Cơ sở dữ liệu và hệ thống thông tin địa lý gis

Dir An q u An l ? d o th i d v ie t nam TS PHAM h Qu otic CO SO DU LIEU VA H i THONG THONG TIN BIA LY GIS ■ ■ NHA XUAT BAN XAY Dl/NG HA NOI - 2006 L d l NOI DAU Tdc gia chan cam c/n Ban Giam doc Du! an Quan ly thi, d Viet Nam, trUdng Dai hoc Tong hop Montreal - Canada, trUdng Dai hoc Kien true Ha Noi da tao dieu kien thuan l O p en L u a c h o n ban d o S tates v a c lic k O p en B an d o S tates x u a t h ien C on g cu HTML Im a g e M ap c o d u q c tit T o o l M a n ager C h u n g ta th em c o n g cu n a y v a o th u c d o n T o o ls th e o e a c h da b iet tit p h in tren, c h o n T o o ls > H T M L Im a g e M ap H o p th o a i H T M L Im a g e M a p xu at h ien Ttr h o p th o a i n a y , ta se dat c a c lu a c h o n d e phat h anh ban d o C h u n g ta s e d u n g m a c d in h ta o h in h anh H T M L cu a ban d o States v d i ten cu a anh c u n g la S tates Anh n a y s e d u q c dat v a o th u m u c th eo duem g dan cu a f ile ban d o g o c C lic k O K H op thoai trang thai se ch i thi qua trinh tao hinh anh Thdi gian m at ch im g vai phut H in h an h ban d H T M L d u q c tao va va lu u th eo duem g dan cu a f ile ban d o g o c da d u q c d in h truck: T a c o th e m o n o b a n g trinh d u y et Internet C h u n g ta d a k et th u c p h an phat h anh ban d o tren W eb C h on File > Close All de d o n g tat ca la i truck: k h i sa n g phan k h ac 165 HTML linage Map (Version 1.3) • — ■ - -~ r Map layer from which to generate image mapLayer name: ~ ~~ ™ • zJ zJ states Column name: j State_Name r Web page title (States Image— Copyright: i r Size— - Height: j - Insert ]24 new nodes along edges of clipping rectangle JPEG i ^ fin i ; C Width: —1 j - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Clip resolution Format r i - PNG HTML file namejD Amapinfo\dataVr ut_Data\T ut_UsaMISA\States.HTM r * Create HTML Landing Pages for each object Browse Cancel | Hinh 5.52: Hop thoai HTML Image Map L IE N K E T N O N G (H O T L IN G K IN G ) C A C D O I T U O N G T a o c a c d o i tu p n g ban d o h a y n h an h oat d o n g b an g e a c h lie n k et ch u n g v d i c a c file s h a y in tern et U R L s M o t k h i d u p e k e t n o i, ta c o the c h a y f ile d u p e lie n k et h a y U R L b an g e a c h c lic k tren d o i tu p n g ban d o h a y nhan K ie u c u a f ile c o th e la b itm ap, M a p ln fo w o r k sp a ce, ta b le h a y ch iron g trinh M a p B a sic, c a c f ile c h a y , h a y k ieu d u o i f ile m d rong bat k y d u p e lie n k et v d i ting d u n g da c a i dat tren h e th o n g cu a ta L ie n k et n o n g k h o n g th e d u n g c h o c h u y e n d e , lu d i, raster h a y c o s m e tic la y ers L ien ket n o n g c o th e d u n g v d i B ro w ser w in d o w Sit dung nut cong cu HotLink C h u n g ta h a y th u m o t H o tlin k da d u p e d in h ca u h in h D ia c h i H o tL in k U R L c o d ca c ban d o S tates, U S C ap itals, C an ada v a C an adian C ap itals T a cSn c o s u truy ca p Internet trude k h i ta th u d i6u n ay C hon 166 File > Open C h o o se th e States M ap v a c lic k O p en T ie p th e o , c h u n g ta s e k fch th oat H otL ink: C lic k th e L a y e r C on trol b u tton C