GLOSSARY levels, i) above the earth (sa bla), ii) on the earth (sa steng) and iii) below the earth (sa 'og); they are called respectively the realms of gods, of humans and of nagas Threefold training- bslab pa gsum, Skt triSi~a, discipline (tshul khrims, sila), concentration (ting nges 'dzin, citta) and wisdom (shes rab, prajna) Thusness - de bzhin nyid, Skt tathata, "the nature of things, emptiness." DKR Tilopa - ti lo pa, one of the eighty four mahasiddhas of India Teacher of Naropa Tingdzin Zangpo (Nyang)- myang ting 'dzin bzang po {9th century), Tibetan mahasiddha, disciple of Vimalamitra (from whom he received the entire teachings of the Heart-essence) and of Padmasambhava He is said to have been the first Tibetan to attain the rainbow body of the great transference ('ja' Ius 'pho ba chen po), the greatest accomplishment of the Great Perfection Trrthika - mu stegs pa, a proponent of extreme philosophical views such as nihilism and eternalism Often used for the schools of philosophical and religious thought in India that were opposed to Buddhism Tonpa (Geshe) (1005-1064), another name of Drom Tonpa Torma - gtor ma, a ritual object, often modelled from flour and butter, which can be the symbol of a deity, a mar;tQala, an offering, or occasionally a weapon to fight negative forces Total enlightenment - rdzogs pa'i byang chub, Skt sambodhi, complete Buddhahood Trakpa Gyaltsen- grags pa rgyal mtshan (1147-1216), one of the five great scholars of the Sakya school, who are known as the Sakya Gongma Transcendent perfection- pha rol tu phyin pa, Skt paramita The six methods of training in the bodhicitta of application They are transcendent because they are accompanied by the wisdom of emptiness See also six transcendent perfections Transference- 'pho ba, 1) passing from one place to another, transmigrating (after death) 2) practice for directing the transference of consciousness at the time of death Treasure- see spiritual treasure Treasure discoverer- gter ston, see spiritual treasure Tripitaka - sde snod gsum, The three collections of the Buddha's teachings, Vinaya, Siitra and Abhidharma The Vajrayana teachings are sometimes considered as a fourth pi taka Tripi taka means "the three baskets," so called because the palm-leaf folios on which the scriptures were originally written were collected and stored in baskets 437 GLOSSARY Trisong Detsen- khri srong sde'u btsan (790-844), 38th king of Tibet, second of the three great religious kings It was due to his efforts that the great masters came from India and established Buddhism firmly in Tibet Tsampa - tsam pa, flour made from roasted barley or other grains A staple food in Tibet Tsa-tsa - tsa tsa, a small day stiipa, Buddha, or other figure, made with a mould Tulku - spru/ sku, the Tibetan translation of the Skt nirmiiQakaya, also used as an honorific title and general term for recognized incarnations of lamas, who are found, usually in childhood, and brought up to inherit the lineage and often the monastic foundations of their predecessors Tu~ita heaven - dga'/dan, (fourth level) realm of the gods of the World of Desire, in which Buddha Sakyamuni took a final rebirth before appearing in this world At present Maitreya, the future Buddha, is in the Tu~ita heaven teaching the Mahayana See three worlds Twelve categories of teaching in the pitakas - sde snod bcu gnyis, lit twelve pitakas, also called the Twelve Branches of Excellent Speech (gsung rab yan lag bcu gnyis) The twelve types of teaching given by the Buddha correspond to twelve types of text: condensed (mdo sde, Skt sutra), melodious (dbyangs bsnyan, geya), prophetic (lung bstan, vyakaratJa), verse (tshigs bead, gatha), spoken with a purpose (ched brjod, udana), conversatory (gleng gzhi, nidana - questions, talks, etc.), concerning his past lives (skyes· rab, jataka), marvellous (rmad byung, adbhutadharma), establishing a truth (gtan babs, upadesa), biographical or "expressing realization" (rtogs brjod, avadana), historical (de /tar byung, itivrittaka), and very detailed (shin tu rgyas pa, vaipulya) Twelve qualities of full training - sbyangs pa'i yon tan bcu gnyis, Skt dvadasadhutagutJa, twelve ascetic practices of sriivakas and pratyekabuddhas, such as eating only once a day, living in solitude, possessing only the three monastic garments, etc Twelve Vajra Laughs - rdo rje gad mo bcu gnyis, a teaching of the Great Perfection Twenty One Genyen - dge bsnyen nyer gcig, a group of spirits who were subdued by Padmasambhava and became protectors of the Dharma Twenty-five disciples - rje 'bang nyer lnga, the greatest Tibetan disciples of Padmasambhava All of them attained the supreme accomplishment The most famous were King T risong Detsen, Yes he Tsogyal, and Vairotsana Many of the great masters of Tibetan Buddhism are emanations of the twenty-five disciples Two accumulations - tshogs gnyis, Skt sambharadvaya, the accumulation of merit (bsod nams, Skt putJya) and that of wisdom (ye shes, jnana) 438 GLOSSARY Two obscurations - sgrib gnyis, the obscurations of negative emotions and conceptual obscurations See also obscurations and four obscurations Two Supreme Ones - mchog gnyis, GuQaprabha (yon tan 'od) and Sakyaprabha (sha kya 'od) Two truths - bden pa gnyis, the absolute and relative truths Twofold goal- don gnyis, one's own goal, benefit or welfare (rang don) and that of others (gzhan don) Often understood in the ultimate sense of the goal for oneself being achieved by the realization of emptiness, the dharmakaya, and the goal for others by compassion manifesting as the riipakaya Twofold purity - dag pa gnyis, original purity (rang bzhin ye dag), which is the Buddha nature in all beings, and purity from all adventitious stains (blo bur phral dag) Only a Buddha has this second purity as well Oc;lc;liyana- o rgyan, a