The concept of audit evidence explain the meaning of the appropriateness and sufficiency of audit evidence distinguish between internal documentation and external documentation as audit evidence

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THƯƠNG MẠI Khoa: Kế toán – Kiểm toán ………… BÀI THẢO LUẬN Đề tài: The concept of audit evidence? Explain the meaning of the appropriateness and sufficiency of audit evidence Distinguish between internal documentation and external documentation as audit evidence Give examples of each Giảng viên hướng dẫn: Lại Thị Thu Thủy Nhóm trình bày: Nhóm Lớp học phần: 21711FAUD0811 Hà Nội - 2021 MỤC LỤC PHÂN CÔNG NHIỆM VỤ THẢO LUẬN LỜI CẢM ƠN LỜI CAM KẾT .3 THE CONCEPT OF AUDIT EVIDENCE 1.1 Definition of audit evidence .5 1.2 Nature of evidence 1.3 Audit evidence decisions 1.4 Types of audit evidence 10 1.5 Characteristics of audit evidence 16 THE APPROPRIATENESS AND SUFFICIENCY OF AUDIT EVIDENCE 10 2.1 Explain the meaning of appropriateness and sufficiency of audit evidence 11 2.2 Factors that affect the sufficient appropriate audit evidence 13 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN INTERNAL DOCUMENTATION AND EXTERNAL DOCUMENTATION AS AUDIT EVIDENCE 16 3.1 Definition of internal and external documentation 3.2 Types of internal and external documentation 3.3 Distinguish between internal documentation and external documentation BẢNG NGHIỆM THU KẾT QUẢ THẢO LUẬN 20 BẢNG ĐÁNH GIÁ KẾT QUẢ HỌP NHÓM THẢO LUẬN 21 PHÂN CÔNG NHIỆM VỤ THẢO LUẬN HỌC PHẦN: PRICIPLES OF AUDITING LBp: K55DD1 NhEm: Đề tài: The concept of audit evidence? Explain the meaning of the appropriateness and sufficiency of audit evidence Distinguish between internal documentation and external documentation as audit evidence Give examples of each I Thành viên (10 thành viên) Trần Thị Thu Linh – Nhóm trưởng Đồn Khánh Huyền Lưu Ngọc Huyền Nguyễn Thu Hương Vũ Thị Mai Lan Đỗ Lê Thùy Linh Trần Khánh Linh Phạm Như Mai Vũ Ngọc Mai 10 Nguyễn Tuấn Minh II Phân công cụ thể STT Họ tên Trần Thị Thu Linh Đoàn Khánh Huyền Phân cơng nhiệm vụ Giám sát tồn cơng việc, tổng hợp word, sửa word, tóm tắt nội dung, làm nội dung phần 2.2 Làm nội dung phần 2.1 Lưu Ngọc Huyền Làm nội dung phần 1.4 Nguyễn Thu Hương Làm slide Vũ Thị Mai Lan Làm nội dung phần 3.3 Đỗ Lê Thùy Linh Thuyết trình Trần Khánh Linh Làm nội dung phần 1.3 1.5 Phạm Như Mai Làm nội dung phần 1.1 1.2 Vũ Ngọc Mai Làm nội dung phần 3.2 10 Nguyễn Tuấn Minh Làm nội dung phần 3.1 LỜI CẢM ƠN Chúng em xin gửi lời cảm ơn chân thành sâu sắc đến cô Lại Thị Thu Thủy – giảng viên môn Principles of Auditing Cơ tận tình động viên hướng dẫn chúng em từ định hướng đến chi tiết để tháo gỡ khó khăn q trình học tập nghiên cứu, từ cách trình bày, cách thu thập tài liệu Tuy nhiên trình độ có hạn hạn chế ngôn ngữ nên chúng em tránh khỏi thiếu sót Vậy nên nhóm chúng em mong nhận góp ý bạn để hoàn thiện đề tài thảo luận LỜI CAM KẾT Nhóm chúng em xin cam đoan kết đề tài “The concept of audit evidence? Explain the meaning of the appropriateness and sufficiency of audit evidence Distinguish between internal documentation and external documentation as audit evidence Give examples of each.” nghiên cứu nhóm Nhóm nghiên cứu hồn tồn chịu trách nhiệm tính trung thực nội dung đề tài nhóm Nội dung đề tài thảo luận: The concept of audit evidence? Explain the meaning of the appropriateness and sufficiency of audit evidence Distinguish between internal documentation and external documentation as audit evidence Give examples of each THE CONCEPT OF AUDIT EVIDENCE I.1 Definition Auditing evidence is the information collected by an auditor to ascertain the accuracy and compliance of a company's financial statements The auditing evidence is meant to support the company's claims made in the financial statements and their adherence to the accounting laws of their legal jurisdiction Good auditing evidence should be sufficient, reliable, provided from an appropriate source, and relevant to the audit at hand Examples of auditing evidence include: bank accounts, management accounts, payrolls, bank statements, invoices, and receipts 1.2 Nature of evidence: Evidence was defined in Chapter as any information used by the auditor to determine whether the information being audited is stated in accordance with the established criteria The information varies greatly in the extent to which it persuades the auditor whether financial statements are fairly stated Evidence includes information that is highly persuasive, such as the auditor’s count of marketable securities, and less persuasive information, such as responses to questions of client employees The use of evidence is not unique to auditors Evidence is also used extensively by scientists, lawyers, and historians For example, most people are familiar with legal dramas on television in which evidence is collected and used to argue for the guilt or innocence of a party charged with a crime In legal cases, there are well-defined rules of evidence enforced by the judge for the