egrce awn Archer, Karin •okt b Aijmer a-IdAnne Ichmann OUTLEDGE APPLIED PRAGMATICS Routledge Applied Linguistics is a series of comprehensive textbooks, providing students and researchers with the support they need for advanced study in the core areas of English language and applied linguistics Each book in the series guides readers through three main sections, enabling them to explore and develop major themes within the discipline Section A, Introduction, establishes the key terms and concepts and extends readers' techniques of analysis through practical application Section B, Extension, brings together influential articles, sets them in context and discussestheir contribution to the field Section C, Exploration, builds on knowledge gained in the first two sections, setting thoughtful tasks around further illustrative material This enables readers to engage more actively with the subject matter and encourages them to develop their own research responses Throughout the book, topics are revisited, extended, interwoven and deconstructed, with the reader's understanding strengthened by tasks and follow-up questions Pragmatics Provides a broad view of pragmatics from a range of perspectives,gathering readings from key names in the discipline, including Geoffrey Leech, Michael McCarthy, Thomas Kohnen, Joan Manes and Nessa Wolfson Covers a wide variety of topics, including speech acts, pragmatic markers, implicature, research methods in pragmatics, facework and politeness, and prosody Examines the social and cultural contexts in which pragmatics occurs, such as in cross-cultural pragmatics (silence, indirectness, forms of address, cultural scripts) and pragmatics and power (the courtroom, police interaction, political interviews and doctor-patient communication) Uses a wide range of corpora to provide both illustrative examples and exploratory tasks Is supported by a companion website at www.routledge.com/cw/archer featuring extra activities and additional data for analysis, guidance on undertaking corpus analysis and research, including how to create your own corpus with CMC, and suggestions for further reading Written by experienced teachers and researchers in the field, Pragmatics provides an essential resource for students and researchers of applied linguistics Dawn Archer is Professor of Pragmatics and Corpus Linguistics at the University of Central Lancashire, UK Karin Aijmer is Emeritus Professor of English at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden Anne Wichmann is Emeritus Professor of Speech and Language at the University of Central Lancashire, UK 'Pragmatics is a field of linguistics that has developed and diversified so immensely over the past thirty years, that it can easily make the student feel confused as well as fascinated Pragmatics: An advanced resource book for students is an excellent answer to this problem —a rich tapestryof discussion, textual materials, and thought-provoking tasks, rendering pragmatic concepts and methods accessible both to the beginner and the advanced student It is highly readable yet deeply informative, containing discussion of a wealth of stimulating and well-chosen textual examples.It introduces a wide range of approaches and key contributions to pragmatics with admirable clarity and even-handedness It will undoubtedly prove a resource of lasting value and can be unreservedly recommended.' Geoffrey Leech, University of Lancaster, UK 'This is an unusually rich textbook, which provides a wealth of resources for the study of the vast field of pragmatics It includes some of the classics in the field as well as recent cutting-edge research in the various new subfields of pragmatics, such as politeness research, cross-cultural and intercultural research, and the pragmatics of prosody and non-verbal communication, and it accompanies these with student-friendly