AJS 270 Wk 2 Community Based Policing Paper 64 Pages

By: Jeffeory G Hynes (2005) I Preface Page II Introduction Page A Definition of Community Oriented Policing B Current and past research and practical applications C Problem solving models used for Community Oriented Policing III Chapter - Community Oriented Policing: An Overview Page IV Chapter - Community Oriented Policing: Problem Solving Page 19 V Chapter - Community Oriented Policing: Case Studies Page 30 VI Conclusion Page 55 A Historical Overview B Pros and Cons of Community Oriented Policing C Community Oriented Policing Success or Failure References Page 62 In 1990 my police department implemented community based policing Community based policing is more than a model for police departments to follow; it has become a necessity The law enforcement community has come to realize that it cannot survive without the help and support of the community and population it serves It is also come to understand that law enforcement in America has truly become a business and as a business, we have customers – national, state and local customers These customers are the people who live in the communities that we serve The heart and soul of community based policing is a total involvement and interaction between the police organization and the community it serves During the course of the research, I examined the use of the S.A.R.A model of problem solving Our department to identify, attack and solve problems within the communities we serve through our community based policing policies and programs utilizes the S.A.R.A method, Scanning, Analysis, Response and Assessment Through this research project, I will examine and illustrate theory, concepts and application of community based policing through the case of the S.A.R.A model The research and documentation reviewed and used for this paper will be referred to as Community Oriented Policing There are many like name terms that are synonymous and may be used as indicated by a specific source Listed below are: * Community Based Policing * Problem Oriented Policing * Problem Solving Policing * Goal Oriented Community Policing As the goals, philosophy and practice of Community Oriented Policing have evolved over the last 15 years of its commonly recognized existence, police agencies and the community have reaped a host of benefits such as quality of life improvements Most agencies in years past, which were once, centralized bureaucracies, aloof and distant from their communities have discovered the benefits of enhanced interaction with neighborhoods and local businesses I will attempt to illustrate those benefits The evolution and refinement of Community Oriented Policing philosophy and practice have had a significant impact on the attitudes and behaviors of officers at every level of every organization The concept was initially known as being “soft on crime” or a “warm and fuzzy” social work approach to police work Those of us in the profession know that Community Oriented Policing is neither It is an effective and efficient means of fighting crime by correcting long-standing neighborhood problems It is a methodology that empowers the police and citizens to work together to identify and resolve problems, by identifying and utilizing available resources useful in the resolution of those problems A core concept in the philosophy, which will be expressed in further detail, is allowing the community a voice into solving the problems in their own neighborhoods By working Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 2005 together, officers, neighborhoods, and the actual police agencies, have successfully challenged the incorrect assumption that police activities have little impact on crime rates Agencies and their communities have learned that working together can make a difference, and can reduce crime and improve quality of life Not only is the quality of life for the citizens residing in the impacted areas improved, but also the working environment for the affected police personnel improves Greater levels of trust are developed between the officers and the residents of the communities, which they serve Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 2005 Policing in Today’s Communities; An Overview Chapter Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 2005 Chapter Community oriented policing; an overview Community Oriented Policing or Community Policing is defined as any method of policing that includes a police officer assigned to the same area, meeting and working with the residents and business people who live and work in the beat area The citizens and police work together to identify the problems of the area and to collaborate in workable resolutions of the problems The police officer is a “catalyst,” moving neighborhoods and communities toward solving their problems and encouraging citizens to help and look out for each other Resources are identified and used to solve problems To be successful, community policing requires the total commitment of the five major groups: police; citizens and subgroups like business; media; political leaders; and social service agencies and other institutions of the community It is proactive, decentralized, and personalized; it is full-service and works toward the goal of removing predators from the streets and providing long-term solutions to problems by dealing with the causes, not just reacting to the symptoms Community policing is based on the joint effort of citizens and police working together towards solving neighborhood problems, which in turn satisfies the expressed needs of citizens and enhances the