protection of the innocent In scientific experiments, researchers obtain evidence to test hypotheses using controlled experiments, such as a drug trial to test the effectiveness of a new medical treatment Similarly, gathering evidence is a large part of what auditors Although these professionals rely on different types of evidence, and use evidence in different settings and in different ways, lawyers, scientists, and auditors all use evidence to help them draw conclusions The table below illustrates six key characteristics of evidence from the perspectives of a scientist doing an experiment, an attorney prosecuting an accused thief, and an auditor of financial statements There are six bases of comparison Notice the similarities and differences among these three professions Characteristics of Evidence for a Scientific Experiment, Legal Case, and Audit of Financial Statements Basic of Scientific Legal Case Audit of comparison Experiment Involving Involving an Financial Accused Thief Statement Decide guilt or innocence of accused Direct evidence and testimony by witnesses and parties involved Determine wether statements are fairly presented Various types of audit evidence generated by the auditor, third parties and the client Auditor Testing a Use of the evidence Nature of evidence used Medicine Determine effects of using the medicine Results of repeated experiments Party or parties evaluating evidence Certainty of conclusions from evidence Nature of conclusions Scientist Jury and Judge Vary from uncertain to near certainty Recommend or not recommend use of medicine Requires guilt beyond a reasonable doubt Innocence or guilt of party Typical consequences of incorrect conclusions from evidence Society uses Guilty party is ineffective or not penalized or harmful medicine innocent party is found guilty High level of assurance Issue one of several alternative types of audit reports Statement users make incorrect decisions and auditor may be sued 1.3 Audit evidence decisions Major decision of an auditor involves determining the appropriate type and amount of evidence In this judgment the cost factor should be considered The auditors' decisions on evidence accumulation can be broken down in to four sub decisions: - Audit procedures: It is a detailed instruction for the collection of a type of audit evidence that is to be obtained at some time during the audit The instructions should be clearly and specifically stated Example: Obtain cash disbursement journal and compare the payer name, amount, and date on the cancelled cheque with cash disbursement journal - Sample Size: After selection of audit procedure, the decision of how many items to test must be made by the auditor for each audit procedures Example: If 60,000 checks are recorded in cash disbursement journal, only 400 may be selected - Items to Select: Following the sample size selection, it is necessary to decide which items in the population to test Example: The auditor may see the 400 checks based on random selection, weakly selection, amount etc - Timing: + The timing decision is affected by when the client needs the audit to be completed Also, it can be affected by the auditors' belief on effective timing for accumulation and the availability of audit staff Example: The auditor often prefer to count inventory up close to the balance sheet dates + The audit procedure often incorporates the other three sub decisions Example: Obtain the October cash disbursement journal and compare the payee, name, amount, and date on the cancelled cheque with cash disbursement journal for a randomly selected sample of 40 cheque numbers 1.4 Types of audit evidence - Physical examination: Physical examination consists of auditors physically verifying the existence of various assets On the other hand, auditors can also use a physical examination to verify the state or condition of an asset Auditors collect this type of audit evidence themselves Physical examinations are one of the main sources of audit evidence for fixed assets Example: Before a check is signed, it is a document; After it is signed, it becomes an asset; And when it is cancelled, it becomes a document again For correct auditing terminology, physical examination of the check can occur only while the check is an asset Physical examination is a direct means of verifying that an asset actually exists (existence objective), and to a lesser extent whether existing assets are recorded (completeness objective) - Confirmation: + Confirmations consist of auditors sending circularization to third-parties, which mainly include banks, accounts payables, and receivables Through confirmations, auditors confirm the closing balance recorded in the financial statements for particular parties The most effective audit evidence gather for accounts receivable is the circularization sent to receivable balance parties The same is true for accounts payable and bank balances + External confirmations allow auditors to obtain third-party accounts of the