A.ELEMENTS OF FICTION 1.SETTING The circumstances of a story (where and when the story happens) 2.PLOT The structure or organization of events that make up a fictional story a.Exposition situation Beginning of the story that introduces Conflict Character Setting b.Rising action Events before the climax, character’s attempt to solve the problem but fails c.Climax The turning point of greatest suspense or action d.Falling Action Actions and events that occur after the climax e.Resolution End of the story when the problem will solve
BRITISH LITERATURE REVIEW What is the difference between SIMILE and METAPHOR? Simile: it is a comparison in which a function words is used like/as Metaphor: It is a hidden comparison without function words A ELEMENTS OF FICTION SETTING The circumstances of a story (where and when the story happens) PLOT The structure or organization of events that make up a fictional story a Exposition/ situation Beginning of the story that introduces Conflict Character Setting b Rising action Events before the climax, character’s attempt to solve the problem but fails c Climax The turning point of greatest suspense or action d Falling Action Actions and events that occur after the climax e Resolution End of the story when the problem will solve What are the basic element of PLOT? basic elements of PLOT: Situation Rising action Climax Falling action Resolution CONFLICT An external conflict is between a character and an outside force Man versus man Man versus nature Man versus society An internal conflict Man versus himself/ herself How many kind of conflicts are there? What are they? There are kinds of conflicts They are internal conflict and external conflict B CHARACTER These are the common types of characters we see in literature Round character Have various characteristics or traits Can change or grow Flat character Readers see one side of a flat character Usually minor characters and reveal one or two traits The difference between a round character and flat character: A round character has many sides of personality He can grow, change or develop He is usually main character A flat character has only or traits/ characteristics Readers can see just sides of his personality He doesn’t grow or change He is usually a minor character C THEME Theme is a lesson from the story about life that the writer wants to teach readers (Theme is a lesson readers can get after reading a story) Theme is not a topic Theme is the point being made about the Topic Theme is a STATEMENT about LIFE A GOOD THEME teaches a VALUABLE LESSON about LIFE D CHARACTERIZATION The difference between DIRECT CHARACTERIZATION and INDIRECT CHARACTERIZATION: Direct characterization when the author TELLS the audience what the personality of the writer is Indirect characterization is when the writer SHOWS things that revearal the personality of the characters How many ways can a writer develop his characters? There are ways: direct and indirect E THE LUNCHEON The writer: Somerset Maugham (1874- 1965) in France The POINT OF VIEW in THE LUNCHEON: First Person Point Of View Theme: Sometime you need to say no Greediness had to pay Don’t judge a book by its cover Don’t trust a person by appearance Plot: Exposition: o Setting: A Foyot’s restaurant in Paris at 12.00 on Thusday o Main characters: Narrator: A poor writer The woman: a 40 year-old fan Rising action :She said: “I never eat anything for luncheon” But she does the opposite She ate salmon, caviar and drank half a bottle of champagne, and so on Climax: when the bill came Resolution: the man paid money for the luncheon The poor writer has had his revenge: “Today she weighs one hundred and thirty-three kilograms!” F THE OLD ENGLISH PERIOD (450 – 1066 A.D) The another name of THE OLD ENGLISH PERIOD is Anglo-Saxon BEOWULF Beowulf is the 1st masterpiece of English literature Nobody know who the writer is It takes place in 6th C in Denmark and Sweden It is written around 8th C It is set in Scandinavia The 1st part of it takes place in Heorot, King Hrothgar’s glorious mead hall The character: Beowulf: a Geatish hero, is strong and able King Hrothgar: The king of Danes He is a father figure for Beowulf and the model for the kind of king he will become Grendel: a demon descended from Cain Every night, it killing and kidnapping women and children Grendel’s mother: She want to revenge for her son’s death Dragon: who guards a horde of treasure in a hidden mound, is Beowulf’s final nemesis When the hoard is disturbed, the dragon attacks the Geats There are battles: Beowulf and Grendel (by bare hands) Beowulf and Grendel’s mother (use sword) Beowulf and the dragon (full-armored) Themes: Good always win the evil Actions speak louder than words Death and defeat Summary: Beowulf is one of the most famous poems in Odd English It is about three thousand lines long