Abstract Introduction Historical Background Preprocedure Considerations Diagnostic Catheterization Recommendations Potential Adverse Events Safety and Quality Control Premedication, Sedation, and Anesthesia Vascular Access Catheters, Wires, Equipment, Hemodynamic Variables Angiographic Evaluation Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterization: Anatomic Approach Annotated References References 18 Interventional Techniques Historical Background Principles of Catheterization Interventional Catheterization Procedures Intracardiac Interventions Extracardiac Interventions Interventions on Surgical and Other Naturally Occurring Abnormal Pathways Hybrid Procedures: Collaboration Between the Surgeon and the Interventionist Complications of Interventional Catheterization Annotated References References 19 Cross-Sectional Echocardiography and Doppler Imaging Abstract Physical Principles of Ultrasonic Imaging Image Optimization Storage and Reporting of the Images Created Normal Cardiac Anatomy Special Uses of Echocardiography Application of the Bernoulli Equation in Clinical Practice Summary Annotated References References 20 Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Abstract Introduction History of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Advances in Technology Practical Considerations in Pediatrics Acquisition of Images Principles for Acquisition of Images Display and Orientation of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Images Clinical Applications in Patients With Congenitally Malformed Hearts Learning Curve Future Directions Conclusions Annotated References References 21 Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography Abstract Introduction Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Cardiac Computed Tomography ... History of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Advances in Technology Practical Considerations in Pediatrics Acquisition of Images Principles for Acquisition of Images Display and Orientation of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography