Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2003 Optimization of the light dynamics in the Hydraulically Integrated Serial Turbidostat Algal Reactor (HISTAR) Barbara Christine Benson Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, bbenso2@lsu.edu Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Benson, Barbara Christine, "Optimization of the light dynamics in the Hydraulically Integrated Serial Turbidostat Algal Reactor (HISTAR)" (2003) LSU Doctoral Dissertations 3708 https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3708 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons For more information, please contactgradetd@lsu.edu OPTIMIZATION OF THE LIGHT DYNAMICS IN THE HYDRAULICALLY INTEGRATED SERIAL TURBIDOSTAT ALGAL REACTOR (HISTAR) A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering By Barbara Christine Benson B.S., Texas A&M University at Corpus Christi, 1977 M.S., University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 1981 August, 2003 ©Copyright 2002 Barbara Christine Benson All rights reserved ii Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my children, Lindsey Christine Barrow and Wylie Clark Barrow, III Since their birth, they have added so much to my life They motivate me, they give me their unconditional love, and above all they make me laugh Throughout my dissertation research, as always, they were and are the essence of my life I also wish to remember three very special men They are my brother Jeffery Joseph Benson, my father Bill Ray Benson and a close friend and fellow graduate student Robert E Watson, Jr Though I was stunned by their departures during preparation of this dissertation, it was remembering them, who they were, and all they had given me in life that gave me the strength to finish They will always be in my heart, mind and soul iii Acknowledgements The Louisiana Sea Grant College Program and the Louisiana Board of Regents Support Fund provided the funding for this research I would like to thank Mr Ronald E Becker, Associate Director of the Louisiana Sea Grant College Program, for his confidence in this research project and his recognition of its need for support This dissertation was successfully brought to fruition only through the support, patience, and cooperation of the wonderful people that I have been surrounded by during the past seven years Of top priority is my major professor Dr Kelly A Rusch, who has tenaciously advised, reviewed and edited my work during this time Her contribution to this dissertation as well as my academic maturation will never be forgotten The members of my advisory committee were also major contributors to the document and for their patience, time and effort I would like to thank Drs Donald D Adrian, Caye M Drapcho, Ronald F Malone and Mark L Williams I could not have selected a finer group of people to see me through this endeavor The Graduate School’s Editor Ms Susanna Dixon and records officer Lyn Le Jeune polished the format and heartened me Several other individuals on the university campus must also be recognized I am grateful for the assistantships and guidance of Dr Kyoung Sin Ro, Dr Joseph N Suhayda and Dr Clinton S Willson received during the early part of my tenure at Louisiana State University Financial support for a family provider such as myself, is a necessity without which school would have been impossible I am indebted to several people for providing technical advice throughout my research Dr Tingzong Guo provided guidance in experimental statistics Mr Joseph M Christenson provided technical support with HISTAR and the computer iv Ms Millie B Williams of the Aquaculture Research Station gave me instructions and technical support on the bomb calorimeter Mr Jim Layton, Jr., assisted with the design and construction of a mechanical device used for accurate positioning of the quantum sensor The efforts of these individuals are deeply appreciated Student technicians did much of the laborious data collection, data entry into spreadsheets, and maintenance of HISTAR during my research Finlay Moriasi, Marisa L Sylvester, Craig Plaisance, and Nia Harris were always a pleasure to work with, and I thank them for their hard work, loyalty, and commitment to the research I would like to thank all my friends and colleagues who have contributed their ideas or given support through conversation and companionship Special thanks go to Hong Lin, Jennifer Ruley, Stephen D Richardson, Sarah Cooley Jones, Lance Beecher, Barbara Ostuno, and Kathy Clawson Raul Collon of Law Environmental Carebe and the engineers at Shiner, Moseley and Associates were my inspiration to pursue a career in engineering Mary L White and Jan LeBlanc, both members of the small population of mothers in graduate school, shared