lic k H o tL in k fro m th e L a y er C on trol d ia lo g |x ] Slates HotLink Options Filename Expression: F * Fie locations are relative to table location -Activate HotLink on: — C Labels (* Objects O Labels & Objects r Save options to table metadata OK | Cancel | Help | Hinh 5.53: Hop thoai State HotLink Option Tit h o p th o a i S tates H o tL in k O p tio n s, c h o n U R L c h o b ieu thuc F ile n a m e C h on A c tiv a te H o tL in k s k h i m o t d o i tucmg d u o c k fch hoat C lick O K v a c lic k O K tron g h o p th o a i L a y er C ontrol C h o n nut H o tL in k tron g M a in T o o lB a r I v C on tro dau tie n tro h in h ban ta y ; K h i c o n tro d i qua tren d o i tucmg kfch hoat n o b ieu th i ban ta y n&m c o n g cu L ie n k et k et n o i vdi d o i tu q n g kxch hoat ductc b ieu thi tren trang thai C lick v a o N e w Y ork State d e k h o i ch a y U R L Trinh d u y e t Internet trinh b a y d ia c h i U R L la th o n g tin N e w Y o rk State HotLinks at Browser Windows N e u m o t c u a s o b an g biSu (B ro w ser w in d o w ) c o ch u a lie n k et n o n g vd i trucmg, ten trudng d u o c g a c h d u o i, v a c o n g c u H o tL in k c o th e sir d u n g d u o c D e k h d i ch a y trucmg H o tL in k b B ro w ser w in d o w , c lic k v a o trucmg H o tL in k b an g c o n g cu H o tL in k T a k h o n g th e ed it d u o c c a c d u lie u tron g b an g k h i d an g sir d u n g c o n g cu H otL in k ; tu y n h ien , ta c o th e m o v e v a r e siz e B ro w ser fie ld s C u n g nhu , k h i d an g sur d u n g O L E ban d o n h u n g thi c o n g c u H o tL in k k h o n g th e s u d u n g d u o c C h u n g ta da h o a n phan lie n k et n o n g Trudc k h i k et th u c, c h u n g ta h a y d o n g tat ca la i, c h o n C h o o se File > Close All 167 5.18 TRINH DUYET METADATA Vi ngudi tieu dung sir dung du lieu dia ly khong gian thuc hien nhung tinh nang uu viet cua Internet nhu phuong tien giao tiep, ho cln toe dd nhanh, ling dung manh, edng cu thuc hien tot de co the truy cap vao hinh anh so va thong tin dia ly khong gian Nhung thong tin sau co thd tlch hop mang tfnh dia phuong de quy hoach, thao tac va danh gia Ngudi sit dung din co kha nang duyet dd dang, truy cap, thu nhan, xir ly va hop nhat lai nhu du* lieu cua chinh quyen, thuong gia, va cac nguon du lieu cua cac vien nghien cuu Sit dung web va cac c6 may tim kiem di tim noi dung co tren Internet la didu can thiet Co qua nhieu thong tin phat lam ton thdi gian va met moi chon tit hang ngan ket qua tim kiem va lam nho gon lai mot ft ch6 (sites) co y nghia chua dung noi dung ta can Do tfnh da dang va rong Ion cua cac to chute, tap hop du lieu dia ly khong gian co nhieu dang khac nhau, hoac la cho ban than ho dung, hoac la cho ngudi thur dung Nhung to chuc sap dat lam sang sua cac thdng tin cua ho de cho ngudi dung co the truy cap dupe Tuy vay "cd xe" tim kiem chi tiet van la can thiet MapInfoR Meta Data Browser (trinh duyet Meta Data cua MapInfoR) la mot "cd xe" nhu the MMDB la mot ung dung khach tim kiem internet thong minh danh cho ngudi tieu dung sir dung du lieu khong gian MMDB lam cho ngudi dung d dau cuoi co the thu thap thdng tin ve du lieu dia ly khong gian sSn co Tu nhung du lieu khac