residents’ quality of life The role of the community police officer is equivalent to the role of the critical social scientist, the facilitator and catalyst of problemsolving activities Through self-education and educating the residents, the officer plays both the expert and educator role without forcing the expert opinion upon the residents The community-policing officer assists the residents by meeting with them individually and in groups in hopes that communication will lead to some consensus of accepted action that will be agreed upon and implemented by the residents and police The major considerations in community policing are: citizen input into defining problems to be solved; citizen involvement in planning and implementing problem-solving activities; and citizen Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 2005 determination of whether their felt needs have been met Community policing is critical social science in action and is based on the assumptions of normative sponsorship theory (listed below) The academic question often arises whether community policing is based on accepted theory Current Research (Trojanowicz, 1992) proposes that community policing is based on two social science theories, normative sponsorship theory and the critical social theory Brief definitions are as follows; Normative Sponsorship Theory - Normative sponsorship theory postulates that most people are of good will and that they will cooperate with others to facilitate the building of consensus (Sower, 1957) The more that various groups share common values, norms, and beliefs, the more they will support efforts that are directed as improving their neighborhoods Critical Social Theory - Critical social theory focuses on how and why people coalesce to correct and overcome the socioeconomic and political obstacles that prevent them from having their needs met (Fry, 1984) The three core ideas of critical social theory are as follows: Enlightenment - People must become educated about their circumstances before they can lobby for change Empowerment - People must take action to improve their condition Emancipation - People can achieve social change through reflection and social action In addition to the above two accepted academic theories, police officers and their administrators need a more simplistic and practical base to proceed from such as using the “Nine P’s” concept that is as follows: Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 2005 Community policing is a philosophy of full-service, personalized policing where the same officer patrols and works in the same area on a permanent basis, from a decentralized place, working in a proactive partnership with citizens to identify and solve problems (Trojanowicz, 1992) Philosophy The Community policing philosophy rests on the belief that contemporary challenges require the police to provide full-service policing, proactive and reactive, by involving the community directly as partners in the process of nominating, prioritizing, and solving problems including crime, fear of crime, illicit drugs, social and physical disorder, and neighborhood decay A department-wide commitment implies change in policies and procedures Personalized By providing the community its own Community Police Officers (CPOs), community policing breaks down the anonymity on both sides - CPOs and community residents know each other on a first-name basis Policing Community policing maintains a strong law enforcement focus; CPOs answer calls and makes arrests like any other officer, but they also focus on proactive problem solving Patrols CPOs work and patrol in defined beat areas in their communities The goal is to free them from the isolation of the patrol car, often by having them walk the beat or rely on other modes of transportation, such as bicycles, scooters, or horses Permanent Community policing requires assigning CPOs permanently (at least 18 months) to defined beats so that they have the time, opportunity, and continuity to develop the new partnership Permanency means that CPOs should not be rotated in and out of their beats, and they should not be used as “fill-ins” for special assignments and absences of other personnel Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 2005 Place All jurisdictions, no matter how large, ultimately break down into distinct neighborhoods Community policing decentralizes police officers, often including investigators, so that CPOs can benefit from “owning” their neighborhood beats, in which they act as a “mini-chief,” tailoring the response to the needs and resources of the beat area Moreover, community policing decentralizes decision making, not only by allowing community-policing officers the autonomy and freedom to act, but also by empowering all officers to participate in community-based problem-solving Proactive As part of providing full-service policing, community policing balances reactive responses to crime incidents and emergencies with a proactive focus on preventing problems before they occur or escalate Partnership Community policing encourages a new partnership between people and their police that rests on mutual respect, civility, and support Problem Solving Community policing redefines the mission of the police to focus on solving problems, so that success or failure depends on qualitative outcomes (problems solved) rather than just on quantitative results (arrests made, citations issued-so-called “numbers policing”) Both quantitative and qualitative measures are necessary All employees of the department, both sworn and non-sworn, need to reflect the philosophy in their attitude