frustrations only we could understand Many other parents, neighbors, teachers, coaches and friends go unnamed, but, without their help in caring for my children this dissertation would not have been completed My family is to be commended for their countenance I owe my parents, Barbara Lanaux Benson and Bill Ray Benson for their life long encouragement I thank all my brothers and sisters for their love that strengthens me I cherish my husband, Wylie Clark Barrow, Jr., for his tolerance of an often over stressed or absent wife and acceptance of my drastically reduced income Above all I thank my children, Lindsey Christine Barrow and Wylie Clark Barrow, III, for being the wonderful individuals that they are v Table of Contents Dedication ……………………………………………………………………….… iii Acknowledgments …………………………………………………… ………… iv List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………… ix List of Figures …………………………………………………………………… xi Abstract …………………………………………………………………………… xvi Introduction …………………………………………………………………… … Identification of Problem ………………………………………… ……….… Goals and Objectives of Research ………………………………… …… … Background and Literature Review …………………………………… ….… Previous HISTAR Research …………………………………………… …… Model Development ….……………………………………………….…….… References ……………………………………………………………… …… 4 17 18 22 Investigation of the Light Dynamics and Its Impact on Agal Growth Rate in a Hydraulically Integrated Serial Turbidostat Algal Reactor (HISTAR) … …… Introduction …………………………………………………………… … Background …………………………………………………….…….….… Methods and Materials …………………………………………………… Results and Discussion ……………………………………………….…… References ….……………………………………………………………… 29 29 31 38 44 52 The Effect of Biological Rhythms on Selenastrum capricornutum Culture in a Hydraulically Integrated Serial Turbidostat Algal Reactor (HISTAR): Implications for Model Development …….… ……….…… ………………… Introduction …………………………………………………………… … Methods and Materials ………………………………………………… Results and Discussion ………………………………………… …… … Conclusions ……………………………………………………………… References ……………………………………………………………….… 58 58 65 70 81 82 The Development of a Deterministic Model to Investigate the Impacts of the Light Dynamics on Algal Productivity in a Hydraulically Integrated Serial Turbidostat Algal Reactor (HISTAR) … ……………………………….…… Introduction …………………………………………………………… … HISTAR Description and Data Acquisition……………………………… Model Development …… ………………………………………………… Model Calibration, Validation, and Statistical Analysis …………….…… Model Simulations ………………………….……………………….….… Conclusions………………………………………………………….…… References ……….……………………………………………….…….… 86 86 90 95 107 112 120 121 vi A Comparison of the Light Dynamics and Growth Rate Kinetics of Microalgae Cultured Under Four Light Sources: Implications for the Hydraulically Integrated Serial Turbidostat Algal Reactor (HISTAR) ……………….……… Introduction ………………………………………………… ……… … Background ……………………………………………………… ……… Methods and Materials ………………………………………….… …… Results and Discussion ………………………………………… …… … Conclusions ……………………………………………………………… References ……………………………………………………………….… 126 126 130 137 143 154 156 Optimization of the Lighting System for a Hydraulically Integrated Serial Turbidostat Algal Reactor (HISTAR): Economic Implications … ……… Introduction …………………………………………………………… … Methods and Materials …………………………………………………… Results and Discussion ……… ……………………… …………… … Conclusions …………………………… …………………………… … References ………………………………………………… ….……….… 162 162 165 175 186 187 Conclusions and Recommendations ………… …………………… … …….… Summary and Conclusions ……………….……………… …….….…… … Recommendations ………………………….……………………… ……… References ………………………………………………………………… … 192 192 199 201 Appendix I: HISTAR Productivity Model ……….………….………… … … 204 Appendix II: Data from the Metal Halide Light Elevation Studies ………… … 235 Appendix III: Data from the Metal Halide Light Attenuation Studies …… …… 236 Appendix IV: Data from the Metal Halide Growth Kinetic Studies ……… …… 251 Appendix V: Four Calibration Data Sets.……………………….……… … …… 261 Appendix VI: Data from the Experimental Unit Studies Under HPS Light.… … 285 Appendix VII: Data from the Experimental Unit Studies Under Fluorescent Light…………………………………………………………………………… 307 Appendix VIII: Data from the Experimental Unit Studies Under Son Agro® Light…………………………………………………………………………… 328 Appendix IX: Data from the Experimental Unit Studies Wall Growth Studies … 350 Appendix X: Caloric Content of Selenastrum capricornutum ………… ……… 353 vii Appendix XI: Volumetric Productivity Simulations ……………………… …… Appendix XII: Photosynthetic Efficiency Simulations ………….….……… …… Appendix XIII: Lighting Cost Simulations ………….…………………… … … Vita…………………………………………… …… ……………………….…… viii 355 360 369 378 List of Tables R2 values for five different growth models as reported for three experimental series …………………………….