balances recorded by the client in its financial statements Example: A sample of accounts receivable should be confirmed by the auditor - Inspection: + Inspection is an audit procedure in which auditors inspect the records, documents or physical assets of the client + Internal documents have been prepared by the client and have not left the client’s premises (less persuasive) + External documents are usually on the client’s premises but were either prepared by a third party or processed by a third party (more persuasive) + Documentation (vouching) – auditor examination of client documents and records Example: The client often retains a customer order, a shipping document, and a duplicate sales invoice for each sales transaction These documents are useful evidence for the auditor to verify the accuracy of the client’s records for sales transactions - Analytical procedures: + Analytical procedures include performing various analyses on the financial statements of the client to identify any trends or discrepancies Auditors use their own calculations to perform analytical procedures Similarly, analytical procedures can help obtain an overall view of the changes in the financial year + Analytical procedures allow auditors to analyze the client’s financial statements to identify discrepancies or trends Example: An auditor may compare the gross margin percent in the current year with the preceding year’s - Inquiries of the client: + Inquiry is the obtaining of written or oral information from the client in response to questions from the auditor + Although considerable evidence is obtained from the client through inquiry, it usually cannot be regarded as conclusive because it is not from an independent source and may be biased in the client’s favor + Therefore, when the auditor obtains evidence through inquiry, it is normally necessary to obtain corroborating evidence through other procedures (Corroborating evidence is additional evidence to support the original evidence) Example: When the auditor wants to obtain information about the client’s method of recording and controlling accounting transactions, the auditor usually begins by asking the client how the internal controls operate Later, the auditor performs audit tests using inspection and observation to determine whether the transactions are recorded (completeness objective) and authorized (occurrence objective) in the manner stated - Recalculation: Recalculation involves rechecking a sample of calculations made by the client Rechecking client calculations consists of testing the client’s arithmetical accuracy and includes such procedures as extending sales invoices and inventory, adding journals and subsidiary records, and checking the calculation of depreciation expense and prepaid expenses A considerable portion of auditors’ recalculation is done by computer-assisted audit software Example: Checking the calculation of depreciation expense and prepaid expenses - Reperformance: + Reperformance is the process of auditors reperforming various internal control processes to check for deficiencies Audit evidence examples for reperformance include reperforming bank or account receivables/payables reconciliations to evaluate the internal controls in place at the client Through reperformance, auditors can also determine the control risk of a client + Reperformance allows auditors to reperform various internal control procedures of the client to identify any weaknesses Example: The cycle of sales recording process, procedures of payrolls calculation - Observation: + The next type of audit evidence that auditors can obtain is through observation In observation, auditors observe various aspects of the client’s operations or processes It can help auditors get a view of the client’s processes and analyze them for deficiencies Observation is different from a physical examination as it focuses on processes rather than physical assets + Observation helps auditors in going through the operations and processes of the client and observing them identify any weaknesses Example: The auditor may tour the plant to obtain a general impression of the client’s facilities 1.5 Characteristic of audit evidence An audit envidence requires a few characteristics to be considered valid The characteristics are as follows: - Nature: It is a term that describes the type of data received The details may be given in a variety of ways, including legal records, presentations, or oral confirmation from employees - Relevance: It refers to the pertinence of the information to provide an opinion - Reliability: It refers to determining whether or not the material can be trusted or used to form an opinion It is important to understand the information’s source - Source: Accounting evidence may be collected either directly from the corporation or from a third party Externally sourced data is usually thought to be more reliable and is therefore favored - Sufficiency: It considers whether the information given is of sufficient