6.29 DK.A.Ha: Anthology of Various Collected Sayings of the Dharma Master, the Doctor from Dags po (Chos rje dags po lha rje'i gsung sgros du ma sgrigs ma bzhugs so) 495 6.30 DK.A.A: Sayings of the Dharma Master, the Doctor from Dags po: A Presentation of the Three Trainings and so forth (Chos rje dags po lha rje'i gsung/ bslab gsum rnam bzhag la sogs pa bzhugso) 503 6.31 DK.A.Ki: Sayings of the Dharma Master, the Doctor from Dags po: Instruction on the Twofold Nature and Instruction on the Two Armors (Chos rje dags po lha rje'i gsung/ gnas lugs gnyis kyi man ngag dang go cha gnyis kyi man ngag bzhugs so) 519 6.32 DK.A.Khi: Sayings of the Dharma Master, the Doctor from Dags po: Collected Teachings, the Fivefold Mahāmudrā, the Jewel Rosary for the Highest Path; Summary of the Four Dharmas; The Esoteric Iron Nail of the Key point, A Condensation of Spiritual Practice; The Treasury of Secret Oral Instructions; and Oral Instructions on Ḍoṃbhipa's Inner Heat, Inner Heat of Magic Wheels, the Interim, and Transference (Chos rje dags po lha rje'i gsung/ bka' tshoms dang phyag rgya chen po lnga ldan/ lam mchog rin chen phreng ba/ chos bzhi mdor bsdus/ nyams len mdor bsdus/ gnad kyi gzer gsang/ zhal gdams gsang mdzod ma/ ḍoṃ bhi ba'i gtum mo/ 'khrul 'khor gyi gtum mo/ bar do'i gdams pa/ 'pho ba'i zhal gdams rnams bzhugs) 549 6.33 DK.A.Gi: Sayings of the Dharma Master, the Doctor from Dags po: The Treatises [entitled] The Ambrosia Rosary of Good Counsel and [entitled] An Examination of the Four Ghosts (Chos rje dags po lha rje'i gsung/ bstan bcos gros 'debs bdud rtsi 'phreng ba dang 'dre bzhi rtsad gcod bzhugso) 575 6.34 DK.A.Ngi: The Gathering of Vital Essence given by Candraprabha Kumāra (Zla 'od gzhon nus mdzad pa'i bcud bsdus bzhugso) 581 6.35 DK.A.Ci: Sayings of the Dharma Master, the Doctor from Dags po: Commentary on Mar pa's Eight Verses (Chos rje dags po lha rje'i gsung/ mar pa'i tshig bcad brgyad ma'i 'grel pa bzhugs so) 587 6.36 DK.A.Chi: The Oral Instruction of Master Sgam po pa entitled the Jewel Rosary for the Highest Path (Rje sgam po pa'i zhal gdams/ lam mchog rin po che'i phreng ba ces bya ba bzhugs pa lags so) 594 Dags po'i bka' 'bum: Eulogies (Bstod pa) .608 7.37 DK.A.*Ji: What Should be Known (Shes bya ma bzhugs) 609 7.38 DK.A.*Nyi: A Bouquet of the Fresh Blue Lotuses: A Eulogy to the Three Masters, the Uncle and His [Two] Nephews (Rje khu dbon rnam gsum la bstod pa utpal gzhon nu'i chun po zhes bya ba bzhugs) 609 Dags po'i bka' 'bum: Stages of the Path (Lam rim) .612 8.39 DK.A.E: Exposition of the Stages of the Mahāyāna Path of the Two Streams of Bka' gdams pa and Mahāmudrā entitled the Wish-Fulfilling Gem of the True Teaching Adorning the Precious Liberation (Dam chos yid bzhin nor bu thar pa rin po che'i rgyan zhes bya ba bka' phyag chu bo gnyis kyi theg pa chen po'i lam rim gyi bshad pa bzhugso) 613 8.40 DK.A.Vaṃ: Sayings of the Dharma Master, the Doctor from Dags po: The Treatise entitled Scriptural Sunshine (Chos rje dags po lha rje'i gsung/ bstan chos lung gi nyi 'od bzhugso) 663 List of Abbreviations 691 Technical Remarks 692 Bibliography 695 Acknowledgements The work presented in this book, which has carried on for twenty years, is an in-depth study of the Tibetan master Sgam po pa Bsod nams rin chen and a textual corpus of his medieval Dags po tradition My original interest in Bsod nams rin chen's meditative instructions was aroused in 1995-1997, when I during four longer periods worked in Hong Kong as a Tibetan-English interpreter for a Tibetan Rinpoche of the Karma Bka' brgyud tradition The subject of his lectures was a complete reading of one of the most systematic Tibetan texts on Mahāmudrā, the large treatise entitled "The Moonlight Exposition Elucidating the Stages of Mahāmudrā Meditation" (Phyag chen zla ba'i 'od zer) The text was composed in the sixteenth century by Sgam po Bkra shis rnam rgyal, who served as the seventeenth abbot of the Tibetan monastery Dags lha sgam po The monastery originated in the twelfth century as a small hermitage for anchorites founded by Bsod nams rin chen Sgam po Bkra shis rnam rgyal composed his Mahāmudrā treatise some fifty years after the previous abbot, Sgam po Bsod nams lhun grub, in 1520 had published the first-ever printed version of a large collection of texts known as The Manifold Sayings of Dags po (Dags po'i bka' 'bum) The xylograph print contains forty texts, most of which are associated with Bsod nams rin chen and his main students In his Mahāmudrā treatise, Bkra shis rnam rgyal relied heavily on the works of The Manifold Sayings as authoritative sources for his Mahāmudrā explanations Indeed, he might have intended his text primarily as being a thorough exposition of these medieval writings aimed in part at promoting Bsod nams rin chen's meditation doctrine while indirectly intending to bolster the prestigious heritage of his hermitage-monastery With Bkra shis rnam rgyal's large Mahāmudrā treatise, the newly printed works of the Dags po'i bka' 'bum gained