……………………………… …… 2.1 Experimental design to investigate the impact of light elevation, light attenuation, and biomass concentration on microalgal growth A table of the relationships, equations, and parameters associated with the various studies on the light and growth rate dynamics in the microalgal reactor…………… … 37 2.2 A table of the equations, estimated metal halide parameters, and referenced comparisons associated with the various relationships describing the light and growth rate dynamics in the experimental unit………………… 39 2.3 45 3.1 The estimated parameters of the biological rhythm model for biomass concentration in HISTAR……………………………………………………… 71 R2 values for five different growth models as reported for three experimental series in Molina Grima et al., 1996……………………………… 88 4.1 4.2 The summary of regression analysis statistics for experimental parameter estimations for the productivity model………………………………………… 4.3 The estimated parameters of the Productivity Model for HISTAR……… 94 110 4.4 Operational parameters and forcing functions that had to be adjusted for each data set……………………………………………………………… … 113 R2 values for five different growth models as reported for three experimental series in Molina Grima et al., 1996……………………………… 136 5.1 5.2 A table of the estimated parameters associated with the various studies on the light and growth rate dynamics in a microalgal reactor under metal halide, HPS, Son Agro®, and fluorescent light……………………… ……………… 144 6.1 The light dynamics and growth rate parameters estimated in a previous study on light sources, which were substituted into the deterministic model and used for simulation of HISTAR performance under metal halide and HPS light sources…………………………………………………………………… 169 6.2 Summary of HISTAR productivity model simulations performed for optimizing the lighting system………………………………………………… 172 ix 10 1, 18 11 19 1! 9 90 9, 98 91 99 9! ! 108 890, % # $ ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0) % 01 3% ' ! ! ! ! ! , ! ! 0101 8 8 8 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 9 9 9 89 91 0 8999! ! 018 0, 00 01009 " 3% ' 0 1 1 1 #$% &' , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 9 9 9 , , , , , , , , , % 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , 3% ' ! ! 9 9 ! ! 0 , , 8 0 , , , 3% ' 3% ' 3% ' , 3% ' ! 9 9 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0 0 , , , , ! ! 0 , 3% ' 0 , ! 0 , , , 0 , 0 , , , 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ,) ,) ,) ,) ,) ,) ,) ,) ,) ,) 8) 8) 8) 8) 8) 8) 8) 8) 8) 8) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 1) , ! , ! , ! , ! , 9 ! ! ! 0 0 0 0 ! ! ! ! 9 9 1 8 8 8 , , , , , , , , 8 1 1 1 1 8 8 , , , , , , 8 8 8 8 8 , , , , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ! 0 , , , 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 , , , , , 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 , , , , 0 0 0 0 8 8 8 8 8 , , , , 0 0 8 8 8 8 , , , 0 0 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 9) 9) 9) 9) 9) 9) 9) 9) 9) 9) !) !) !) !) !) !) !) !) !) !) 0 0 , ! , ! , ! ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0) , ! , ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 9 9 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 9 9 9 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ,) ,) ,) ,) ,) ,) ,) ,) ,) ,) 8) 8) 8) 8) 8) 8) 8) 8) 8) 8) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 , ! , ! ! ! ! ! 9 9 1 1 ! ! ! ! ! 9 9 1 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! 9 9 1 1 ! ! ! ! ! 9 9 9 1 1 , ! , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! , ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! ! ! ! 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 ! ! ! ! ! ! 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 9) 9) 9) 9) 9) 9) 9) 9) 9) 9) , ! , ! , 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1, !! , ! 99! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! 9 9 9 9 1 1 !, 19 09 !, 01 80, !1 08!8, 18, ! 1 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 9 9 9 ! 0101 ! "#$ %& ! ' ( "#$ %& + , )' * / / / " $ " $ ' ' ' - + , 01 - 01 - ( ! 