nhau, loc, so sanh, phan tich chuyen giao kieu du lieu de sir dung (metadata) MMDB dupe dung cho nhung truy van khac vd du lieu khong gian, nhu la: du lieu co ton tai khong? du lieu can co a dau va toi phai mua no nhu the nao? va lieu du lieu co phu hpp vdi nhu cau cua toi khong? Nhung thdng tin cd the tiet kiem nhieu gid tim kiem, de tim dupe du lieu thfch hpp MMDB se bat giu lai metadata va tra no ve cho ngudi sir dung d dau cuoi qua Maplnfo Meta Data Browser Internet < - •» Metadata from External Source < r< Metadata O H in h 5 : C ong dung cu a M M DB MMDB cd the truy cap true tiep vao ta't ca NSDI tinh loc dang hoat dong thuc thi phuc vu metadata chuan MMDB cd the giao tiep vdi bat ky thdng tin tinh loc cua to chuc tu nhan mdi hoac chinh quyen theo dung noi dung tieu chuan FGDC cho Metadata 168 du lieu dia ly khong gian h6 trg ANSI Z39.50 standard cho giao thuc vdn tin MMDB co lpi doi vdi doanh nghiep nho, nhOng to chuc va hoi dong chinh quyen co ngan quy han che Cac tinh nang bao gom: - Co kha nang xay dung va'n tin dua tren danh sach cac thuoc tinh metadata phu hop vdi tieu chuan FGDC - "Trudn" tren Internet dinh vi metadata dua tren cau hoi cua ngudi dung da xac dinh - Sip xep giao dien de chon khu vuc tren trai dat noi du lieu khong gian can thiet - Nhieu chuc nang de phan tfch va tinh loc cac k£t qua tim kiem cua metadata - Da nen (Multi-platform) vi no dugc viet bang ng6n ngu Java - He dieu hanh Windows 95, 98, or NT, UNIX - Co the bien - Giao dien than thien va tro giup nhay cam theo ngtr canh Nhung tinh nang tang cit&ng MMDB Silver - MMDB Silver cho ta kha nang tranh nhung han che cua cong vao FGDC (Federal Geographic Data Committee) tim kiem metadata - MMDB Silver loai bo nhung gidi han ve so luong thdng tin loc, co the truy cap mot lan MMDB Silver cho phep ta xem va phan tfch cac trang thai va'n tin d moi khung canh cua van tin metadata khong gian - MMDB Silver co the xir ly nhung van tin xay dong thdi vdi s6 luong len tdi 10 De tim hieu MMDB, hay cai dat no tur dia Maplnfo Pro CD va khdi chay no bang each chon Tools > MetaData Browser Launcher Hay vao Web dd co dupe nhung hudng din them nua 5.19 BAN DO KHONG GIAN BA CHIEU (3DMAP) Kha nang xem ban chieu dua tren tinh nang cua phan mem giao dien dd hoa OpenGL dupe tao bdi Microsoft's, no cho phep ta dung tay xoay hoac nghieng hinh anh bang cac cong cu Pan, Zoom, Info truyen thdng Ta co the tao ban dd xem d dang chieu (3D) mot ban dd bdt ky bao gom layer ludi chuyen de lien tuc Mat 3D khong gidi han bieu di6n dd cao No co the dupe dung de the hien gia tri dac tinh, kha nang kinh doanh, mat dan so, nhiet khdng khf w Hinh 5.55 la mot vi du ban dd chieu 169 E iC ^ lI il >.l -vj ; j ij^ jl ?3J E*e E(St look Objects Quay Table Gs&ora fclap ^*ida* ftelp DiJCwfirid alagMffll ■lifelH -I tsIalailEilBl *?l UglsH^afetelal dialed?? iM»l*lislBl;U&>tel cs|,* Hinh 5.55: Ban chieu Chung ta hay tu tao mot ban dd cho rieng minh Truce tao ban 3D, chung ta phai tao ban lirdi chuyen dd Nhu chung ta da hoc pMn tren, mot ban chuyen dd ludi bd mat la lirdi raster lien tuc duac tao bdi su noi suy tir cac gia tri diem Maplnfo Professional lay du lieu cua cot hoac bieu thdc tir bang va chuyen gia tri dir lieu dua