu tren cung mdt dia ban, nen nhin chung nghi le tang ma ciia cac cu dan Tay, Hoa, Niing, Thai tai Lien NghTa ed nhilu dilm tuong dong Dieu dang chu y la cd quan he cdng tac vdi chinh quyln thuc dan Phap nen bp phan dan cu thieu sd timg chiu anh hudng van hda phuang Tay, lai ttai qua hon nua the ky cdng cu vdi ngudi Viet, bdi canh giao luu, hdi nliap qudc tl kha sau rpng, nhilu yeu td van hda vat chat da mai mpt, khdng cdn dugc tri, nhat la sinh boat kinh te, nha cira, trang phuc ; song cac tap tuc lien quan tdi nghi le vdng ddi, nhat la tang le d bd phan cu dan van dugc bao luu kha nguyen ven, phan biet ro net vdi bd phan cu dan Viet tten Cling dia ban - "chi can nhin qua la biet", theo each ndi cua ngudi Viet d day, bdi nhiing dam radc ma ram rd cd quat, tan lgng, nhat la nha tang, cay ttin Khi cd ngudi chit, than nhan ngudi qua cd khdng ty dirng chu tri cac nghi thii'C tang le ma phai thdng qua thay Cling Hg phai thyc hien rapt loat nghi le kha phii'c tap, theo sy dieu hanh eua thay eiing, nhat la cac kliau lay nude rira mat ngudi chet, cac nghi thii'c lien quan tdi dau tich thd ga lam vat to d cac cu dan Tay - Thai ed (bao gdm ca ngirdi Nimg) Trinh ty cac nghi thiic la: thu nhat cimg trimg gd sdng —> thir hai thay bang gd chua moc long (ga nhep bi bop chet vat ttui Idng) —> di quan - tha gd to cdn sdng xudng huyet, Ngoai la tuc nam dudng (nam ngira), tuc ciing nha tang, "cay tien", tuc lam nha md (che bang mai ton) , va nhat la tuc cai tang vao dn xiing/ dn xiing (tuc "cai lu" theo tieng Tay /Niing) Tuc cai tang vao lu ciia cac cu dSn Tay, Hoa, Nung, Thai d thj tran Lien NghTa - dau tich ciia tang thuc md chum/v6 tir thdi tien su Cai tang {rerubial / H^^ / : S # - "cai tang"/"thien tang", hie "ddi md") la tuc le phd bien d cu dan cac nudc A Ddng va van cdn dupe bao luu cho den hom d nhieu toe ngudi ngudi Viet cac tinh phia Bic, sau man tang (3 nam) va ttong gia tdc (5 ddi trd lai) khdng co tang "ma mdi" la cd thi tiln hanh cdi ldng (edn gpi la cdt tang/sang cdt, "sang nha mdi cho dng/ ba" ) dl phan biet vdi chdn cit lin dau la ldng Ly dugc giai thich la liic mdi chit, thi hai ngudi qua cd dugc chdn quan tai bang go, sau radt tbdi gian quan tai se bi muc, dit cat se de len "co thi dng/ba", nen can sang nha mdi eho sach se, kien cd hon (tieu sanh) Tuy nhien, vin dl d cho hinh dang cua "can nha mdi" - d ngudi Tay, Hoa, Niing, Thai tai thj ttin Lien NghTa cd hinh cdi lu, chii klidng phai hinh hop chic nhdt nhu d ngudi Viet _94 Can Tlie Trinh Cho den nay, canh chg Lien NghTa, dn xung duge bay ban ttong mdt sd gian hang ban sanh, sii thuy tinh ndi chung (chau canh, hii dyng mgu, Ig hoa ) vdi gia ia 250.000 VND/chiec Lu eao 53cra, dudng kinh day va raieng 30cra, d giiia hoi phinh (dudng kmh 33em), tren cd nap day, day cd Id nhd 1,5cm Do thd nhudng cua viing Lien NghTa va ca khu vyc lan can la dat bazan, khdng the che tae dd sanh sit, nen nhirng chiec lu dupe dat hang tai cac Id gdm d cac tinh Ddng Nai, Binh Duong Ciing dac thii cua thd nhudng vung nay, nen tbdng thudng phai sau tang tir - nam ttd len, ngudi chet mdi dugc cai tang Nghi thuc de tien hanh cai tang ciing kha phitc tap va tdn kem Dieu dang chii y la hai cot dugc sap xep theo trat ty: cae ddt xuong sdng phai "lap" theo dung thir ty (ngudi Niing Phan Slinh cdn dimg rapt canh dao lam "try" roi sip xuyen timg dot xuong sdng vao try do) Phia dudi la xuong chau Cac xuong sudn, xuang chan, xuong tay ciing dupe sap xep theo thii tu trai phai, tten dudi Tren ciing la xuang sp Tdm lai, ndi theo ldi thay phap Vi Van Den - bg hai cdt dugc xep "theo tu the ngdi" Khdng nghi ngd gi niia, day la anh xa ciia tang thiic md vd/md chum cd tir thdi hau ky da mdi - thdi dai kim khi, tuong duang vdi cac the ky trudc va sau cong nguyen tren dat nudc ta, thudng gap han ca la cae di chi thudc van hda Sa Huynh dgc duyen hai cac tinh Trang va Nam Trang Bg Danh rang, d day cd diem khac biet: chura vd dupe thay bang