336 economy: primary source documents (continues) the people themselves Hence a thing will be apparent which has not hitherto been properly understood When any one wants land, it is considered sufficient if it can be shown that it belonged to the Ynca or to the Sun But in this the Indians are treated with great injustice For in those days they paid the tribute, and the land was theirs; but now, if it is found convenient to tax them in some other way, it is clear that they will pay double tribute—in one way by being deprived of their land, and in another by having to pay the tax in the form that may be now fixed If any one, as is often done, sets up a claim by saying the Ynca had power to appropriate the land, the injustice and wrong is all the greater; because if such was the right, his Majesty succeeds to it; and, as regards encomiendas for a life or lives, it is clear that it is not the intention to grant them, nor is it just as regards the estate of the Ynca Such tribute or tax was levied by the Ynca as King and Lord, and not as a private person Hence arose a notable mistake It was declared that all the farms of coca belonged to the Ynca, which was true, and therefore they appertain to his Majesty He could grant them in encomienda, and resume them at the end of the term, if he so pleased, as is the case with the alcabalas of Valladolid The Fiscal exerted himself to prove that the farms belonged to the Ynca, and that the encomienda only extended to the Indians, and this Europe was through not comprehending the nature of the tribute that was given to the Ynca In effect, the Ynca took the produce of all the coca farms throughout the Andes for his own use, except a few small patches granted to chiefs and camayus All the rest was taken to Cuzco, but there was not then so much as there is now, nor one fiftieth part; for in this too the reports were deceptive, as I have more particularly shown in my report on the coca The Ynca did the same with all the males in the flocks, which were appropriated for the service of himself and of religion, being left, however, in the same district where they were bred, and merely counted No female was included in the tribute The pastures and huntinggrounds were demarcated, that the flocks might not be passed from one province to another; but that each might have its assigned limits This rule has also given rise to pretensions on the part of some, to the flocks, on the ground that they belonged to the Sun or the Ynca; and, before order was established, a great quantity was seized on this pretext It is very certain that if his Majesty took the tribute of the flocks, he would not wish that it should be given out of what the Indians held as their own, and enjoyed as such; but only from that which belonged to him, from having been given by them to the Ynca and to religion From: Clements R Markham, Narratives of the Rites and Laws of the Yncas (London: Hakluyt Society, 1873) • Documents Concerning Guilds (12th–13th centuries) • The Law of the Fullers and Weavers Winchester (England, 1209) of Be it known that no weaver or fuller may dry or dye cloth nor go outside the city to sell it They may sell their cloth to no foreigner, but only to merchants of the city And if it happens that, in order to enrich himself, one of the weavers or fullers wishes to go outside the city to sell his merchandise, he may be very sure that the honest men of the city will take all his cloth and bring it back to the city, and that he will forfeit it in the presence of the aldermen and honest men of the city And if any weaver or fuller sell his cloth to a foreigner, the foreigner shall lose his cloth, and the other shall remain at the mercy of the city for as much as he has Neither the weaver nor the fuller may buy anything except for his trade but by making an agreement with the mayor No free man can be accused by a weaver or a fuller, nor can a weaver or a fuller bear testimony against a free man If any of