vao tam Gia tri dira vao sinh file ludi raster, no xuat hien nhu raster table tren cua so ban Cac doi tuang co the duac dung de phan tich dieu kien thdi tiet, su tap trung dan so hay nhung dac tihh tieu hao tai nguyen khac Cung can phai nhd rang, ban dd 3D bieu didn mot each toi uu dat mau d dd phan giai cao 16 trieu mau hoac cao han Chung ta hay mb file ludi da duac tao sin US Elevation Chon File > Open Table Chon Grid image tur danh sach file duac tha xuong Chon Elev_Ft.mig theo dudng dan map_data\Namerica\USA\Grid folder 170 Ban ludi US Elevation dugc trinh bay Hinh 5.56: Ban US Elevation Cac nang dirge the hien bang nhieu mau sac khac Chung ta se bieu di6n mot chu giai de co dugc mot ban ve ro rang horn Hinh 5.57: Ban US Elevation voi cita so chu giai da thay doi kwh thude 171 Chon Map > Create Legend Click Finish b hop thoai Create Legend Chung ta se thay doi kich thirdc cira so chu giai de lam cho ban dep hon Tiep theo, chung ta se bieu diln ban theo dang 3D Chon Map > Create 3DMap Hop thoai Create 3DMap xuat hien Click OK de bieu diln ban theo dang 3D s i dung nhung cai dat mac dinh cho mau sic va nguon sang ^ E l e v j t 3D Map Hinh 5.58: Ban US Elevation dang 3D Ban elevations bay gib da duoc bieu dibn dubi dang khong gian chieu! Co mot vai each de chung ta bieu dibn ban d6 3D 3DMap menu option, nang cao chat lucmg, va bien ban 3DMap Cung co the dung cac cong cu hoat dong c6 Main ToolPad de dinh vi tri va dieu khien ban cua minh Chung ta hay bieu difin ban theo dang lubi day: - Chon 3DMap > WireFrame Ban bieu di6n vbi lubi khung day 172 'Elev_fl 3DMap H S B Hinh 5.59: Ban US Elevation theo dang luoi khung day Tir day, ta c6 the thu cac cai dat khac de tao cac ban US elevation co cac the hien khac Chung ta da hoan phan Trudc ket thuc, chon File > Close All de dong tat ca lai 173 t A i l ie u t h a m k h a o Tieng Viet Dang Van Due Gido trinh cao hoc ve cac he thong tin dia ly 1996 Dang Van Due He thong thong tin dia ly GIS Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc KT Ha Noi 2001 Francois Charbonneau Bdi giang ca sd die lieu va he thong tin dia ly Tai lieu giang day tai truemg DH Kien true Ha Noi 2002 Dang Minh Hoang Cam nang sit dung Microsoft Access 2000 Nha xuat ban Thong ke Ha N6i 2000 Tr&n Thanh Phong, Nguydn Trong Toan Microsoft Access 97 - Visual Basic for ApplicationRtwf A den Z Nha xuat ban Thong ke Ha Noi 1998 Tieng nude ngoai Bob Booth and Andy Mitchell (2001) Getting Started with ArcGIS GIS by ESRI E Diclon (1990) An Introduction togeographical, Infomation Syste (GIS) Laboratoire Commun de Teledetection CEMAGREF/ENGREF Montplier E Diclon (1990) Data Structure for Thematic Maps Laboratoire Commun de Teledetection CEMAGREF/ENGREF Montplier Maplnfo Professional1* Maplnfo Profesional Tutorial 10 Michaael Zeiler (2001) Modeling Our World - The ESRI Guide to Geodatabase Design ESRI Press 11 Microsoft Access (2000) Introduction Microsoft Accessl.htm 12 Microsoft Office (2000) Tutorial-OfficeXMicrosoft Access Tutorial.htm 13 www.unice.fr\GEONET\THEORIE.HTME (2005) Definition d'un S.I.G 14 www.unice.fr\GEONET\THEORIE.HTME (2005) Une Base de Donnees Graphiques 15 www.unice.fr\GEONET\THEORIE.HTME (2005) Les types de donnees