Judy civilian leaders Throughout the war the JCS consistently affirmed that the only path to final victory was land invasion of the German and Japanese homelands The JCS did not regard strategic bombing as a war-winning strategy, no matter what individual air chiefs said JOINT FORCES Western Allied term for multiservice (air, land, sea) forces under a unified command These did not include strategic air forces but might include combined forces JOSS Western Allied code name for the Licata assault carried out during the invasion of Sicily JOYCE, WILLIAM (1906–1946) “Lord Haw Haw.” British propagandist for Nazi Germany A vicious anti-Semite, he was an early admirer of Benito Mussolini and the Italian fascist movement He started his political career on the hard right as deputy to Oswald Mosley in the British Union of Fascists American-born, he grew up mostly in Ireland He left Britain for Germany in late August 1939 He acquired German nationality the next year Joyce made hundreds of radio broadcasts (“Germany Calling”) from Berlin to Britain He also broadcast to approaching Western forces as they liberated Western Europe His last broadcast went out just days before the war ended It repeated all his themes: Germany had never sought war, which was the creation of Jews; the real enemy of the West was Bolshevik Russia; the Western powers would pay the postwar price of not joining Nazi Germany to oppose the Soviet Union; and so forth Joyce was captured by a British unit at the end of May 1945, while trying to escape by hiding among crowds of refugees He was returned to Britain to be tried Convicted of treason, Joyce was executed on January 3, 1946 See also Axis Sally; Tokyo Rose JU-87 “Stuka.” Junkers-87 German dive bomber See bombers JU-88 Junkers-88 German medium bomber Twin-engined, it also served in a fighter role See bombers JUDENRÄTE Jewish Councils set up across German-occupied Europe to administer Jews herded into ghettos and camps JUDY Western Allied code name for the Yokosuka D4Y3 “Suisei,” a Japanese dive-bomber See bombers 617