and behavior and support its implementation Even employees who not have face-to-face contact with the public can still be supportive of the philosophy in their telephone contacts By understanding the philosophy, they can explain it to friends, relatives, and neighbors In addition, they can provide support and encouragement to the officers responding directly to the complaints Community based policing is a total team effort affecting all personnel levels Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 2005 10 Utilizing the problem oriented policing concept, precinct officers virtually eliminated a problem in a community that had plagued the citizens in the area for 20 years A monitoring component was included by the assignment of a specific Community Action Officer to work with the 52J Squad, the community, and businesses to address problems as they reappeared again Many of the results were observable as the program progressed Examples are: * The dirt lot enforcement resulted in numerous arrests ranging from aggravated assault with a gun, to burglar from vehicle, and curfew violations After several Zoning Citations, the owner had a six-foot barbwire topped fence installed around the lot The lot is now completely free of any problems and has been since the middle of April 1997 The owner is also seeking the proper permit, etc so he can pave and light the lot * The Horse Shoe neighborhood was barricaded and posted for parking Since mid March 1997, cruising and parties in the area have been non-existent The need for patrols in the area has decreased The citizens living in the area have taken it upon themselves to place the street barricades on the street each weekend and have often voiced their pleasure that the parties and cruising have ceased * The Maaco parking lot is no longer a gathering place for the 21 st Street Gang The hot dog vendor now acts as a security guard on the lot and actively works on eliminating loitering on the property * The traffic on the main roadway is less congested due to the fact it is now inconvenient to cruise the area Additionally, the parking lot attendants at the El Capri Bar are actively waving people on when the lot at the bar is full Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 2005 47 * The 21st Place parking issue was not completely resolved Patrons still park in the area even though no parking codes are being enforced The number of burglaries and thefts has decreased since mid March It is believed that the reason for the decrease is that the gang members have been removed from the area * The El Capri Bar owner was cited and charged for various Criminal and Zoning Violations Since the conclusion of the 10-week program, he has hired off duty police officers to help with the control of the patrons at his bar With officers at the bar, calls for service have practically ceased The owner was found to be guilty of not having the proper permits and for the Zoning Violations regarding his dirt lot He had to pay a fine and now has a conviction that can be used in future violations A Zoning Hearing as to the status of the use permits of the bar is pending, but all indications are the business will be brought into compliance with City Ordinances and there will be an elimination of the juveniles on the property and the after hours will be eliminated Officer Valenzuela did an analysis of the data gathered during the program and indicated a reduction in most measurable areas tracked by the Police Department occurred (The statistical report is available upon request.) The only displacement issue that surfaced during the program involved the 21 st Street Gang They relocated two blocks north of the dirt lot area to an apartment complex A grant program that was already in place for that neighborhood allowed the police department to bring in more officers, many officers put in on overtime, which was paid by the grant The assigned officers began to intensively work the area The N.P.O Unit also contacted the affected apartment complex owner and his cooperation was obtained Although the 21st Street Gang has been in the area for decades, this side Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 2005 48 program caused them to slow their activity and since May there has been a noticeable decrease in the gang’s activity Since most of the units involved in the El Capri Program were on duty, the overall costs were not estimated There was only a marginal expenditure of overtime used by supporting units such as the Gang Units that would be held over when they had disposition of major crime scenes related to gang violence No overtime was used during the program by the programs responsible squad (52J) Unless the El Capri Bar closes, the issues of the problems resurfacing are there Since the conclusion of the program in mid April 1997, the precinct has had no resurfacing of the problems The patrol officers in the area, although still patrolling in the area and still visible, are able to leave to serve other areas of the precinct and not worry that when the return to the El Capri neighborhood those problems will resurface to the level once faced four months ago Conclusion The El Capri Bar and Dance Hall Program was an excellent example of problem oriented policing at its best For 20 years the neighborhood had been plagued with crime, gangs, youth crime, traffic problems, crowds, graffiti, etc Based on a solid plan and broad based cooperation from other officers, citizens, businesses, and other city departments, the citizens in the community can now enjoy a better quality of life With monitoring and continual trust building by police