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Speak the culture britain be fluent in b 44

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Just a matter of time Before the Industrial Revolution, Britain operated on various time zones In Bristol, for example, with the sun rising later than London, the clocks ran ten minutes behind the capital This brought various timetabling problems in the age of the train, so most of the rail companies adopted Greenwich Mean Time by 1848 GMT was legally set throughout Britain in 1880 Five years later some bright spark invented the clocking-on machine In 1812 Spencer Perceval distinguished himself by becoming the only British Prime Minister to be assassinated (so far), when he was shot through the heart at close range by a madman before the Reform Act of 1832 initiated the sedate journey to popular representation Social reform was even slower Industrialisation often brought wretched living conditions, only partially relieved by measures like the amended Poor Law of 1834 that passed ‘care’ for the destitute over to workhouses Get off my land: the Highland Clearances The migration of people from countryside to city occurred ahead of schedule in northern Scotland Landlords kicked peasants out of their homes in the Highland Clearances in the late 18th century, replacing them with more profitable tenants, sheep Thousands of Highlanders fled to North America and Australia, others moved to new industrial cities Those that remained, pushed into a subsistence life of weaving or fishing on whatever wild margin of land they could get, were known as crofters It only took 50 years for the Highlands to become one of the most sparsely peopled regions of Europe “I T W I LL O N LY EN C O U R A G E TH E LO W ER C LA S S ES TO M O V E A B O U T.” The Duke of Wellington on the coming of the railways (and they still named a railway station after his success at Waterloo) Arth u r We lle sley st Du ke o f We llin g to n ( 176 - 18 52) Ca lle d t h e ‘T h e Iro n Du k e’ a ft er f itt in g sh u tte r s t o h is h o u se t o p ro t e ct h is w ind o w s f ro m t he st o n e -f lin g in g p u b lic 34 Identity: the foundations of British culture Literature and philosophy Art, architecture and design Performing arts Cinema, photography and fashion Media and communications Food and drink Living culture: the state of modern Britain

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