graphiques 16 www.unice.fr\GEONET\THEORIE.HTME (2005) Traitement de l'image 174 MUC LUC L&i ndi ddu Chirong I NhOrng khai niem co ban ve he thong tin dia ly va he quy chieu khong gian 1.1 Khai niem ve thong tin dia ly (Geographical Infomation) 1.2 Khai niem ve ban 1.3 Khai niem ve he thong tin dia ly 1.4 Quan he giua GIS va cac nganh khoa hoc khac 1.5 Nhung ling dung cua GIS 9 18 23 25 Chirong II Mo hinh hoa trai dat 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Ba phircmg phap mo ta trai dat Mo hinh hoa bd mat Mo hinh hoa bdng hinh anh hay lieu tieu bieu Mo hinh hoa cac doi tupng rieng re So sanh phuong phap bidu di6n khong gian 29 30 33 37 40 Chirong III Cau true du lieu thong tin dia ly 3.1 Cau true chung cua co so lieu thong tin dia ly 3.2 Tien trinh cua cac kieu du lieu dia ly 3.3 Co so du lieu dia ly, luu giu du lieu dia ly 3.4 Doi tuong (feature) mo hinh du lieu hudng doi tupng 3.5 Sir cung cap cua du lieu dia ly 3.6 Truy cap du lieu dia ly 3.7 Xay dung nhung mo hinh du lieu 3.8 Huong ddn su dung bieu doi tupng theo ngon ngu mo hinh hop nhait UML 3.9 Nhung xu hudng cong nghe 45 48 55 57 60 63 65 69 72 Chuong IV He quan tri dfir lieu microsoft access 4.1 Nhung khai niem co so 4.2 Thuc hien cac cong viec vdi Microsoft Access 4.3 Lap Bang - Table 4.4 Tao mo'i quan he - Relationships 4.5 Tao Bieu miu - Form 4.6 Lap Bao cao (Reports) 4.7 Tao nhan thu (Mailing Labels) bang each sir dung Wizard 75 87 89 95 96 97 98 175 Chirang V Stir dung phan mem Mapinfo de xay dung GIS 5.1 Giofi thieu pMn mem Mapinfo Professional 5.2 Dinh nghia ban theo Mapinfo 5.3 Trinh bay du lieu 5.4 Cac lcfp ban 5.5 Md files Mapinfo 5.6 Dat thong tin len ban 5.7 Lira chon 5.8 Lam nhan cho ban 5.9 Lam viec vdi cira so dan trang (Layouts Windows) 5.10 Sir dung ban chuyen de de phan tfch 5.11 Phan dia hat - Redistricting 5.12 Tao va chinh sira doi tupng 5.13 Tao virng dem (Buffering) 5.14 Quan he giira Mapinfo vdi cac phan m6m khac 5.15 Quan ly cong cu (Tool Manager) 5.16 Phat hanh ban tren Web 5.17 Lien ket nong (HotLingking) cac do'i tupng 5.18 Trinh duyet MetaData 5.19 Ban khong gian ba chieu (3DMap) Tai lieu tham khao 176 99 104 107 111 117 120 123 128 131 137 143 147 154 158 161 165 166 16! 16* 17‘ CO sd 1)0 LIEU VA HE THONG TIN DIA LY GIS Chiu trach nhiem xuat ban: BUI HUU HANH Bien tap: TRINH KIM NGAN Che ban dien tic VU HONG THANH Siia ban in: TRINH KIM NGAN Trinh bay bia: VU BINH MINH 177 In 600 cuon kho 19 x 27cm, tai Xuang in Nha xuat ban Xay dung Giay chap nhan dang ky ke hoach xuat ban so 89-2006/CXB/26-07/XD 24/01/2006 In xong nop lun chieu thang 12/2006 \ G ia : 33 00 0d t ... "He thong tin khong gian" "He thong tin dia ly" bao gom nhieu he thong tin khac: He thong tin dat dai (he thong tin dia chinh, he thong tin quan ly dat sir dung: rimg, lua ), he thong tin dia ly... ltin ting xti theo y muon, khong can phai viet bat ky mot ma (code) nao Phan ltin nhting ting xti dupe thuc hien thong qua domain (Hnh vuc), validation rule (luat le hop ly) va nhting chtic nting... dung cua GIS: Nhung vf du ke tren cho thay nhung ting dung rat da dang cua GIS No luon luon lam cho ta ngac nhien ve pham vi ting dung rong rai cua cong nghe GIS Dac trung chung cua nhung ting dung