quantity to enable auditors to make an accurate determination If an auditor was issued only one bank statement from a corporation, he or she would not be able to draw any conclusions about the company’s financial situation  QUESTIONS CHAPTER 1: 10 Audit evidence obtained directly by the auditor will not be reliable if: A The auditor lacks the qualifications to evaluate the evidence B It is provided by the client’s attorney C The client denies its veracity D It is impossible for the auditor to obtain additional corroboratory evidence What documents are considered audit evidence? A Accounting book B Financial report C Documents and information obtained from previous audits D All answers above The least convincing type of proof of payment to the merchant is: A Supplier sales invoice B Bank statement provided by customer C Calculations made by auditors D Oral evidence The methods of obtaining audit evidence are: A Check, observe B Calculation C Verification and confirmation D Analysis and evaluation E All of the above THE APPROPRIATENESS AND SUFFICIENCY OF AUDIT EVIDENCE 2.1 Explain the meaning of the appropriateness and sufficiency of audit evidence - According to ISA 50015, the objective of the auditor is to design and perform audit procedures in such away as to enable the auditor to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to be able to draw reasonable conclusions on which to base the auditor’s opinion As explained in ISA 20016, reasonable assurance is 11 obtained when the auditor has obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence to reduce audit risk (that is, the risk that the auditor expresses an inappropriate opinion when the financial statements are materially misstated) to an acceptably low level - The sufficiency and appropriateness of audit evidence are interrelated Sufficiency is the measure of the quantity of audit evidence The quantity of audit evidence needed is affected by the auditor’s assessment of the risks of misstatement (the higher the assessed risks, the more audit evidence is likely to be required) and also by the quality of such audit evidence (the higher the quality, the less may be required) Obtaining more audit evidence, however, may not compensate for its poor quality Appropriateness is the measure of the quality of audit evidence; that is, its relevance and its reliability in providing support for the conclusions on which the auditor’s opinion is based The reliability of evidence is influenced by its source and by its nature, and is dependent on the individual circumstances under which it is obtained - Audit evidence is necessary to support the auditor’s opinion and report It is cumulative in nature and is primarily obtained from audit procedures performed during the course of the audit It may also include information obtained from other sources such as previous audits In addition to other sources inside and outside the entity, the entity’s accounting records are an important source of audit evidence Audit evidence comprises both information that supports and corroborates management’s assertions, and any information that contradicts such assertions In addition, in some cases the absence of information (for example, management’s refusal to provide a requested representation) is used by the auditor, and therefore, also constitutes audit evidence - Most of the auditor’s work in forming the auditor’s opinion consists of obtaining and evaluating audit evidence Audit procedures to obtain audit evidence can include inspection, observation, confirmation, recalculation, re performance, and analytical procedures, often in some combination, in addition to inquiry Although inquiry may provide important audit evidence, and may even produce evidence of a misstatement, inquiry alone ordinarily does not provide sufficient audit evidence of the absence of a material misstatement at the assertion level, nor of the operating effectiveness of controls 12 2.2 Factors that affect sufficient appropriate audit evidence Below are some examples of the factors that affect sufficient appropriate audit evidence - Inherent risk: Inherent risk is part of the risk of material misstatement; so usually the higher the inherent risk is, the more audit evidence is required - Control risk: Control risk is also part of the risk of material misstatement; in this case, if the control risk is high, more audit evidence and high-quality one may be required - Materiality: Usually the items with a big amount will require more and better audit evidence, both in term of quantity and quality - Past audit experience: Auditors usually have more knowledge about the old client comparing to the new one For example, if the client is the same as the previous year and the internal control didn’t change much, auditors may require less audit evidence to support their opinion comparing to those of new clients - Audit findings: The result of audit work may change the whole concept of sufficient appropriate audit evidence For example, if