and the story revolves around battles In the poem, Beowulf, a warrior from Geats comes to the rescue of Hrothgar, the king of the Danes whose land is being attracked by monster, Grendels Beowulf succeeds and defeats Grendels To show his prowess, he even kills Grendel with bare hands However, the tension of the story escalates, because Grendel’s mother is now on the warpath to the revenge As the story progresses, Beowulf kills Grendel’s mother in her lair with a sword that giants of a past time one used After the victory, Beowulf returns home to Geats Fifty years pass However, there is one final battle There is dragon that plagues that people because of stolen treasure More importantly, Beowulf now has to defend his people He fails at first, but then with the help of Wiglaf, a servant, chases the dragon into its lair and kills it However, in the process, Beowulf receives a fatal wound and dies Finally, he is buried by the sea G THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD (1066 – 1485) GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1340 – 1400) Often called “ the Father of English Literature” Born into a well-to-do wine merchant of London Later married one of the ladies in waiting to the Queen The 1st writer to be buried in Westminster Abbey (1400) His most famous work: The Canterbury Tales The original plan for the work: 120 stories but Chaucer completed only 24 THE CANTERBURY TALES It is written around 1387 and published in 1400 - the year he died The 1st book of poetry written in the English language A series of separate stories told by pilgrims en route to the shrine of St Thomas a Becket The original and the most realistic narrative of the whole middle English period Original 120 stories, published 24 stories Setting: Collection of narrative: group of 29 people (30 people include the Innkeeper) from all layers of society who pass the time along their pilgrimage to Canterbury to visit the shrine of St.Thomas a Becket 29 pilgrims gathered one April evening at the Tabard Inn outside London on their way to the Cathedral of Saint Thomas a Becket After supper, the Inn-keeper proposes a plan to reduce the tedium of the long journey, each pilgrimage would tell stories to the way to Canterbury and more the way back The best story-teller would be offered a free supper at the Tabard Inn The owner of the Inn would be the judge Good story-telling and miniature of England of the 14th C characters, representatives of the middle classes of the time H THE RENAISSANCE ( The Elizabethan Age) ( 1485 – 1660) The Renaissance ( thời kì phục hưng) began in Italy during the 14th C and extended to England at least past the middle of the 17th C I WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (1564- 1616) Background: Born on April 26,1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon He attended the Stratford grammar school, King’s New School 1582 (at age 18): married Anne Hathaway, a woman eight years his senior Having children: 1583: their first child Susanna 1585 the twins, Hamnet and Judith 1594 became shareholder in the Lord Chamberlain’s Men in London Died on April 23,1616 Words 154 sonnets from 1592 - 1598 At least 38 plays: At You Like It, The Winter’s Tale, The Tempent,Etc narrative poems 10 tragedies (bi kịch): Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Julius Caesar,etc II HAMLET (BETWEEN 1600 TO 1601) Full name is Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark Type of work: play Hamlet is Shakespeare’s longest play with 4.042 lines The first performance at the Globe theater between 1600 to 1601 The first published 1603 (printed) Something is rotten in Denmark Character: Hamlet The school of Hamlet: Wittenberg ( Germany) The prince of Denmark A gentle deep thinking loving man Self- aware The former King – Ghost (King Hamlet) Being murdered => seeing vengeance Claudius ( uncle of Hamlet) The antagonist ( người đối lập) of Hamlet The king of Denmark A deceitful corrupt jealous and controlling man Lush for power Gertrude The Queen of Denmark Married Claudius (2 months) Ophelia- Hamlet’s girlfriend A young bright and gentle woman Be devoted to Hamlet Polonius – Father of Ophelia and Laertes The Lord Chamberlain A scheming conniving old man Laertes – Brother of Ophelia Adventurous but obedient Gentle loving older brother Theme: The impossibility of certainly The mystery of death The complexity of action The nation as a diseased body Climax Killed Polonius The King poisoned wine to kill Hamlet but the Queen drunk it Summary: King- father of Hamlet is dead ( by Claudius murder Hamlet’s father by pouring poison into his ears) and Claudius- uncle of Hamlet, married Queen Gertrude after months The ghost of dead King appears and ask Hamlet, who expresses his anger against his mother for her hasty remarriage, to revenge Polonius, the King’s