MALE AND FEMALE SEXUAL FUNCTION AND DYSFUNCTION; ANDROLOGY Re: Functional and Taxonomic Dysbiosis of the Gut, Urine, and Semen Microbiomes in Male Infertility S D Lundy, N Sangwan, N V Parekh, M N Panner Selvam, S Gupta, P McCaffrey, K Bessoff, A Vala, A Agarwal, E S Sabanegh, S C Vij and C Eng Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, Vastbiome, Millbrae, California, and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences and Germline High Risk Cancer Focus Group, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio Eur Urol 2021; 79: 826e836 Editorial Comment: Humans carry many microbial passengers: they in fact outnumber human cells by about 10 to Investigators now have the molecular and computational tools to assess our little hitchhikers in health and disease, and these authors did just that with 25 men with primary infertility and 12 healthy men with proven paternity They collected rectal swabs, semen, urine and controls With these kinds of studies, like the epigenome, researchers seek patterns that are similar in subjects with disease and that are different from those who are healthy In this study, the investigators did find a microbial fingerprint in the semen that was somewhat similar to that in the urine and that somewhat distinguished infertile from fertile men Interestingly, vasectomy appeared to alter the microbiome, indicating that the testis or epididmyis likely contributed to it With increasingly sophisticated tools, we’re finding that our microbial tourists play an important role in disease, and that includes infertility Craig Niederberger, MD Male and Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction; Andrology Re: Sperm Count and Hypogonadism as Markers of General Male Health A Ferlin, A Garolla, M Ghezzi, R Selice, P Palego, N Caretta, A Di Mambro, U Valente, M De Rocco Ponce, S Dipresa, L Sartori, M Plebani and C Foresta Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy, Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica I, University of Padova, Padova, Italy, and Unit of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy Eur Urol Focus 2021; 7: 205e213 Editorial Comment: The authors tested the provocative hypothesis as to whether semen quality and reproductive function could represent a marker of general male health in a retrospective study of 5,177 individuals from a prospectively collected database of 11,516 males of infertile couples who had semen analysis in a tertiary university center Data included reproductive hormones, testis ultrasound, and biochemical determinations for glucose and lipid metabolism The average patient age was 31.7Ỉ7.9 years Men with a low sperm count (