officers in the community, it is believed that the problems will not reach the level they had been for the last two decades The quality of life has been improved for the area surrounding the bar The Police Department has made a commitment to the neighborhood to monitor and react quickly to any resurfacing related issues Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 2005 49 Policing in Today’s Communities; Conclusion Chapter Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 2005 50 Chapter Conclusion This research project Policing in Today’s Communities, provided an examination of community based policing It provided current information and research on community based policing on the national, state, and local levels, with a close examination of two models utilized by the Phoenix Police Department The action plans examined utilized the S.A.R.A (Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment) of community based policing to establish programs that impacted a criminal problem in the specified areas Both case studies utilized citizen input and various resources in and outside of the Phoenix Police Department Community based policing is the future of law enforcement in America today Law enforcement agencies can no longer act alone in determining the needs of the communities they serve, nor can they effectively impact those problems without the full assistance and endorsement of the people in the communities they serve Funding and resources are strained for law enforcement; community based policing provides a vehicle that allows for the maximum amount of impact utilizing existing resources Community Oriented Policing also creates an environment for change, allowing the roles of the police and the citizens they service to interchange In Cutting Crime and Restoring Order, by William J Bratton (1997), cited in Making America Safer, by Edwin Meese III and Robert E Moffit (1997) Bratton states, “I have a simplistic definition of a community policing program: It must have three elements We talked about the traditional three R’s of Rapid Response, Random Patrol, and Reactive Investigation, and we talked about what a failure policing by this model has been Community policing from my perspective involves three P’s, which should be merged with the three R’s These three elements are: * * * Partnership Problem Solving Prevention Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 2005 51 First, community policing involves something that American police lost sight of in the 1970’s and 1980’s – Partnership The police are the most effective when they work in the partnership with the community and when they are of the community, not apart from it Police officers are the most effective when they are responding to citizens’ needs and working with citizens on determining priorities, as well as when they are working as part of government.” (Pages 93-94) The law enforcement profession needs to be in a constant state of self-examination Community Oriented Policing problem solving is now well established nationwide but the next step of research should be in its expansion to community based government If the same principals are used in the expansion to other areas within service based government agencies, the seamless transition to achieving the ultimate goal of improving service to the public may occur With achieving the goal of improving service comes the reduction of crime, the improved quality of life in communities, and overall improved government operations Pros & Cons of Community Oriented Policing The methodology of Community Oriented Policing has been a tremendous success It has facilitated total interaction between police departments such as the Phoenix Police Department and the citizens they serve It has created an environment that allows each and every resident the opportunity to play a role in how the community is policed It has even provided a vehicle in which any citizen can have an impact on the day-to-day operations of the police department Community Oriented Policing has allowed police personnel to have a greater say in how the department functions, what goals it attains and how personnel can best accomplish their duties It has opened the door to more effective communications and interaction between police departments and the people communities that they serve has even changed the culture and language of law enforcement for example the Phoenix Police Department now refers to and thinks of the citizenship they serve as customers The department has come to recognize that the citizens of the community it serves are its external customers and the employees of the department are the internal customers Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 2005 52 Community Oriented Policing does have its shortcomings Numerous officers within the law enforcement community at the Phoenix Police Department feel that Community Oriented Policing requires the use of too many specialized units Some officers think that the most effective crime fighting tools are personnel The more officers you put on the street, the more criminals you will apprehend Community Oriented Policing brings citizens right into the decision making process and this sometimes creates problems; often well meaning citizens can impede management decisions Community Oriented Policing: Success or Failure Has community Oriented Policing been a success or failure? The answer to that question is really a matter of prospective Those who have bought into the Community Oriented Policing will cite the many success stories that can be told For example, Harold Hurtt, Chief of the Phoenix Police Department, retired as an assistant Chief of Police approximately five years ago Chief Hurtt then became the Chief of Police in Oxnard, California While Chief Hurtt was Chief of Police in Oxnard, California, he implemented a Community Oriented Policing plan Chief Hurtt, members of the Oxnard Police Department, and city officials met with members of the community They identified juvenile crime as a major problem in the city It was learned that most juvenile crimes occurred between the hours of 3:00 p.m and 6:00 p.m The vast majority of the juvenile offenders were school age children Chief Hurtt implemented a School Resource Officer Program there that was similar to the program he had helped establish here prior to leaving The School Resource Officer Program places a uniformed police officer in selected schools The officers investigate all crimes related to the schools or their students; they also address truancy and work to developing positive relationships between the students and the police The school districts and the police department fund the program Chief Hurtt then took the program one step further, he adjusted the work hours of the officers from 8:00 a.m to 4:00 p.m., to 10:00 a.m to 6:00 p.m., and with the cooperation and full support of the school Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 2005 53 districts and the community an after school program was established for students to participate in right on campus Juvenile crime in Oxnard dropped by 39% in the first year of the program The program was a complete success and is a shining example of what Community Oriented Policing can accomplish The after school program required the cooperation of school officials, parents, teachers, and police officers Community Oriented Policing does not always succeed; some segments of communities are not receptive to involvement or contact with the police A prime example of this can be found in the Central City Precinct of the Phoenix Police Department As a whole, the Central City Precinct has been extremely successful in using Community Oriented Policing Neighborhood groups have formed block watch organizations and worked hand in hand with the police to impact crime However, the predominately Hispanic, non English speaking residents of the area between Buckeye Road to the north and the Maricopa Freeway to the south, between th Street to the west and 14th Street to the east, have not bought into the Community Oriented Policing concept The community as a hold is still very suspicious of the police and avoids contact As a whole, the community has been resistant to change and all attempts to establish a strong Community Oriented Policing program have failed Internally, some police officers feel that Community Oriented Policing programs are too soft on crime Some officers complain that too many officers are taken off patrol assignments to work specialty details related to Community Oriented Policing These officers feel that too much emphasis is placed on social service issues rather than crime In some regards the officers are correct The question Community Oriented Policing: Success or Failure cannot be answered without further studies Further studies should be directed at examining the impact that Community Oriented Policing has had These studies need to examine Community Oriented Policing’s impact on crime rates, more specifically, what types of crimes have seen a Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 2005 54 reduction in the rate of occurrence and how did a Community Oriented Policing Plan cause the results Studies need to examine the impact that Community Oriented Policing has had on the relationship between police departments and the communities they serve Studies on Community Oriented Policing must examine how different cultures and ethnic groups respond to a program and what differences in program design are needed to make a program effective in any community There are still many unanswered questions about Community Oriented Policing Is Community Oriented Policing a passing fad in the law enforcement profession? What is the future of Community Oriented Policing? Can the concept of Community Oriented Policing survive economic, cultural, and social change? How we prepare communities for Community Oriented Policing? Is it possible to train all law enforcement personnel to utilize Community Oriented Policing? Can Community Oriented Policing evolve into the next century? How can we effectively measure the impact of Community Oriented Policing on a community? Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 2005 55 Trojanowics, S.S., Theory of Community Policing Unpublished thesis for Master of Science Degree, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, (1992) (Introduction) Sower, C., Community Involvement Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press (1957) Fay, B., Social Theory and Political Practice London: George Allen & Unwin Publishers Limited (1984) Goldstein, H., and C Susmilch, Experimenting with the Problem-Oriented Approach to Improving Police Service: A Report and Some Reflections on Two Case Studies Vol of the Project on Development of a Problem-Oriented Approach to Improving Police Service Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Law School (1982) Goldstein, H., Problem Oriented Policing New York, NY: McGraw-Hill (1990) Goldstein H., Improving Policing: A Problem-Oriented Approach Crime and Delinquency (1993), Pages 236-238 Cordner, Gary, Community Policing: Principles & Elements, Position Paper Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky, (1994) Ariz Post; Arizona Peace