THE HIGH PERFORMANCE WIRELESS RESEARCH AND EDUCATION NETWORK AN OVERVIEW

HPWREN article final Page of 17 THE HIGH PERFORMANCE WIRELESS RESEARCH AND EDUCATION NETWORK: AN OVERVIEW Jeff Baker, UC San Diego Funded by the National Science Foundation’s Research Experience for Undergraduates Program Many people enjoy the convenience of having a wireless device, whether laptop, PDA, or other remote system While wireless is proving to be a significant convenience in the realms of research, technology, and daily consumer life, it has become the primary reason that residents in the most remote areas of San Diego County can now access the Internet, even with the absence of electricity The existence of such a wireless network enabled over a wide area magnifies the possibilities that wireless can achieve, especially in the wake of rapidly increasing high-speed communication needs (Figure 1) Such a wireless environment is being created by University of California–San Diego Principal Investigator (PI) Hans-Werner Braun, Co-PI Frank Vernon, and their team of collaborators throughout San Diego County Funded by the National Science Foundation’s Advanced Networking Infrastructure and Research (ANIR), Braun and Vernon continue to build out the High Performance Wireless Research and Education Network (HPWREN), to provide high-speed Internet access to multiple field science and remote education locations in San Diego County Astronomers, ecologists, geophysicists, educators, and students all benefit from HPWREN connectivity while Braun, Vernon, and their research team continue to explore further possibilities of network expansion HPWREN article final Page of 17 HPWREN article final Page of 17 Figure The 802.11b standard provides a balance between range and signal strength necessary for such a network to operate at maximum efficiency, where the original 802.11 standard provided for higher connection speeds but limited range The use of this standard enables 45 megabits-per-second (Mbps) backbone node connectivity to be possible – an integral part of HPWREN’s 2,500 square-mile, wide-area network architecture HPWREN article final Page of 17 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY: THE INS AND OUTS Wireless technology has been accessible for several years, applicable in almost every facet of society today; hence, wireless network research is not a new discussion topic However, HPWREN is unique with respect to application and development, making its mark on wireless research with varied implementation and utilization, and acting as a testbed for network infrastructure measurement and analysis This high-speed network facilitates numerous applications in remote and hard-to-reach places, utilizing unlicensed microwave spectrums Backbone connections operating on the 5.8 Gigahertz (GHz) spectrum function at an amazing 45 megabits per second (Mbps) As a wide-area network, or WAN, the HPWREN architecture is designed with particular objectives in mind, which include developing a network to provide high speed information connectivity in areas where such access is not otherwise possible HPWREN pushes the envelope in wireless point-to-point connectivity, with access points (including several Native American reservations and two fire stations) operating on the license-free 2.4 GHz These remote access points operate on the 802.11b IEEE standard for wireless connectivity using Lucent Outdoor Router radios Meanwhile, the HPWREN backbone operates at 45 Mbps, utilizing Western Multiplex Tsunami radios in the 5.8 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum The primary challenge in operating at these frequency bands is that they require clear line-of-sight paths to function properly As a result, network nodes are placed on high elevation mountain peaks, allowing higher vantage points for direct point-to-point links The HPWREN backbone consists of high bandwidth wireless network bridges between mountain peak nodes, such as Mount Woodson, Mount Soledad, North Peak, HPWREN article final Page of 17 Toro Peak, Red Mountain, Mount Laguna, and Mount Palomar By way of these wireless bridges, network bandwidth is relayed to various remote locations, such as Palomar Observatory and the La Jolla Native American Reservation As electricity may not always be available in these remote areas, some HPWREN sites sustain power by way of solar panels, which provide the power for each microwave antenna to operate Each solar-powered 802.11b-based relay system (Figures and 3) consists of four 80-watt solar panels; four independent 94-AH gel cell batteries; a charge controller; and a DC-DC converter Each system is capable of generating a peak solar power of 320 watts, which is able to continuously power a device consuming around 32 watts; this generously suffices for HPWREN sites, which generally operate at 13.5 watts Figures and Since many HPWREN antennae are set up in various rugged locations throughout northeastern San Diego County, electricity may not always be readily available Here, HPWREN article final Page of 17 the La Jolla Native American reservation relay antenna can operate up to five days on solarcharged batteries alone, and will continue to operate–even through variable weather conditions.> HPWREN article final Page of 17 NETWORK RESEARCH: MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS Technology used by the HPWREN researchers includes radio transmitters, receivers, routers, and a multitude of other equipment needed to operate a wireless network Data collected from this hardware set is stored in a Management Information Base (MIB), which resides locally on each piece of equipment This data includes received signal levels (RSL) from the Western Multiplex Tsunami radios, local/remote signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) from Lucent radios, bit error rates (BER), router and switch interface data, and power data gathered from various uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) MIB data is a set of variables that define what information is available for any particular machine in the network; this data also acts as a standard for each particular component For example, a router’s MIB interface data might include a value of total packets that have passed through it, or the voltage at which it is operating As such, MIB data varies depending on the device from which it was gathered Collected by way of the simple network management protocol (SNMP), MIB data reveals the state of component health as well as operational characteristics of network equipment MIB data also plays a role in network operations, where researchers have the ability to set variables to remotely control equipment Other measurement data collected include Active Measurement Data (AMP), which includes round-trip time (RTT) and traceroute testing, throughput testing, and Mping testing; and Passive Measurement and Analysis (PMA) data, which is gathered from dedicated passive measurement machines connected to the network These Passive and Active Measurement machines, or PAMs, collect AMP and PMA data at various HPWREN article final Page of 17 locations in the network While MIB data provides data for a specific component on the network, PAMs offer more detailed traffic information, such as what types of packets are being sent or received, maximum throughput, RTT measurements, and/or passive packet traces In addition, PAMs allow researchers to test the limits and capabilities of HPWREN as a whole PAMs can be placed at any point in the network (though HPWREN researchers have traditionally placed them at backbone nodes) In addition to the aforementioned, aggregate statistics of multiple flows are also collected from a central router, known as Netflow data (Figure 4) Netflow data provides a summary of traffic flow through a Cisco 3660 switch located at the Mount Woodson backbone node, and summarizes what types of network activity occur While MIB data is limited to a particular device and indicates how many total packets it has seen, it fails to reveal the kind of data that goes through it, Netflow data traffic patterns are identified by port and protocol-allowing researchers to understand how HPWREN users utilize the network as a whole Netflow data also provides an ongoing summary of overall traffic, allowing HPWREN researchers the ability to collect statistical data for many years When analyzed together, MIB data, AMP/PMA data, Netflow data, and data from several other sources create a clear picture for HPWREN researchers to make adjustments to the network; any response to improvements in infrastructure or expansion of its capabilities that arise are included and utilized, assisting researchers in understanding network behavior Researchers optimize the network’s flexibility and utility based on these observational findings as a way of maximizing efficiency for an increasingly diverse user base, furthering efforts to understanding network dynamics and performance HPWREN article final Page of 17 Figure Network traffic yields transmission of various kinds of packets–from file transfer protocol (FTP) data to hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) packets, and others Here, a typical day of traffic reveals that port 20 (the IANA-designated port by which FTP packets are typically transferred) was used most, as indicated by the red portion of the graph This type of data assists HPWREN researchers in understanding end user requirements and network changes that impact users HPWREN article final Page 10 of 17 HPWREN APPLICATION AND UTILIZATION Several projects are conducted each year by numerous research organizations worldwide, many of which are conducted in remote field settings How, then, are the collected data brought back to the laboratory or classroom? In years past, varied amounts of data were recorded on tape and delivered via ground or air However, with the reification of high-speed data transmission from remote sites, immense strides have been made in geological, geophysical, ecological, and astronomical education and research For instance, Palomar Observatory’s 48-inch Oschin telescope (Figure 5) was recently connected to HPWREN’s 45 Mbps backbone As a result, astronomers around the world are now capable of receiving real-time images from the observatory’s digital camera This allows for faster and more innovative applications for data processing of supernova detection, near-Earth asteroid studies, and the like San Diego State University (SDSU) Mount Laguna Observatory (MLO) astronomers utilize this real-time connectivity in much the same way Remote observation through MLO is made possible by way of HPWREN, which allows more astronomers to use the observatory’s telescopes, thus increasing and expanding MLO’s observer and user base SDSU astronomers use HPWREN regularly to transfer astronomical images and spectra to campus, to other California State University campuses and collaborators, to their partners at the University of Illinois, and various other collaborators around the world Prior to HPWREN implementation, researchers had to send this data via 56 kilobits-per-second dial-up modem In fact, writing the data to tape and transporting them by car to San Diego (or even Illinois) was faster than sending them by dial-up modem! HPWREN article final Page 11 of 17 HPWREN also plays a significant part in the observatory’s formulation and successful development of future astronomy projects For example, SDSU scientists are currently implementing a high-speed frame-transfer Charge Coupled Device (CCD) camera, intended to facilitate the study of rapid variations in cataclysmic variable stars This new CCD camera, which will be based at MLO, will take two-megabit images every 0.10 to second, and will produce approximately 100 gigabits of data per night (during a typical on-target eight-hour observation) With HPWREN’s 45 Mbps connectivity, this data can be disseminated to MLO astronomers and their worldwide collaborators in realtime Figure Coupled with the Oschin’s digital camera, HPWREN’s 45 Mbps backbone provides researchers at the Palomar Observatory with the ability to transmit real-time images to astronomers worldwide HPWREN article final Page 12 of 17 HPWREN proves to be a resource not only for astronomy research, but also for ecological purposes as well The Santa Margarita Ecological Reserve (SMER), a 4,000acre research environment situated within the Santa Ana Mountains, embodies the next generation of field science observation Researchers from around the world are now able to utilize HPWREN’s backbone network to collect real-time data from field instruments located on-site at the reserve This allows their laboratories around the globe to remotely access data as it is being gathered at SMER (Figure 6) One capability includes the use of cameras to make direct habitual observations possible Acoustic sensors give