FISCHREIHER (August–September, 1942) firing for opportunity’s sake or employing direct fire against moving or line-of-sight targets Fire plans were used in offensive and defensive operations to suppress or “soften up” the enemy before assaulting him or to disrupt his troops and armor as they formed to attack The British tried out quick fire plans during the fighting in North Africa that used simplified and standardized methods to support infantry up to the battalion level These were later expanded to larger formations Defensive fire plans were also preset, to be called in by radio on an “SOS” basis See also creeping barrage; murder; rolling barrage; serenade; standing barrage; stonk; time on target FIRESTORM See area bombing; Combined Bomber Offensive; Dresden raid; strategic bombing FISCHREIHER (AUGUST–SEPTEMBER, 1942) “Heron.” Formerly BLAU III The rapid, steppe-crossing Wehrmacht offensive that brought German 6th Army to the outskirts of Stalingrad FIUME See Italia irredenta; march on Rome; Mussolini, Benito; mutilated victory FIVE POWER NAVAL TREATY (1922) Negotiated at the Washington Conference, it set up a 10-year moratorium on building capital warships and further established a battleship and aircraft carrier ratio of 5:5:3, corresponding to limits on these classes for the United States, Britain, and Japan; France and Italy were limited to a capital warship ratio of 1.75:1.75 In addition, all battleships were limited to 35,000 tons and 16-inch guns; cruisers were limited to 10,000 tons and 8-inch guns The treaty was hailed by many as a breakthrough for the disarmament promises of the League of Nations since it appeared to forestall an Anglo-American naval race, with Britain accepting an end to its old “two-power naval standard” (which it was financially no longer able to maintain in any case) It also promised to avoid a budgetbusting Pacific naval arms race among Britain, the United States, and Japan Finally, it capped the extant naval arms race in the Mediterranean between France and Italy by promising broad strategic equilibrium of their navies However, its terms permitted Japan to build more capital warships than it could actually construct in the time allotted, a loophole that Tokyo leaped through in its naval construction plans The Five Power treaty also left outside its regulation entire classes of important auxiliary warships, most notably destroyers and submarines Finally, Japan only accepted its lower ratio vis-à-vis the United States and Great Britain in exchange for agreement that certain key territories in the Pacific be excluded from any additional fortification; to wit: for the United States, the Aleutians, Guam, Midway, Pago-Pago, the Philippines, and Wake Island; for Great Britain, Hong Kong and most other imperial colonies and dependencies east of 110 degrees longitude; for Japan, Taiwan, and the Bonins, Kurils, Pescadores, and Ryukyu island chains British Empire territories near Australasia and the Pacific coast of Canada were excluded from the ban on 388