3$ & $ + + +0 + +, +8 + +1 +9 + , 0 "#$ %& 5"+ , 5" 01 " $+ , " $ 01 + 81 + + 81 + + ,1 + + +0 +, + 01 + + 0, + + 00 +0 + + + +0 + , + 09 + , +0 + + 0, + + + +9 +0 + + + +1 + ++ + ++ + ++ + + +8 + , ++ ++ + +8 + ++ + +9 + +8 + ++ + +1 + +8 + ++ + +1 + +8 + ++ ++ + +8 + + +9 ++ + +8 ++ + +9 + +8 + +, ++ + +9 + +8 + +, ++ + +1 + +8 + +, ++ + +1 + +8 + +, ++ + +1 + +8 + +, ++ + +1 + +8 + +, +++6 + +1 +8 + ,8 + , + 08 + + , + ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 708 , + +0 +0 + + , + + +9 + +1 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, 00 0, 08 01 09 0 , , , ,0 , ,, ,8 , ,1 ,9 , 8 80 8, 88 81 89 , 1 ++ ++ ++ ++ + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 1+ + +8 + +8 + +8 + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +, ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 10 1, 18 11 19 9 90 9, 98 91 99 , + + +0 + +, +8 + +1 +9 + , 0 ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +8 + +8 + +8 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ ++ ++ ++ + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 00 0, 08 01 09 0 , , , ,0 , ,, ,8 , ,1 ,9 , 8 80 8, 88 81 89 , 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 0 0 + + + + + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +9 + +9 + +9 ++ ++ + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +, + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ 10 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +8 + +8 + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 10 1, 18 11 19 9 90 9, 98 91 99 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + + 0, + + 1+, $ " # +( +( +( +( +( +( +( +( +( +( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( "#$ %& $ , , 01 3$ & + +1 + +8 ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 ++ ++ ++ ++ + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 0 0 0 , , + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + + 9+ + + 90 + + ,98, + +8111 ! ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +8 ++ ++ + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + 90 + + 98 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +8 ++ 98 3$ & 3$ & , 3$ & 3$ & + + + 08 ++ + + + +1 ++ + + +1 + +1 + + +1 + +1 ++ + +1 + +1 + +9 + +1 + +1 + +9 + +1 + +1 + +9 + +1 + +1 + +9 ++ + +1 + +9 ++ ++ + +1 ++ ++ + +1 ++ ++ + +1 + +8 ++ + +1 + +8 + +8 ++ + +8 + +8 ++ + +8 + +8 ++ + +8 + +8 ++ + +, + +8 + +8 + +, + +, + +8 + +, + +, + +8 3$ & 3$ & 3$ & + 09 + + +0 +0 +0 + + + 0, + + + ++ + + , + +1 ++ + ++ + +1 + +9 ++ ++ + +1 ++ + +8 ++ ++ + +8 + +8 ++ + +8 + +8 ++ + +8 + +8 ++ + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +, + +8 + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, 0( 0( 0( 0( 0( 0( 0( 0( 0( 0( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ,( ,( ,( ,( ,( ,( ,( ,( ,( ,( 8( 8( 8( 8( 8( 8( 8( 8( 8( 8( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( , , , , , + +, ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, ++ ++ ++ ++ + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 ++ ++ + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 1, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +, + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 1( 1( 1( 1( , 1( 1( 1( 1( 1( 1( 9( 9( 9( 9( , 9( 9( 9( 9( 9( 9( ( ( ( ( , ( ( ( ( ( ( +( +( +( +( , +( +( +( +( +( +( ( ( ( ( , ( ( ( ( ( ( + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +8 + +8 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 18 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +8 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 0( 0( 0( 0( 0( 0( 0( 0( 0( 0( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ,( ,( ,( ,( ,( ,( ,( ,( ,( ,( 8( 8( 8( 8( 8( 8( 8( 8( 8( 8( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( , , , , , + +8 + +8 + +8 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +9 + +9 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 + +8 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ 1( 1( 1( 1( 1( 1( 1( 1( 1( 1( 9( 9( 9( 9( 9( 9( 9( 9( 9( 9( , , + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +81 +0 + +0+,90 ++ , ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ +90 , , ++ ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +11119 + +0,9 11 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 ++ + + 01, + +08 , ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +9 + +9 + +9 + +9 + + +,+ ++ + + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + +8 ++ ++ ! " # $ # $ ' $ # ! + % ' ' $ ( $ ' $ $ ( ' % $ $ # ( ' # $ ( " ' # # $ # $ $$ ! ) $ ,! % ! ' ' $ ' # $ ( ( $ # # ( $ $ $ ) ( "! $ ( $ $ # $ # (6 $ ' $ ## & ' 333! ) !) # $ ' $ $ $ # ( ! " $ ' # ' ! $ ' / ' $ # +! ' # # ! ) , - $ ( $ # ' # & $ ' " # ! ) $ # # ( () $ ! ) *# ) " # & ( & ( ( $ # ( $ ( ) ( & $ $ ' $ ! $ # * ! $ " % # # ( # ' & $ ! ) # $ $ ... 91 4.2 The Stella diagram of the first module of the productivity model of the light dynamics and growth kinetics in HISTAR…………………………….… The relational diagram of the model of light dynamics. .. halide lighting system In the near ground to the left side of the photo is the two sealed turbidostats and the remainder of the photo is dominated by the eight CFSTRs …………………………………………… A diagram of. .. ……………………………………………………………….… 58 58 65 70 81 82 The Development of a Deterministic Model to Investigate the Impacts of the Light Dynamics on Algal Productivity in a Hydraulically Integrated Serial Turbidostat