introductions and contextualizations as well as eminently doable exercises and research projects.' Andreas H Jucker, University of Zurich, Switzerland 'If a colleague, still active in teaching would ask me, as an emeritus, what I most regretted to have missed in my long teaching career, a serious candidate for an answer would be: Not to have had access to this eminent, and indeed practical, new textbook of pragmatics the clear exposition, combined with a very practical approach the clear and comprehensive, yet succinct coverage of many difficult subjects and its up-to-date coverage make this an ideal acquisition as a textbook for university courses at the senior undergraduate or early graduate level.' Jacob L Mey, University of Southern Denmark 'This book covers a wide range of topics, including the history and development of pragmatics, from issues which interested the speech act philosophers to an empirical area of study —how language is used in communication —with data from large corpora and experimental methods The authors have managed to achieve a pedagogic structure of the book which makes it an ideal student text.' Jan Svartvik, Lund University, Sweden Pragmatics An advanced resource book for students Dawn Archer, Karin Aijmer and Anne Wichmann Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEWYORK Contents Series editors' preface Acknowledgements How to use this book SECTION A INTRODUCTION UnitAl The origins of pragmatics xvii xxiii A 1.1 Definition and delimitation of pragmatics Al Pragmatics and the relationship to other disciplines Speaker meaningand sentence meaning Context and function Al.5 Pragmatic theories Al.6 Pragmatics and methodology Challenges for the future Summary and looking ahead Unit A2 Research methods in pragmatics 9 10 11 A2.1 Data collection and the observer's paradox A2.2 Data types A2.2.I Authentic data —written A2.2.2 Authentic data —spoken A2.2.2.I Field notes 11 A2.2.2.2 Broadcast data A2.2.2.3 Recording A2.2.3 The hybridityissue A2.2.4 Elicited data A2.2.4.1 Discourse completion tasks A2.2.4.2 Role-play(and role-enactment) Evidence in pragmaticresearch A2.3 A 2.4 Transcribing spoken language A2.5 Corpus pragmatics: combining quantitativeand qualitative analyses A2.5.I Searching a corpus for pragmaticphenomena A2.5.2 Using POS and syntactic annotationto investigatepragmatic phenomena A2.5.3 Pragmatic annotation Summary and lookingahead 13 Unit A3 The semantic-pragmatic interface A3.1 The meaning of meaning in pragmatics A3.2 Reference A3.3 Deixis 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 16 17 20 20 21 21 22 24 24 25 26 vii Contents some case studies A3.3.I Deixis and attitudinal orientation: A3.4 Presupposition of the world A3.4.I Presuppositions and our knowledge A3.5 Grice's enduring influence Summary and looking ahead unit A4 Speech acts: doing things with words A4.I Austin's Performatives A4.2 A4.a A.4.4 A4.5 A4.1.I Explicit and implicit performatives A4.1.2 A full-blown theory of action Searle's theory of speech acts A4.2.I A typology of speech acts Criticizing speech act theory Direct and indirect speech acts A4.4.1 Asking someone to something Speech acts as routines Summary and looking ahead 28 30 31 32 34 35 35 36 37 37 39 40 41 43 44 45 47 Unit A5 Implicature A5.1 Meaning more than 'what is said' A5.1.1 Conventional and conversational implicatures A5.I.2 MeaningNand meaningNN A5.I Grice's Cooperative Principle and the conversational maxims A5.I Ways of breaking the maxims A5.2 Rethinking Grice: Neo-Gricean pragmatics A5.2.I Leech's (1983) expansionistapproach A5.2.2 Horn's (1984) reductionist approach A5.2.3 Levinson's (1995, 2000) revisionist approach A5.g Sperber and Wilson's post-Gricean pragmatics A5.4 The role of S and H in meaning making Summary and looking ahead 54 54 55 58 59 60 Unit A6 Pragmatics and discourse A6.1 Categorizing discourse structure: two seminal approaches A6.2 Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson (1974) A6.3 Sequential organization and turn-taking A6.3.I Adjacency A6.3.2 Preference organization A6.3.3 Openings and closings A6.4 Discourse structure in institutionalsettings Summary and looking ahead 62 62 64 65 67 68 69 71 72 unit A7 Pragmatic markers 74 75 75 76 A7.1 A7.2 A7.g A7.4 A7.5 A7.6 viii What are pragmatic markers? Delimiting pragmatic markers Typical characteristics of pragmatic markers Pragmatic markers and function Pragmatic markers and text-type Pragmatic markers and sociolinguistic variation Summary and looking ahead 47 48 49 51 51 53 78 80 81 82 Contents unit AB Pragmatics, facework and im/politeness A8.1 Goffman's influence A8.2 Brown and Levinson's linguistic politeness model A8.3 Criticisms of the model A8.4 Leech's politenessmodel A8.5 Culpeper's (1996) 'anatomy of impoliteness' Criticisms of —and revisions to —Culpeper's approach AB.7 A return to Goffman A8.8 Extending impoliteness models to capture verbal aggression A8.9 Facework and im/politeness: the postmodern perspective Summary and looking ahead 84 84 85 87 88 90 91 92 93 94 95 Unit A9 Pragmatics, prosody and gesture A9.1 Prosody and pauses A9.2 Prosody and informationstructure A9.3 Prosody, speech acts and implicature A9.4 Intonation and social rituals A9.5 Intonationand discourse markers A9.6 Intonationand conversationmanagement A9.7 Body language:gesture, gaze and proximity A9.8 Teaching the pragmatics of prosody Summary and looking ahead 96 97 98 100 unit AIO Cross-cultural pragmatics AIO.I Speech acts and indirectness AIO.2 Pragmalinguisticor sociopragmaticfailure:what is going wrong? 110 110 103 104 105 106 Al 0.3 Forms of address AIO.4 Cultural scripts AIO.5 Discourse Al 0.5.1 Backchannels AIO.5.2 Silence Al 0.5.3 Interruptions Al 0.6 Prosody Al 0.6.1 Pitch heightand range Al 0.6.2 Non-verbalcommunication Unit All 108 108 111 112 114 115 115 115 Summary and looking ahead 117 117 117 118 118 Historical pragmatics 119 The need to know one's data —and also 'know' what we not know Exploring 'pragmatic noise' in times past Historical pragmatics: approaches and principles Fuzziness approachto speech act research: insultingas a case study Exploring facework: 'you'/'thou'and other address formulae Al 1.5.1 'You'/'thou' Al I 5.2 Address formulae Al 1.6 Grammaticalization:'goodbye' and '(God) bless you' Summary and looking ahead Al 1.1 Al 1.2 Al 1.3 Al 1.4 Al 1.5 Unit Al Pragmatics and power A12.1 What is power? A12.2 CDA investigations: what makes them critical? Al 2.3 Do pragmatic investigations of 'power' constitute a 'critical pragmatics'? 119 120 121 122 125 125 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 ix Contents Al Al Al Al Al 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Pragmatic investigations of 'power in talk': the courtroom Pragmatic investigations of 'power in talk': police interaction Pragmatic investigations of 'power in talk': political interviews Pragmatic investigations of 'power in talk': doctor-patient interactions Power, talk and the workplace: a snapshot Summary and looking ahead SECTION B EXTENSION UnitBl The origins of pragmatics 81.1 Introduction Neriich (2010) 81.3 Leech (1983) Further reading Unit B2 82.1 82.2 82.3 B2.4 Research methods in pragmatics Introduction Kasper (2000) Van der Henst and Sperber (2004) Kohnen (2009) Further reading Looking ahead Unit B3 The semantic-pragmatic interface 83.1 83.2 83.3 B3.4 Unit B4 B4.1 B4.2 84.3 B4.4 143 145 147 147 147 149 152 154 154 155 156 159 161 161 Jaszczolt (2010) Stalnaker(1974) Enfield (2003) 162 162 162 165 167 Further reading Looking ahead 169 169 Speech acts: doing things with words 170 170 170 173 175 Introduction Introduction Manes and Wolfson (1981) Jucker (2009) Eisenstein and Bodman (1993) Further reading Looking ahead Unit B5 