counselor and Laertes- his son, warn OpheliaPolonius’s daughter, against Hamlet In order to find the truth, Hamlet asks a group of actors to act a play that shows events similar to the killing of King in front of Claudius and Gertrude and he becomes sure of what the ghost told him Hamlet wants to kill the king, but finds him praying so he confronts his mother and kills Polonius who was hiding behind the curtain, which makes Ophelia become mad and then kills herself The king sends Hamlet to England, giving them orders to kill the prince but Hamlet realizes that and successfully returns to Denmark to find his girlfriend died Claudius puts a plan to kill Hamlet by the poisoned sword in a duel with Laertes who also wants to revenge for his father and sister The king offers Hamlet the poisoned dink but he does not take it The Queen dinks it Hamlet is wounded with the poisoned sword, and Hamlet wounds Laertes with the same sword As Laertes is dying, he tells Hamlet that the king is blame for the poisoned sword and the poison in the cup Hamlet stabs the king and forces him to drink from the cup Hamlet urges Horatio to tell his story and died Why Hamlet call a tragedy? Because it begins with a death and end with many death In the end, all main characters die except Horatio Why Hamlet didn’t kill Claudius? Because he didn’t want Claudius went to the heaven What does the ghost tell Hamlet to about his mother? Leave her to heaven According to Polonius, why has Hamlet gone mad? Because he’s in love with Ophelia Which of the following characters cannot see the ghost? Gertrude SONNET Definition: o A sonnet is in verse form and has 14 lines of iambic pentameter Shakespeare’s sonnets follow the pattern “abab cdcd efef gg” o All the lines in iambic pentameter have feet consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one (ko nhấn âm đầu tiên) Iambic pentameter has: o Ten syllables in each line o Five pairs of alternating unstressed and stressed syllables o The rhythm in each line sounds like ba-BUM/ ba-BUM/ ba-BUM/ ba-BUM/ ba-BUM Each pair of syllables is called an iambus You will notice that each iambus is made up of one unstressed and one stressed beat (ba-BUM) I THE RESTORATION/ THE AGE OF REASON/ THE ENLIGHTENMENT (1660 – 1798) DANIEL DEFOE (1660- 1731) He was born in 1660 in London, England He is a trader, writer, journalist and pamphleteer He has more than 300 works (books, pamphlets and journal), including a variety of topics He published his first literary piece, political pamphlet in 1683 ROBINSON CRUSOE (APRIL 25,1719) Setting Crusoe began his journey in September in 1659 The setting that is the most famous is the island on which Crusoe becomes stranded This is a forested island somewhere in the South Atlantic ocean Themes The importance of hard work Courage and determination Relationship with nature Climax: Crusoe become shipwrecked on an island near Trinidad forcing him to fend for himself and his basic need Character: Robinson Crusoe and Friday First point of view Summary Being in solitude he often repents over his past deeds He starts reading the Bible for peace He also stats maintaining the regular journal in which he describes all his day-to-day activities He finds an abundance of animals on the island and using his gun as he manages to kill them for food He also makes a canoe becomes too big and heavy for him to move Once he becomes very ill and prays to God He is finally recovered He has a cat, a dog (that he rescued from the ship) and parrot whom he teaches to speak to him All these animals give him comfort He considers himself to be the monarch of the island After spending a number of year on the island he finds his gunpowder decreasing Thus he starts community animals He visits the other side of the island and finds ample of fruits there Once he finds a sufficient and thus loses peace for years However, he does not find any person After some years he finds for the first time a group of cannibals eating human flesh He runs back to hits hut and starts extending the protection The fear of being eaten by cannibals always remains in his mind One night, he dreams of rescuing a boy His dreams come true He recues a boy from cannibals killing two of them He names the boy Friday as he was rescued on that day Friday becomes his faithful servant After some day, they happen to witness another wretched ship and also two people who are brought by cannibals for eating Crusoe desires to save them He and Friday kill 17 cannibals One of them turn out to be the father of Friday and the other a Spaniard From the father of Friday, Crusoe comes to know that on their country ( Friday’s) 17 Germans have been there who are though kept as guests by Friday’s community yet they have difficulty as they are not cannibals and cannot eat human flesh Crusoe desires to rescue them as well