Vascular Programming Summary Annotated References References Section 2 Prenatal Congenital Heart Disease 7 Magnetic Resonance Assessment of the Fetal Circulation in Congenital Heart Disease Abstract Introduction Normal Fetal Circulatory Physiology Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques for Assessing Fetal Circulatory Physiology Cine Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Flow Quantification Magnetic Resonance Oximetry Fetal Hemodynamic Assessment Normal Late-Gestation Human Fetal Circulation by Magnetic Resonance Imaging Human Fetal Circulatory Adaptation to Hypoxia Circulatory Patterns in Fetal Congenital Heart Disease Congenital Heart Disease: Hemodynamic Consequences Fetal Hemodynamics and Brain Growth and Development Fetal Hemodynamics and Lung Development Conclusion Annotated References References 8 Imaging and Quantifying the Fetal Circulation in Congenital Cardiac Disease Abstract Introduction Screening With Fetal Echocardiography Timing of Fetal Echocardiography Modalities for Imaging Important Prenatal Imaging Features in Different Types of Congenital Heart Disease Postnatal Outcomes Annotated References References 9 Pharmacologic Intervention in the Fetus Abstract Introduction Antiarrhythmic Fetal Treatment Antiinflammatory Fetal Treatment Heart Failure Treatment Supplementary Oxygenation References 10 Percutaneous Intervention in the Fetus, Including Postnatal Management Abstract Introduction Severe Midgestation Aortic Stenosis With Evolving Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Pulmonary Atresia With Intact Ventricular Septum and Evolving Hypoplastic Right Heart Syndrome (See Also Chapter 43) Established Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome With Intact or Highly Restrictive Atrial Septum Future Directions Annotated References References 11 The Placenta in Congenital Heart Disease Abstract Introduction Normal Placental Development Mechanisms and Conditions of Placental Dysfunction