112 | Chimpanzees in Captivity Southwater, UK: Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Retrieved from http://www.rspca.org.uk/servlet/Satel lite?blobcol=urlblob&blobheader=applicat ion%2Fpdf&blobkey=id&blobtable=RSPC ABlob&blobwhere=998045492811&ssbina ry=true The LayWel Project 2006 Welfare implications of changes in production systems for laying hens European Commission, 6th Framework Programme, contract No SSPE-CT2004-502315 Retrieved from: http://www laywel.eu/ United Egg Producers 2008 Animal Husbandry Guidelines for U.S Egg Laying Flocks, 2008 Edition Alpharetta, GA: United Egg Producers Retrieved from http://www.uep certified.com/docs/UEP-Animal-WelfareGuidelines-2007–2008.pdf Weeks, C., & Butterworth, A 2004 Measuring and Auditing Broiler Welfare Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing Ruth C Newberry CHIMPANZEES IN CAPTIVITY There are an estimated 2,400 chimpanzees living in captivity in the United States Approximately 940–980 live in biomedical research laboratories, 270 live in accredited zoos, 625 live in sanctuaries, and an estimated 550 chimpanzees are living in various conditions in the entertainment industry, in roadside attractions, and as people’s “pets.” There are approximately 370 captive chimpanzees living in Japan, approximately 980 chimpanzees living in zoos in Europe, and about 50 in Australia and New Zealand Although it is impossible to know the exact number of chimpanzees in captivity worldwide, it is safe to say that the numbers have been decreasing gradually, as importing chimpanzees from Africa is illegal and breeding is very tightly controlled However, the number of captive chimpanzees in Africa, where chimpanzees live naturally, is on the rise An increasing number of rescued baby chimpanzees, orphaned as a result of the illegal bushmeat trade, are being protected in seminatural sanctuaries across the continent Many hope that with efforts to protect habitat, and through educational campaigns to protect native animals, these wild born chimpanzees may be freed from captive existence someday, but that is not possible for the thousands of captive chimpanzees living in the rest of the world History of Captivity Originally chimpanzees were brought into captivity by curiosity seekers and collectors, and the chimpanzee captives did not live long There are reports of a few young chimpanzees living in captivity in private European collections and used as entertainers prior to the 20th century, but it was not until the early years of the 1900s that more systematic efforts to study chimpanzees in captivity began Psychologist Wolfgang Kohler, who in 1913 became the director of the Anthropoid Station of the Prussian Academy of Science in Tenerife in the Canary Islands, was the first to study captive chimpanzee insight and problem-solving abilities At the same time, a Russian comparative psychologist, Nadya Ladygina-Kohts, was documenting the emotional development of an infant chimpanzee named Joni Both studies were short-lived A decade later, Robert Mearns Yerkes began what was ultimately to become a very successful effort to create and sustain captive chimpanzees in the United States, but his initial efforts also ended with the early and tragic deaths of Chim and Panzee, both of whom died on separate visits to