SMER scientists the ability to monitor wildlife activity, such as animal calls, and disseminate this data immediately from the field to laboratories worldwide HPWREN article final Page 13 of 17 Figure HPWREN-connectivity makes data collection and observation more efficient SMER field scientists remotely send and receive data directly from the field, allowing for rapid dissemination of real-time data to laboratories worldwide Just as immediate ecological data streams to laboratories, HPWREN fosters immediate observational capability in the field of seismological research Seismologists today can observe the earth from the inside-out, allowing greater insight of earthquake and other seismic activity patterns By way of seismic sensors connected to HPWREN (Figures and 8), fault lines like the San Andreas and San Jacinto Faults are monitored for seismic wave activity; in addition, fault structures are mapped out three-dimensionally as data is streamed to researchers and scientists elsewhere HPWREN co-PI Frank Vernon, a researcher from Scripps Institute of Oceanography’s (SIO) Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics (IGPP), and other field scientists are using real-time data collection and dissemination to send and receive continuous real-time data from remote research stations, which allows for previously inaccessible data to be collected and distributed efficiently HPWREN article final Page 14 of 17 Figures and Numerous seismic sensors coat the San Jacinto fault zone from the Buck Ridge Fault in the south to the Hot Springs Fault at the north end These sensors consist of Streckeisen HPWREN article final Page 15 of 17 STS-2 seismometers with Reftek 24-bit broadband digitizers linked to the central multiplexing and relay site on Toro Peak, located in the Santa Rosa Mountains Throughout all the field research and network analysis, the spirit behind HPWREN remains: education, both for HPWREN researchers analyzing the network, and for Native Americans utilizing the wireless network in San Diego County Soon all 18 of San Diego County’s Native American reservation learning centers will have access to broadband via HPWREN, where many rural centers like these customarily access the Internet via dial-up modem The HPWREN access is a collaboration between UCSD researchers and the recently formed Southern California Tribal Chairmen's Association (SCTCA) Tribal Digital Village Network (TDVNet), which is funded by Hewlett Packard The first of these remote learning center HPWREN connections involved the Pala Native American Reservation, where over 600 tribal members (including over 150 elementary school students) reside Before the learning center was linked to HPWREN, the students were only able to access the Internet via 24kbps dial-up modem; now, they are able to research for their homework assignments in a more timely manner–thanks to HPWREN Additional learning centers connected to HPWREN include the Rincon and La Jolla Native American reservations–both of which are also located in the rural area of northeast San Diego County HPWREN article final Page 16 of 17 CONCLUSION Researchers and collaborators from throughout San Diego County all benefit from the ease of use and increased efficiency that HPWREN has provided thus far As a means to further goals, the HPWREN team continues to pursue future expansions of the network Research and development of wireless infrastructure excels within the HPWREN environment by existing as an active testbed for network research–reifying the utility of such a network in both the consumer realm and the educational scene, and allowing researchers and educators to efficiently process data in the fields of astronomy, geophysics, ecology, computer science, and seismic activity As additional opportunities for expansion and development arise, further strides in network research and development continue for the HPWREN team and their collaborators For more information about HPWREN news, facts, figures, or projects, visit http://hpwren.ucsd.edu ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is a participant in the Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, which is funded by the National Science Foundation Specifically, the author is affiliated with the High Performance Wireless Research and Education (HPWREN) project, which is sponsored by the National Science Foundation and its ANIR division under Grant Number ANI-0087344 HPWREN is based on work by the National Laboratory for Applied Network Research (NLANR) Measurement and Operations Analysis Team (MOAT) project, which is sponsored by the National Science Foundation and its ANIR division under Cooperative Agreement Number ANI-9807479 HPWREN article final Page 17 of 17 The HPWREN team is creating, demonstrating, and evaluating a non-commercial, prototypical, and high-performance, wide-area, wireless network in San Diego County The network consists of backbone and access sites transmitting over the unlicensed frequencies of 2.4 and 5.8 GHz respectively The high performance backbone network (5.8 GHz) is comprised of 45Mbps duplex point-to-point links The access points (2.4 GHz) are located in hard to reach areas and are comprised of point-to-point and point-tomultipoint links Any opinions, findings and conclusions, or recommendations expressed here are those of the author and not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation The author would like to give special thanks to HPWREN Principal Investigator Hans-Werner Braun, Computer Scientist Todd Hansen, and Senior Writer Kimberly Mann Bruch for their assistance with this article BIOGRAPHY Jeff Baker is an undergraduate student at the University of California, San Diego He is currently pursuing his bachelor’s degree in Philosophy, and has been employed in computer science-related positions for almost years  ... and development, making its mark on wireless research with varied implementation and utilization, and acting as a testbed for network infrastructure measurement and analysis This high- speed network. .. 24-bit broadband digitizers linked to the central multiplexing and relay site on Toro Peak, located in the Santa Rosa Mountains Throughout all the field research and network analysis, the spirit... remains: education, both for HPWREN researchers analyzing the network, and for Native Americans utilizing the wireless network in San Diego County Soon all 18 of San Diego County’s Native American