Officer Standards & Training, Community Based Policing Telecourse Series, Outline – Problem Solving (1997); Materials originally developed – Goldstein, H (1990), Pages 1-15 Spelman, William & Eck, John E., Problem Oriented Policing National Institute of Justice, Research in Brief (1987) Pages 2-3 10 Goldstein, Herman, Improving Policing: A Problem-Oriented Approach, “Crime and Delinquency,” (1979) Pages 236-258 11 Sherman, Lawrence W and Berk, Richard A., Specific Deterrent of Arrest for Domestic Violence Assault American Sociological Review 49 (1984) Pages 261-272 12 Carvalho, G.F., Installing Management By Objectives: A New Perspective On Organizational Change” In Police Administration, the Police Chief, (November 1984) Pages 48-49 13 Brown, Lee P and Locke, Hubert, “Police and the Community” in Progress in Policing: Essays on Change Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ballinger (1980) Pages 85-102 14 Reinier, Hobard and Gibbons, M.H Crime Analysis in Support of Patrol, National Evaluation Program Phase I Report, Washington D.C University City Science Center, (1984) 15 McDonald, William F., Crime and Law Enforcement in the Global Village, Anderson Publishing Co., Criminal Justice Division, (1977) Page 16 Kelling, George L., Coles, Catherine M., Fixing Broken Windows, Martin Kessler Books, The Free Press, (1996) Pages 11-13 Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 2005 56 17 Peak, Kenneth; Glensor, Ronald, Community Policing & Problem Solving, Strategies & Practices, Prentice Hall Inc., (1996) Pages 86-87 18 Meese III, Edwin; Moffit, Robert E., Making America Safer, The Heritage Foundation, (1997) Pages 93-94 19 Robinson, James L., Racism or Attitude, Insight Books, (1995) Page 97 20 Gallegos, Gilbert G., Community Policing: Success or Failure? The Journal, Spring Edition, Volume 3, Issue 2, (April 1998) Page 21 Spalla, Lowell, East Van Buren Prostitution Reduction Action Plan, Post Report, Phoenix Police Department Report, (1998) 22 Steinmetz, Donald, El Capri S.A.R.A Program Herman Goldstein Award Submission, Phoenix Police Department Submission to Police Executive Research Forum, Washington D.C., (1997) Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 2005 57 ATTACHMENT Schedule for Action Plan Week of June – June Thursday, June 4: 53K and 53J Squads Friday, June 5: OCT/Vice, 301 enforcement action, p.m – a.m., 53G Squad Saturday, June 6: 51G or 1F squad (2nd shift), 3rd shift, either 52J or 52K squad Sunday, June 7: N83 squad, Safe Streets Enforcement, S.R.B Motors D.U.I Enforcement, and 53K squad Week of June 11 – June 14 Thursday, June 11: 53K and 53J squads Friday, June 12: OCB/Vice, 301 enforcement action p.m – 4a.m., 53G squad Saturday, June 13: 51G or 51F squad (2nd shift), 3rd shift, either 52J or 52K squad Sunday, June 14: N83 squad, Safe Streets Enforcement, S.R.B Motors D.U.I Enforcement, and 53K squad Week of June 18 – June 21 Thursday, June 18: 55Z patrolling area on bikes along with 53K and 53J squads Friday, June 19: Either 51K or 51J squad Saturday, June 20: 51G or 51F squad (2nd shift), 3rd shift, either 52J or 52K squad Sunday, June 21: N83 squad, Safe Streets Enforcement, S.R.B Motors D.U.I Enforcement, and 53K squad Week of June 25 – June 28 Thursday, June 25: DES squad along with 53K and 53J squads Friday, June 26: 51K or 51J squad Saturday, June 27: 51G or 51F squad (2nd shift), 3rd shift, either 52J or 52K squad Sunday, June 28: N83 squad, Safe Streets Enforcement, S.R.B Motors D.U.I Enforcement, and 53K squad Week of July – July Thursday, July 2: 53K and 53J squads Friday, July 3: OCB/Vice, 301 enforcement action p.m – 4a.m., 53G squad Saturday, July 4: 51G or 51F squad (2 nd shift), 3rd shift, either 52J or 52K squad Sunday, July 5: N83 squad, Safe Streets Enforcement, S.R.B Motors D.U.I Enforcement, and 53K squad Week of July – July 12 Thursday, July 9: 53K and 53J squads Friday, July 10: OCB/Vice, 301 enforcement action p.m – 4a.m., 53G squad Saturday, July 11: 51G or 51F squad (2nd shift), 3rd shift, either 52J or 52K squad Sunday, July 12: N83 squad, Safe Streets Enforcement, S.R.B Motors D.U.I Enforcement, and 53K squad Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 2005 58 Week of July 16 – July 19 Thursday, July 16: 55Z squad on biked along with 53k and 53J squads Friday, July 17: 51K or 51J squads Saturday, July 18: 51G or 51F squad (2nd shift), 3rd shift, either 52J or 52K squad Sunday, July 19: N83 squad, Safe Streets Enforcement, S.R.B Motors D.U.I Enforcement, and 53K squad Week of July 23 – July 26 Thursday, July 23: DES squad along with 53k and 53J squads Friday, July 24: 51K or 51J squads Saturday, July 25: 51G or 51F squad (2nd shift), 3rd shift, either 52J or 52K squad Sunday, July 26: N83 squad, Safe Streets Enforcement, S.R.B Motors D.U.I Enforcement, and 53K squad Week of July 30 – July 31 Thursday, July 30: 53k and 53J squads Friday, July 31: OCB/Vice, 301 enforcement action p.m – a.m., 53G squad Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 2005 59 ... Community Oriented Policing C Community Oriented Policing Success or Failure References Page 62 In 1990 my police department implemented community based policing Community based policing. .. below are: * Community Based Policing * Problem Oriented Policing * Problem Solving Policing * Goal Oriented Community Policing As the goals, philosophy and practice of Community Oriented Policing. .. (Goldstein, 1979) Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 20 05 27 Policing in Today’s Communities; Case Studies Chapter Policing in Today’s Communities Hynes 20 05 28 Chapter Community oriented policing;