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Encyclopedia of geology, five volume set, volume 1 5 (encyclopedia of geology series) ( PDFDrive ) 644

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ENGINEERING GEOLOGY/Subsidence Engineering Geology Special Publication No London: The Geological Society Department of the Environment (1976) Reclamation of Derelict Land: Procedure for Locating Abandoned Mine Shafts London: Department of the Environment Griffiths JS (ed.) (2001) Land Surface Evaluation for En gineering Practice Engineering Geology Special Publica tion No 18 London: Geological Society Hatheway AW (2002) Geoenvironmental protocol for site and waste characterization of former manufactured gas plants; worldwide remediation challenge in semi volatile organic wastes Engineering Geology 64: 317 338 Hawkins AB (ed.) (1986) Site Investigation Practice: As sessing BS 5930 Engineering Geology Special Publica tion No London: The Geological Society Hempen GL and Hatheway AW (1992) Geophysical Methods for Hazardous Waste Site Characterization Special Publication number Lakewood CO: Associ ation of Engineering Geologists Hudson JA, Brown ET, Fairhurst C, and Hoek E (eds.) (1993) Comprehensive Rock Engineering: Principles, Practice and Projects Oxford: Pergamon Press International Society for Testing and Materials (1995 to present) Various Site Characterization Standards De veloped by Committee D 18; Soil and Rock and Com mittee E 50: Environmental Assessment West Conshohocken, PA: International Society for Testing and Materials International Society for Testing and Materials (1995) Guide to Site Characterization for Environmental Pur poses with Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone and Ground Water Standard D 5730 West Conshohocken PA: The International Society for Testing and Materials Lee LT, Davios WM, Goodson RA, Powell JF, and Register BA (1994) Site characterization and analysis penetrom eter system (SCAPS) field investigation at the Sierra Army Depot, Herlong, California In: Report WES/TR/GL 94 4, U.D NTIS order number AD A277887 Vicksburg, MS: US Army Engineering and Waterways Experimental Station Little AL (1969) The engineering classification of residual tropical soils In: Moh Z C (ed.) Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foun dation Engineering: Specialty Session on Engineering Properties of Lateritic Soils 28 29 August, 1969, Mexico City, DF, Mexico pp 10 Bangkok, Thailand: Asian Institute of Technology McCann DM, Eddleston M, Fenning PJ, and Reeves GM (eds.) (1998) Modern Geophysics in Engineering Geol ogy Engineering Geology Special Publication No 12 London: Geological Society McDowell PW, Barker RD, Butcher AP, et al (2002) Geo physics in Engineering Investigations CIRIA C562 London: Construction Industry Research and Informa tion Association Olson O (1992) Site Characterization and Validation Final Report Report STRIPA TR 92 22, (US NTIS order number DE93 603603) Stockholm: Swedish Nuclear Fuel Supply Company (SKB; SvenskKaernbraen slefoersoerjning AB) Sara MN (1993) Standard Handbook for Solid and Haz ardous Waste Facility Assessments, 2nd edn Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers Sara MN (2003) Site Assessment and Remediation Hand book, 2nd edn Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, CRC Press Simons NE, Menzies B, and Matthews M (2002) A Short Course in Geotechnical Site Investigation London: Thomas Telford Press Weltman AJ and Head JM (1983) Site Investigation Manual CIRIA Special Publication 25 London: Con struction Industry Research and Information Association Subsidence A B Hawkins, Charlotte House, Bristol, UK ß 2005, Elsevier Ltd All Rights Reserved Introduction Ground subsidence that results in settlement or collapse of the ground surface is grouped into four main categories: (1) subsidence due to man-made voids and natural voids relatively close to the surface (e.g., due to coal mining, stone mining, or karstic features), (2) subsidence due to the removal of fluids from depth (e.g., water/oil extraction) and the consequential change in effective stress conditions, (3) subsidence due to the removal of soluble minerals (salt, gypsum) in groundwater, and (4) subsidence due to the removal of fines in suspension (piping) In addition, subsidence may occur related to alluvial deposits, shrink/swell, volcanism, and thermokarst Major Voids – Man-Made and Natural Mining The extraction of stone for building construction, and coal for energy, has taken place since time immemorial Early stone mining invariably extended from adits excavated into a quarry face, either when moist stone was required for carving and/or the overburden was prohibitively thick On the other hand, coal mining generally extends from shafts, except where coal seams outcrop on valley sides in areas such as

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