YOUTHFUL PLAY * AREA V (a) Explaining the meaning of kernels 39 Since they are subtle, since connected, Since they develop in two ways, Since they pursue, because o f these, They are explained to be the kernels W hat is the reason to teach the afflictions as kernels and so forth? you ask Since they are subtle causes or engagements, since they are connected with attainment, since they develop in two ways through focus and concurrence, and since until they are discarded they pursue not secretly but manifestly, be cause of these four reasons, they are explained to be the kernels The first and third are the actual explanation o f the word, and the other two explain the meaning.248 (b) Explaining the meaning of defilem ents and so forth 40 Because they put and ooze, because They carry away, attach, and grasp: These are the explanations of The words defilement and so forth Also, because they, the afflictions, p u t and yoke one into samsara in an unmoving way and ooze and flow through the wounds of the six sense bases;249 because they lead or carry one away to other wanderings and other lands; be cause they yoke and attach one to places and things; and because they cling to the body o f existence, or closely hold and grasp the consciousness of Desire and so forth, these are the explanations of the words defilement and so forth, including floods, yokes, and grasping.250 ii Points from the treatises This has two topics: (1) Overview, and (2) Explanation (1) Overview lab 414 W hen these are classified as fetters, Et cetera, they’re taught as five types THE NATURE OF THE KERNELS W h en these afflictions are classified as the fetters, et cetera, including bonds, kernels, near afflictions, and entanglers, they are taught as five types (2) Explanation This has four topics: (a) Fetters, (b) Bonds, (c) Near afflic tions, and (d) Entanglers (a) Fetters This has three topics: (i) Explaining the nine fetters, (ii) Those which lead to the lowest, and (iii) Those which lead to the higher (i) Explaining the nine fetters This has three points A Identifying the nine fetters From a sutra: The fetters are nine: the fetters o f greed, anger, pride, ignorance, view, holding supreme, doubt, jealousy, and stinginess B The reason that views are d ivided into tw o differen t fetters 41 cd Alike in substance, overesteeming, The two views are a separate fetter Among the fetters, why are three views taught separately as the fetter o f view and two views taught separately as the fetter o f holding supreme? you ask The first three and last two views are alike in having eighteen substances each, and because the last two views overesteem the first three— the first three are what is overesteemed and the last two are similar in overesteeming the inferior— so the latter two views are said to be a separate fetter from the first three C The reason jealousy a n d stinginess are explained separately as fetters 42 Since they are both nonvirtuous only, And are autonomous, its taught That jealousy and stinginess Are fetters separate from those Among the eight entanglers, why are jealousy and stinginess explained as sep arate fetters? you ask Since they, jealousy and stinginess, are both nonvirtuous only and, as they are concurrent only with ignorance, autonom ous, it is 415 YOUTHFUL PLAY ?f A R E A V taught that jealousy and stinginess only are fetters separate from those— the other six entanglers— which are not like that (ii) Those which lead to the lowest This has two points A A ctual 43a—c There are five that lead to the lowest The two prevent transcendence of Desire The three will send one back The sutras explain that there are five fetters that lead to the lowest: personality view, overesteeming discipline and austerity, doubt, pleasure seeking, and mal ice Lowest means the lowest of the three realms, the Desire realm: the inferior is indicated by the word “lowest.” These five are precursors to that Because they are consistent with Desire, the two guards o f pleasure-seeking and malice prevent one from transcending the prison o f Desire If the guards are careless and one should escape, the three o f personality view and so forth will send one back The M ind Only school says that the first three lead to the lowest of sentient beings, ordinary individuals, and the latter two lead to the lowest o f the realms, the Desire realm B Dispelling a d o u b t 43d 44 The three include the gates and roots N ot having any desire to go, Wrong path, and doubt about the path Prevent one from arriving at Liberation, so these three are taught W hy is it that when stream-enterers have discarded all the discards of seeing w ithout exception, they are said to have only abandoned personality view, overesteeming discipline and austerity, and doubt? you ask These three are taught to include the gates and the roots of the afflictions discarded by seeing The gates of the afflictions are onefold, twofold, and four fold Personality view includes one gate, discards o f seeing suffering Over esteeming includes the two outside gates, discards of seeing suffering and path D oubt includes all four, discards o f seeing the four truths The Master explains that these teach the blocks to discard that prevent 416 THE NATURE OF THE KERNELS stream-enterers from entering liberation In order, they are inherently not hav ing any desire to go to liberation, entering the w rong path, and doubt about path These three alone prevent one from arriving at liberation, so these three are taught as an illustration of the primary obstacles (¡¡i) Those that lead to the higher 45a-c There are just five that lead to higher: The two desires o f Form and Formless, Excitement, pride, delusion, too Just as the Bhagavan explained that five fetters that lead to the lowest, there are just five fetters that are explained to lead to the higher Form and Form less— the two desires o f Form and Formless, excitement, pride, and delusion or ignorance, too— because without discarding them one cannot transcend the higher realms (b) Bonds 45d Three bonds by force o f the three feelings The three bonds o f desire, hatred, and delusion develop toward pleasant, un pleasant, and neutral feelings by the force o f the three feelings Desire and hatred can develop on neutral feelings, but not develop as much as delusion does Because delusion corresponds to neutrality in being lacking intensity, it develops greatly (c) Near afflictions 46 Those mental factors, different from Afflictions, in the aggregate of Formations are near afflictions, too They are not to be called afflictions Those m ental factors that are different from the root afflictions in meaning and are afflicted dharmas included in the aggregate o f formations are near to the root afflictions, so they are the near afflictions, too T hey are n ot to be called the root afflictions, because they are not roots These are the entanglers and the filths, as well as the displeasure and yawns mentioned in the M inor Topics,251 417 YOUTHFUL PLAY * AREA V (d) Entanglers This has three topics: (i) Actual meaning, (ii) A supplemen tary explanation o f the filths, and (iii) Explaining the distinctions am ong entanglers (i) Actual meaning This has two topics: A Identifying their essence, and B W hat they are causally compatible with A Identifying their essence This has two points Those taught in the treatise Prakaranapada 47 Shamelessness and immodesty And jealousy and stinginess, Excitement, regret, torpor, sleep: These are the eight types of entanglers How many entanglers are there? you ask They are shamelessness, immodesty, jealousy, stinginess, excitement, regret, torpor, and sleep: these are the eight types o f entanglers Virtuous regret and sleep are not included among these Those p ro p o s e d by the G reat Exposition 48a Aggression and concealment The Great Exposition proposes that in addition to those, aggression and con cealment are also entanglers, for a total of ten B W h at they are causally com patible with 48a-d From desire Come shamelessness, excitement, stinginess Concealment is disputed Ignorance Gives rise to torpor, sleep, immodesty 49ab From doubt, there comes regret Aggression And jealousy are caused by anger The near afflictions are the causally compatible results o f the root afflictions, so this verse teaches which root afflictions they arise out of From desire come three: shamelessness, excitement, and stinginess Some say concealm ent is causally compatible with craving, but some say it is causally compatible with 418 ... topics: (a) Fetters, (b) Bonds, (c) Near afflic tions, and (d) Entanglers (a) Fetters This has three topics: (i) Explaining the nine fetters, (ii) Those which lead to the lowest, and (iii) Those... separate from those— the other six entanglers— which are not like that (ii) Those which lead to the lowest This has two points A A ctual 43a—c There are five that lead to the lowest The two prevent... Lowest means the lowest of the three realms, the Desire realm: the inferior is indicated by the word “lowest.” These five are precursors to that Because they are consistent with Desire, the two guards