auditors find any error or fraud during audit work, they may need to revise their planning and more audit evidence, both quantity and quality, may be required - Type and source of information: Some types of information can provide better audit evidence than others, e.g the bank confirmation letter alone can ensure the existence, valuation, and rights and obligation assertions - Reliability of information: Reliability of information is the factor that directly affect sufficient appropriate audit evidence For example, in determining the fair value of a financial asset, if such asset is listed in the stock market, we can directly use the stock market information to determine its value This is because the stock market information is considered reliable On the other hand, if such asset is not listed in the stock market, many more workings and information may be required These factors compromise the sufficient appropriateness of the evidence, and make sure that the material provided is up to par with them is integral to the overall audit procedure In this manner, the audit can proceed as intended and provide a fair and comprehensive view of the organization’s conditions, allowing 13 the auditor to successfully develop a verdict and report back to the end-user accordingly  QUESTIONS CHAPTER 2: Question 1: ISA 500 Audit Evidence requires auditors to obtain sufficient and appropriate audit evidence Appropriateness is a measure of the quality of audit evidence; that is, its relevance and its reliability Required: Identify and explain THREE factors which influence the reliability of audit evidence Answer: The following factors or general is actions can be made when assessing the reliability of audit evidence: – The reliability of audit evidence is increased when it is obtained from independent sources outside the entity – The reliability of audit evidence which is generated internally is increased when the related controls, including those over its preparation and maintenance, imposed by the entity are effective – Audit evidence obtained directly by the auditor is more reliable than audit evidence obtained indirectly or by inference – Audit evidence in documentary form, whether paper, electronic or other medium, is more reliable than evidence obtained orally – Audit evidence provided by original documents is more reliable than audit evidence provided by photocopies or facsimiles, the reliability of which may depend on the controls over their preparation and maintenance Question 2: An audit junior has been assigned to the audit of bank and cash balances of Howard Co He has obtained the following audit evidence: Bank reconciliation carried out by the cashier Bank confirmation report from Howard’s bankers Verbal confirmation from the directors that the overdraft limit is to be increased Cash count carried out by the audit junior What is the order of reliability of the audit evidence starting with the most reliable first? 14 A 4, 2, and B 2, 1, and C 4, 3, and D 2, 4, and Answer: D DISTINGUISH BETWEEN INTERNAL DOCUMENTATION AND EXTERNAL DOCUMENTATION AS AUDIT EVIDENCE 3.1 What is internal documentation and external documentation? - What is internal documentation? + An internal document is a record that is created and stored within a business The document is used to support the processes of the organization Examples of internal documents are: • Employee time cards and timesheets • Production plans • Purchase requisitions • Receiving reports • Sales orders • Scrap authorizations + Internal documents are not shared with outside parties When an auditor is examining an organization's books, little reliance is placed on internal documents, since they are created internally and so are more likely to have been fabricated or altered than documents acquired from third parties - What is external documentation? + External documentation usually consists of user guides and sometimes includes a detailed description of the design and implementation features of the program The documentation team usually develops external documentation for the customers Concerning the difference between internal and external documentation, for example, internal documentation explains how the code works, and external documentation describes how to use it 3.2 Types of internal and external documents - Types of internal documents: + Types of internal documents: 15 ● Legal documents ● Business documents ● Accounting documents ● Other planning and control business Examples: Internal documentation details the process of development of a product such as for example: ● Standards ● Project documentation ● Business correspondence notes, etc + Types of external documents: There are sorts: ● Business documents ● Third-party documents ● General business information Examples: External documentation refers to the documents that detail about the product itself, such as, system documentation and user documentation ● Some examples of system documentation:  Requirement documents  Design