lu, nhung van cd dang hinh tru Dieu dang noi la tang thitc mp chum/vd da lin vao qua vang tir hang chuc the ky, song hinh thiic cai tang vao lu lai van dupe bao hm d bd phan cu dan Tay, Hoa, Nung, Thai noi day cho tdi tan hdm Sau klii cai tang, mg dugc dap theo hinh nira qua bau (vien phan) va thudng dugc trat viia de CO khdng the mgc Theo ldi thay phap Vi Van Phong, trudc day cac ngdi md loai cd hinh mai rua vdi tudng bao hinh thuyen Tai nghia trang cua ngudi Niing d Lien NghTa hien nay, cd the nhieu ngdi md da dugc xay theo kieu ngudi Viet (hinh hop chir nhat, tudng bao cung theo hinh chu nhat), ttiy nhien mdt sd van xay theo kieu hinh nua qua bau, tham chi cd ca bien the theo hinh bo Id (cua ngudi Hoa) Ben canh mgt sd ngdi mg cd tu'dng bao hinh thuyen, phan Idn da ehuyen sang tudng bao theo hinh chii nhat, dinh dau try d goc thudng gan bup sen bang sii gidng nhu cac khu lang md cua ngudi Kinh Mdt diem dang luu y la viec cai tang d bd phan cu dan Tay, Hoa, Nung, Thai tai thi tran Lien NghTa dugc hen hanh vao ban ngay, bat dau vao budi sang, dien giiia "thanh thien bach nhat"; cdng viec d ngudi Viet cae tinh phia Bac thudng dien vao ban dem, bat diu vao luc nua dem va ket thuc trudc liic ttdi sang, bao ham ca viec chdn lai Theo quan niem cua ngu'di Viet, ban dem la "thdi gian sinh boat cua cdi am" Rd rang, tang tyc d khdi cu dan Tay, Hoa, Niing, Thai d Lien NghTa la klia dpc dao, chi it cung la ttong bdi canh d phia Nam dit nudc tir lau hiu nhu khong cd tuc cai tang va nhit la lai cho xuong elt vao nhii'ng cai lu Vi thdi gian xuit hien ciia khoi cu dan noi tren tai dia ban radi hon 60 nam nen khong thi xem hg la "trayin nhan" hay "hau due" cua nhiing cu dan thudc cac nen van hda khu vye nhu Van hoa Sa Huynh, Van hda Lung Leng hay Van boa Cin Gid, bdi nbiing nin van hda ndi tren da ngimg phat quang tir hang ng^^^ ^igj^ Tap chi Ddn tdc hgc so - 2020 truoc Qua phong van, dugc biet tang tuc da dugc nhiing cu dan Tay, Hoa, Niing, Thai dem vao day tu nguyen quan cua hg - cac tinh mien niii phia Bic Do hoi va luc tim tu lieu, chiing toi dugc biet a nguoi Thai Den (Tay Dam) truoc day c6 tuc hoa tang va sau ngugi trai trudng dilng cay mia gSp xugng cho vao mpt cai chum, song theo TrSn Chau Nggc, vao Tiing NghTa, hg da bo tuc hoa thieu (Tran Chau Nggc, tr 74, 76) Do khSi cu dan Tay, Nimg, Thai deu la nhiing tgc ngugi c6 nguon goc cua tir Trung Qu6c di dan sang Viet Nam tit cac thS ky XIII - XVII, va o Trung Quoc, khoi ngugi Tay - Nung dugc ggp chung vao dan toe Choang (Zhuang, ft- "Trang"), nen chung toi da tim tren mang tun kiem thong tin Google theo cac tit khoa "jar burial in Zhuang ethnic", '"SifiliPiSftiS" ("iing quan tang tai Trang tpc"), Ket qua, cac key-words noi tren da dem den mpt lugng thong tin kha phong phii vg tang tuc o nhieu quoc gia khu vuc Dong Bac A va Dgng Nam A, tham chi co ca mot hpi nghi quoc te (interworkshop) ngay, tii' 13 d^n 16/5/2017 tai ph6 Hoang Hoa (tinh Ho Bac) voi chu de "Tang thuc mp chum va giao luu viin h6a o khu vuc Dong A then c5 dai" ffttS^-JgiSftSSEilftiJjltlPS^/ttWi^^) vol su tham gia cua hang chuc nha khoa hgc den tir Nhat Ban, Han Quoc Nhu vay, tir cac xuat ban pham ve Dan tgc hgc/Nhan hpc, chung toi chua bat gap nhung thong tin ve tang thirc mp chum/v6 cua cac tgc ngugi hien o khu vuc dugc nghien cim, nhung qua trang thong tin mang, nhirng thong tin lien quan tai tang thirc o cac bp phan cu dan phia Nam Trung Quoc lai rat phong phu Trong so nhiing tu heu noi tren, dang chu y hon ca la thong tin ve tuc van dugc bao lim g nguoi Khach gia ( § i ? K ^ - "Khach gia dan he", cgn ggi la nguai "Hac ca" hay "He"), la mpt bp phan cu diin thupc Han tpc cr cac tinh Dong Nam Trung Quoc (g Viet Nam, hg la dan tpc Ngai) - mpt cpng dong co anh huong toi van hoa nhieu tpc nguoi khac khu vuc va dan tpc Choang Trong cac tu lieu Trung van, phong tuc co kha nhieu ten gpi khac "—'
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