They start growing food so as to make it enough for all of them (including 17 Germans) to survive during their voyage When the food becomes sufficient, Crusoe send Friday’s father and the Spaniard to rescue those Germans J 19TH CENTURY (1798 – 1900) K THE ROMANTIC PERIOD (1798-1837) The beginning of that is usually set in 1798 when William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge published Lyrical Ballads Historical Background: The American Revolution (1775) and The French Revolution (1789) The age of reason Stressed reason and judgement Concerned with the general or Romanticism Emphasized imagination and emotion Concerned with the particular universal in experience Asserted the values of society as a Championed the value of the individual whole human being Sought to follow the rules derived from Strove for freedom authority Took inspiration from classical Greek Took interest in medieval subjects and and Roman authors setting WILLIAM WORDSWORTH (1770-1850) Born in Cockermouth, Cumberland in England Died on April 23, 1850 (80yrs old) in England Job: Poet Degree: Cambridge University Outstanding works: Lyrical Ballads, The Prelude, Poems in Two Volume, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, etc I WANDERED LONELY AS A CLOUD (DAFFODILS) A lyrical poem Written in 1804 1st published in 1807 BYRON (1788 – 1824) He is regarded as one of the greatest British poets and is best known for his amorous lifestyle and his brilliant use of the English language George Gordon Byron was born on January 22, 1788 He died on April 19, 1824, at age 36 In 1969, a memorial to Byron was finally placed on the floor of Westminster Abbey ( like Geoffrey Chaucer – 1400) WHEN WE TWO PARTED (1816) L THE VICTORIAN PERIOD ( 1832 – 1900) Called a combination of romantic 10 Historical background: England rule extended to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, South Africa and many other parts of the world CHARLOTTE BRONTE ( 1816 – 1855) She was born in 1816, the 3rd child of Reverend Patrick and Maria Bronte in Thornton of Yorkshire, England The pseudonyms ( bút danh): Currer Bell ( 1845) The title of 1st novel of Charlotte Bronte is The Professor The title of 2nd novel of Charlotte Bronte is Jane Eyre In 1854, she caught pneumonia and never recovered She died on March 31st 1855 Why did Charlotte Bronte and her sister take the pseudonyms is “ Bell”? Because they want to avoid and prejudice and gender discrimination JANE EYRE (1847) Was published in 1847 1st point of view Characters: Jane Eyre Mr Edward Rochester St John Rivers Adele Bertha Mason Mrs Reed Helen Burns Diana and Mary Rivers Mr Brocklehurst ( The cruel, hypocritical master of the Lowood School) Theme: Love and passion Religion Voice of women Gender relations Independence The initial situation: Jane is poor orphan girl with nothing to help her in the world but a few nasty relatives and her education as a teacher of music, drawing, and French Actually, it’s only the education that will help her – and her own initiative Conflict: Jane falls in love with her new employer, Mr Rochester, but can’t act on her feelings because they are separated by rank and fortune 11 Complication: It turns out that Mr Rochester is married already- to a madwoman! Climax: Jane runs away from Thornfield so that she won’t be tempted to live in sin with Rochester Suspense: Jane considers going to India with St John Rivers to missionary work Denouement: Jane mysteriously hears Mr Rochester’s voice from miles away and feels called back to him Conclusion: Jane and Rochester get married and live happily ever after (even though Rochester is minus one eye and one hand) It’s implied that St John Rivers dies alone in India Notes: Red room is the room where her uncle die Mrs Frai Fox is house keeper in Thornfield Hall Jane comes from Lowood School and lived years in there There are lots of reasons she feels she can’t act on her feelings She doesn’t want to seem like she has ideas above her station and Rochester is pretending to be interested in this nasty hussy Blanche Ingram The relationship between Adele and Mr Rochester: She is adopted by Rochester M THE MODERN AGE ( 20TH CENTURY) VIRGINA WOOLF ( 1882- 1941) A HAUNTED HOUSE (1921) 12 ... conflict and external conflict B CHARACTER These are the common types of characters we see in literature Round character Have various characteristics or traits Can change or grow Flat... name of THE OLD ENGLISH PERIOD is Anglo-Saxon BEOWULF Beowulf is the 1st masterpiece of English literature Nobody know who the writer is It takes place in 6th C in Denmark and Sweden It... ENGLISH PERIOD (1066 – 1485) GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1340 – 1400) Often called “ the Father of English Literature? ?? Born into a well-to-do wine merchant of London Later married one of the ladies in