strategy documents  Architecture documentation  Program source code directory  Help manuals, etc ● Some examples of user documentation:  Tutorial guides  User guides  Troubleshooting documents  Installation guide  Reference guide, etc 3.3 Distinguish between internal documentation and external documentation  The same between Internal Documentation: 16 Documentation & External - Internal documentation and external documentation are a set of documents that provide information on a program - Both provide developers and end-users alike with instructions and information on the program  The difference between Internal Documentation & External Documentation: Internal documentation External documentation Internal documentation is External documentation is written in a program written in a place where people as comments who need to use the software can read about how to use the software documentation External documentation would Distinguish Internal between Internal Documentation & External Documentation would be comments and be things like flow charts, UML remarks made by the programmer in the form of line comments Internal documentation is created within the programming department and shows the design and implementation of the project (flow charts, UML diagrams, design documents, etc.) Internal documentation is created and used just within the client's organization, never reaching out to a customer or vendor, whereas Internal documentation is helpful for the firm's managers, directors, or other internal parties for making significant business decisions 17 diagrams, requirements documents, design documents etc External documentation is created by the user and Programmer/System Analyst External documentation is the firm's document that can be accessed by any external parties such as stakeholders outside the business External documentation helps outsiders, such as vendors, investors, etc., decide to offer funds/material to the business - Timecards and timesheets - Information about prices for employees - Annual reports - Production schedules These documents are readily - Requisitions for purchases obtainable for outsiders.Internal Exam documentation is regarded as These documents are never more reliable as it facilitates available for external parties data transfer within the firm only Therefore, probability there manipulations/frauds is in less of the organization as external parties are not involved QUESTIONS CHAPTER 3: Question 1: Which option is an internal document type? Business documents Accounting documents Third-party documents Other planning and control business A B C D 124 The correct answer is D 124 Question 2: Which of the following is most likely an example of external documentation? A Contract between the buyer and seller of an asset 18 B Process flow diagram that guides employees when they receive gifts from clients C Policy document that states the organisation will not engage in insider trading Answer: A Contract between the buyer and seller of an asset Question 3: Compared with external documentation, internal documentation is more likely to: A Legally bind B Inform the public C Document policies, procedures, and processes Answer: C Document policies, procedures, and processes Question 4: Where is internal documentation found? A Inside the programmer’s head B On documents for the end user C Within the source code of the softaware Answer: C Within the source code of the softaware BẢNG NGHIỆM THU KẾT QUẢ THẢO LUẬN BỘ MÔN: PRINCIPLES OF AUDITING LBp: K55DD1 NhEm: STT Họ tên Mức độ đánh giá 19 10 Trần Thị Thu Linh Đoàn Khánh Huyền Lưu Ngọc Huyền Nguyễn Thu Hương Vũ Thị Mai Lan Đỗ Lê Thùy Linh Trần Khánh Linh Phạm Như Mai Vũ Ngọc Mai Nguyễn Tuấn Minh Nộp Nộp nhanh chậm + + + + + + + + + + Nhận xét nhEm trưởng: ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Hà Nô =i, ngày 15 th?ng 10 năm 2021 Xác nhânmcủa nhEm trưởng BẢNG ĐÁNH GIÁ KẾT QUẢ HỌP NHĨM THẢO LUẬN Mơn: PRINCIPLES OF AUDITING LBp: K55DD1 NhEm: 20 STT Điểm theo danh sách trưởng nhEm chom Họ tên SV Trần Thị Thu Linh Đoàn Khánh Huyền Lưu Ngọc Huyền Nguyễn Thu Mn SV LBp 19D155027 K55DD1 19D155028 K55DD1 19D155029 K55DD1 Giáo viên kết Ghi chu luận 19D155030 K55DD1 Hương Vũ Thị Mai Lan 19D155052 K55DD1 Phạm Như Mai 19D155031 K55DD1 Vũ Ngọc Mai 19D155032 K55DD1 Nguyễn Tuấn Minh 19D155035 K55DD1 Hà Nô =i, ngày 15 th?ng 10 năm 2021 Xác nhânmcủa nhEm trưởng 21 ... tài ? ?The concept of audit evidence? Explain the meaning of the appropriateness and sufficiency of audit evidence Distinguish between internal documentation and external documentation as audit evidence. .. PRICIPLES OF AUDITING LBp: K55DD1 NhEm: Đề tài: The concept of audit evidence? Explain the meaning of the appropriateness and sufficiency of audit evidence Distinguish between internal documentation and. .. and sufficiency of audit evidence Distinguish between internal documentation and external documentation as audit evidence Give examples of each THE CONCEPT OF AUDIT EVIDENCE I.1 Definition Auditing