Resistance large and small, personal and collective, played out as tens of millions of people were forcibly moved with deadly consequences and little mercy See also Golikov, Philipp; Polish Army; prisoners of war REPLACEMENT ARMY See Ersatzheer REPLACEMENT TRAINING CENTERS (RTC) Base camps in the United States that fed trained draftees and specialists into U.S forces overseas Their role was to relieve active units from having to train “fi ller replacements” during mobilization, or “loss replacements” during ongoing combat operations See also Officer Candidate Schools; Service Schools; U.S Army REPLENISHMENT-AT-SEA (RAS) Royal Navy term for at-sea refueling The USN called this “underway replenishment.” Tankers were converted to permit refueling of warships at sea, with special attention to refueling convoy escorts The Western Allies also set up support liaison personnel to coordinate fueling activity among vessels of the RN, RCN, and USN, and ships of smaller Allied navies engaged in the Battle of the Atlantic The capability alleviated an early need to divert escort groups to Iceland for refueling, which sometimes left convoys naked While escort groups still worked in designated zones of the North Atlantic, rather than make the whole passage in the company of merchants, with refueling they could stay at sea much longer The Kriegsmarine developed refueling capabilities to the same purpose in the Atlantic, but on a more limited scale: the Germans sent out special U-boats, so-called “Milchkühe” (“Milk Cows”), as well as ad hoc supply boats carrying additional fuel or torpedoes REPRISALS See hostages; partisans; resistance; special orders REPUBLIC OF CHINA AIR FORCE (ROCAF) See Guomindang RESERVE OFFICER TRAINING CORPS (ROTC) A college-based, part time training system for U.S officer candidates Its pool of prewar reserves, then its continuing operations, provided a large number of officers for all U.S armed services See also Officer Candidate Schools; Service Schools; U.S Army RESISTANCE A generic term for partisans and intelligence agents actively opposed to Axis occupation Winston Churchill initially placed great hopes in local resistance to Nazi occupation, but this rarely materialized in the West For instance, in Belgium the main emphasis was on providing intelligence to the 917