Implicature 85.1 85.2 B5.3 B5.4 134 136 137 139 Introduction Grice (1989) Leech (1981) Wilson (2010) Further reading Looking ahead Unit B6 Pragmatics and the structure of discourse B6.1 Introduction 86.2 Tsui (1994) B6.3 Stubbs (1983) B6.4 McCarthy (2003) 178 178 179 179 179 181 182 186 186 187 187 187 190 192 Contents Further reading Looking ahead Unit B7 Pragmatic markers 87.1 Introduction B7.2 Diani (2004) 87.3 Gilquin (2008) B7.4 Rühlemann(2007) Further reading Looking ahead Unit 88 Pragmatics, facework and im/politeness Introduction 88.2 O'Driscoll (2007) 88.3 Watts (2003) 88.4 Culpeper, Bousfield and Wichmann (2003) Further reading Looking ahead Unit B9 Prosody: intonation 89.1 Introduction 89.2 Mennen(2007) 89.3 Wichmann (2004) 89.4 Gussenhoven (2004) Further reading Looking ahead Unit BIO Cross-cultural pragmatics BIO.I Introduction BIO.2 Wierzbicka (2003) 810.3 Thomas (1983) BIO.4 Argyle (1988) unitBil Bil.l Bil.2 196 196 197 197 197 200 203 205 205 207 207 208 211 212 216 216 217 217 218 219 222 224 224 225 225 226 227 229 Further reading Looking ahead 231 231 Historical pragmatics 232 232 232 235 237 240 Introduction Culpeper (2010) 811.3 Kohnen (2009) Bl 1.4 Taavitsainenand Jucker (2008b) Further reading Looking ahead Unit B12 Analysing power B12.1 Introduction Bl 2.2 van Dijk (2006) 812.3 Harris(1995) Bl 2.4 Haworth (2006) Further reading Looking ahead 241 242 242 243 244 247 249 250 xi Contents SECTION C EXPLORATION UnitCl Choosing, transcribing and annotating a dataset Cl.l Using internetsources to create a corpus Cl.2 Designing and using a discourse completiontask Transcribingspeech Annotating a corpus for pragmatic information Further reading 251 253 254 255 256 257 UnitC2 Exploring routinized speech acts using corpora Comparing compliments across varieties of English Responding to compliments C2.3 Requesting patterns C2.4 Thanking C2.4.1 Examples of thanking C2.5 Ways of saying thankyou C2.1 C2.2 Unitca Testing for implicatures C3.I GCls —nonce or generalized? C3.2 Scalar implicatures ca.3 Requests about the time Unit C4 The organization Of discourse structure C4.I C4.2 C4.3 C4.4 C4.5 Prefaces Response items Telephone openings Telephoneclosings Questions in institutionalsettings UnitC5 Pragmatic markers: further explorations C5.1 Prototypical features of pragmatic markers Be like c5.a The social function of pragmatic markers C5.2 unit C6 Facework and im/politeness using corpora to study facework and im/politeness C6.2 Facework, politicians and the media C6.3 Using Leech (1983) to explain impoliteness/face damage in political interviews C6.1 258 259 260 260 261 263 264 264 266 267 269 270 270 271 272 273 275 275 276 276 278 278 281 281 Unit C7 Prosody and non-verbalcommunication Paralinguistic effects Pointing Greetings Reportedspeech and mimicry Response tokens and vocalizations 284 285 285 286 287 Unit C8 Cross-cultural and interculturalpragmatics 288 288 289 290 C7.1 C7.2 C7.3 C7.4 C7.5 Forms of address Directives (in British and American English) C8.3 Implications for teaching and learning C8.I C8.2 xii Contonts Unit C9 Power C9.I Investigating othering in a political context C9.2 War, metaphors, politics and the media C9.3 Exploringissues of framing References Index 291 291 292 294 296 319 xiii ... authors have managed to achieve a pedagogic structure of the book which makes it an ideal student text.' Jan Svartvik, Lund University, Sweden Pragmatics An advanced resource book for students Dawn... Pragmatics: An advanced resource book for students is an excellent answer to this problem —a rich tapestryof discussion, textual materials, and thought-provoking tasks, rendering pragmatic concepts and... Definition and delimitation of pragmatics Al Pragmatics and the relationship to other disciplines Speaker meaningand sentence meaning Context and function Al.5 Pragmatic theories Al.6 Pragmatics and