importance for later Tibetan scholars, yogīs, and meditation masters, leading to the popularity of some of these texts in modern Tibetan Buddhism Through my Hong Kong translation work and exchange with a living master of the Bka' brgyud Mahāmudrā lineage combined with our reading of Sgam po Bkra shis rnam rgyal's Tibetan text, I became fascinated with the Mahāmudrā system of meditation and formed a wish to research its place in Tibetan Buddhism This quickly brought me back to its roots, the teachings of Bsod nams rin chen and the Dags po'i bka' 'bum corpus Discovering how little had actually been written on this Tibetan doctrine, I decided to make it the subject of my magisterial thesis entitled Culture and Subculture – A Study of the Mahāmudrā Teachings of Sgam po pa, which was submitted to the University of Copenhagen for a Master's degree in Tibetan studies in 1998 Some smaller parts of the present book constitute the revised publication of the thesis For guidance and help in writing the original MA thesis, I express my sincere thanks to my MA advisor at the University of Copenhagen, Cand.Mag Flemming FABER, and my degree examiner from the University of Oslo, Prof Dr Per KVỈRNE Being the first broader study of Bsod nams rin chen and his writings, the thesis subsequently aroused some interest in academic circles Several eminent scholars read the thesis after its submission and gave me valuable feedback, including Hartmut BUESCHER, Franz-Karl EHRHARD, Georges B DREYFUS, Roger R JACKSON, Dan MARTIN, John NEWMAN, and E Gene SMITH I wish to express my deep appreciation to them Moreover, I thank Khenpo Chödrak Tenphel, then resident professor at my Indian alma mater where I studied over a nine-year period 1990-1999, the Karmapa International Buddhist Institute in New Delhi Further, words of gratitude should be given to my dear friend, the yogī Krzysztof LEBRECHT, for his financial support for two research travels to India during the thesis writing The present book also incorporates many later materials researched and written during my three-year post-doctoral fellowship at Harvard University, in the Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, throughout the period 2004-2007 The stay at Harvard was made possible by three consecutive research grants from the Danish Carlsberg Foundation (grant numbers ANS 1365‐2004 and 04‐007120) During that time, my study was focused on the early hagiographies of Bsod nams rin chen, the textual transmission history of the Dags po'i bka' 'bum, and especially on five collections of lectures that Bsod nams rin chen is said to have given orally at his hermitage, namely the so-called "Teachings to the Gathering" texts (tshogs chos) My work on the early Sgam po pa hagiographies is now included in Part II of the present book, while my overall study of the Dags po'i bka' 'bum is found in the book's Part III The translation work of the tshogs chos texts that I began while at Harvard still awaits publication in a future monograph For my Harvard fellowship, I am deeply thankful to Professor Dr Leonard W.J VAN DER KUIJP, Chair of the Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, who made my stay at the department possible and whose immense erudition in all things Tibetan was and still is a constant source of learning for me I also wish to express my sincere gratitude to Professor Dr Janet GYATSO of Harvard Divinity School, who gave me much feedback in my research and whose penetrating analytic skills have been a source of great inspiration Moreover, Professor Dr Laura S NASRALLAH, likewise of Harvard Divinity School, fundamentally transformed my methodological awareness To these three brilliant minds, I dedicate the book's theoretical preamble Further work on the book manuscript was carried out in 2008-2010 while I served as a research professor and head of a newly established team for Tibetan research at the Geumgang Center for Buddhist Studies (GCBS) of Geumgang University in South Korea The work was made possible by the Center's funding from the Korean National Research Foundation (MEST, KRF-2007-361-AM0046) I sincerely thank my former colleagues at GCBS for their kindness and warm support Particular thanks should here be given to Professor Dr Sungdoo AHN, Professor Dr Changhwan PARK, and Professor Dr Sangyeob CHA, who all in various ways supported me in my efforts to produce this book ... interpreter for a Tibetan Rinpoche of the Karma Bka' brgyud tradition The subject of his lectures was a complete reading of one of the most systematic Tibetan texts on Mahāmudrā, the large treatise entitled... heritage of his hermitage-monastery With Bkra shis rnam rgyal's large Mahāmudrā treatise, the newly printed works of the Dags po'i bka' 'bum gained importance for later Tibetan scholars, yogīs, and. .. lineage combined with our reading of Sgam po Bkra shis rnam rgyal's Tibetan text, I became fascinated with the Mahāmudrā system of meditation and formed a wish to research its place in Tibetan