Pre-esophageal (nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx) Mechanical/anatomic Congenital syndromes Pierre Robin Treacher Collins Crouzon’s Goldenhar’s Cornelia de Lange Cysts (tongue, larynx, epiglottis) Tumors (neuroblastoma) Lymphangioma Foreign-body aspiration Traumatic (external, endotracheal intubation, endoscopy) Nasopharyngeal Choanal stenosis/atresia Nasal septum deflections Oropharyngeal Cleft palate/lip Submucosal cleft Macroglossia Down syndrome (trisomy 21) Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome Micrognathia Lip/teeth defects Tongue/sublingual masses Hemangioma Lymphangioma Lingual thyroid Thyroglossal duct cyst Branchial cleft cyst Hypopharyngeal stenosis Temporomandibular joint ankylosis Pharyngeal diverticula (congenital/traumatic) Adenoidal/tonsillar hypertrophy Laryngeal Tracheostomy Tracheoesophageal fistula Cervical vertebral osteophytes Airway obstruction Laryngomalacia Inflammatory/infectious Anaphylaxis Tetanus Rabies Botulism (especially infant botulism) Poliomyelitis Angioneurotic edema Sydenham chorea Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis Stevens–Johnson syndrome Nasopharyngeal Nasal septal abscess Sinusitis Oropharyngeal Stomatitis (infectious, allergic) Pharyngitis/tonsillitis/uvulitis Retropharyngeal abscess Peritonsillar abscess Cervical adenitis Laryngeal Epiglottitis Diphtheria Thyroiditis Neuromuscular Prematurity Hypoxic injury Head trauma Neurologic impairment Cerebral palsy Developmental delay Meningitis Cerebral abscess Cerebral cortical atrophy/hypoplasia/agenesis Arnold–Chiari malformation Cerebrovascular disease Cranial nerve palsies (V, VII, IX–XII) Palatal paralysis Laryngeal paralysis Spinal cord impairment Syringomyelia Cricopharyngeal incoordination/spasm Moebius syndrome Myotonic muscular dystrophy Guillain–Barré syndrome Werdnig–Hoffman Myasthenia gravis Myotonic dystrophy Dermatomyositis Miscellaneous Ingestions (neuroleptic-induced dystonic reaction) Familial dysautonomia (Riley–Day syndrome) Prader–Willi syndrome Cerebrohepatorenal syndrome Vitamin deficiencies (pellagra, scurvy) Acrodynia Infantile Gaucher disease Psychiatric Globus hystericus (“lump” in throat sensation) Pseudodysphagia Conversion reaction Hyperphagia Munchausen by proxy Respiratory distress Esophageal causes of dysphagia Mechanical/anatomic Tracheoesophageal fistula Esophageal atresia/stenosis Esophageal diverticula/duplication Esophageal strictures Congenital (webs, fibromuscular, tracheobronchial remnants) Acquired (corrosive ingestion, esophagitis, postoperative) Foreign-body ingestion Thermal injury (burn from hot food/drink) Esophageal tumors (hamartomas, leiomyoma, rhabdomyoma) Esophageal polyps External esophageal compression Cardiovascular anomalies (aberrant right subclavian artery, vascular rings, double aortic arch) Mediastinal tumors/infiltrations Atopic thyroid Diaphragmatic hernias Paraesophageal hernia Hiatal hernia Altered esophageal motility Achalasia Gastroesophageal reflux Esophageal spasm Inflammatory/infectious Eosinophilic esophagitis Infectious esophagitis Candida albicans Herpes simplex Cytomegalovirus Human immunodeficiency virus Reflux esophagitis Allergic esophagitis Radiation injury Mediastinitis Esophageal perforation Crohn disease