(LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ) An in-depth analysis of the English - Vietnamese translation version of Jack London''s famous novel The Call of the Wild . M.A Thesis Linguistics

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST – GRADUATE STUDIES ****** NGUYỄN THỊ HOÀN AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH – VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION VERSION OF JACK LONDON’S FAMOUS NOVEL “THE CALL OF THE WILD” (PHÂN TÍCH SÂU VỀ BẢN DỊCH ANH – VIỆT CUỐN TIỂU THUYẾT NỔI TIẾNG CỦA JACK LONDON “TIẾNG GỌI NƠI HOANG DÔ) MA MINOR THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code 60 22 15 HANOI, 2012 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST – GRADUATE STUDIES ****** NGUYỄN THỊ HOÀN AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH – VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION VERSION OF JACK LONDON’S FAMOUS NOVEL “THE CALL OF THE WILD” (PHÂN TÍCH SÂU VỀ BẢN DỊCH ANH – VIỆT CUỐN TIỂU THUYẾT NỔI TIẾNG CỦA JACK LONDON “TIẾNG GỌI NƠI HOANG DÔ) MA MINOR THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code 60 22 15 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Lê Hùng Tiến HANOI, 2012 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS Declaration ………………………………………………………………… Pages i Acknowledgements …………………………………………………… ii Abstract …………………………………………………………………… iii List of Abbreviations ……………………………………………………… iv INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………… I Rationale for the study ……………………………………………… II Objectives of the study ……………………………………………… III Scope of the study ……………………………………………… IV.Method of the study ………………………………………………… V Organization of the study…………………………………………… CHAPTER I – LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………… I What is translation? …………………………………………… II Literary translation ……………………………………………… III II.1 General characteristics of literary language ………………… II.2 Problems of literary translation ……………………………… Translation Quality Assessment……………………………… III.1 Proposed models ………………………………………………… III.1.1 Nida’s response - based approach……………………………… III.1.2 Koller’s text - based approach…………………………………… III.1.3 Peter Newmark’s comprehensive criticism approach………… III.1.4 Julianne House’s functional – pragmatic approach…………… III.2 Representation of Julianne House’s TQA model………………… III.2.1 Covert and Overt Translation……………………………………… III.2.2 Representation of J House’s model……………………………… CHAPTER II - ANALYSIS OF THE SOURCE TEXT, BASED ON J 11 HOUSE’S MODEL I Brief introduction of the chapter………………………………… I.1 The author Jack London………………………………………… 11 11 v TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com I.2 The novel “The Call of the Wild”……………………………… 11 I.3 Introduction of Chapter 6………………………………………… 11 II Discourse features of the source text……………………………… 11 II.1 Syntactic features……………………………………………………… 11 II.2 Textual features………………………………………………………… 19 Analysis of the source text based on J House’s model……… 22 III III.1 Dimension of language user…………………………………………… 22 III.2 Dimension of language use…………………………………………… 23 IV.Statement of function 28 CHAPTER III: COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SOURCE TEXT 29 AND ITS VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION VERSION I Comparison between the source text and the target text based on 29 J House’s model ……………………………………………… I.1 Medium……………………………………………………………… 29 I.2 Participation……………………………………………………… 30 I.3 Social Role Relationship………………………………………… 32 I.4 Social Attitude……………………………………………………… 33 I.5 Province…………………………………………………………… 35 II Overtly Erroneous Errors………………………………………… 39 Statement of Quality and Translation Type………………… 39 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………… 42 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………… 45 APPENDIX………………………………………………………………… I III vi TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com INTRODUCTION I Rationale for the study Over the past years, translation has been playing a crucial part in bridging two cultures and has enabled the advances of modern life and internationalism of around the world In literature, foreign poetry and prose into the curriculum also increasingly covers much ground, which brings translation to more attention However, the translation of literary works is not an easy – to – deal matter and the question of how a good translation text is measured has never ceased to challenge linguists In fact, Translation Quality Assessment (TQA) has been addressed by many linguists so far and it remains a controversial topic with many a theory proposed Among many linguists who have put forward models to carry out a comprehensive assessment, J House is chosen by most researchers because of the best applicability of her model, based mainly on the theory of functional grammar by K Halliday The novel “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London is the author’s first literary work, which helped him rise to the prominence as the top author of American literature in the early 20th century The researcher has taken the translation version by Nguyễn Công Ái and Vũ Tuấn Phương to measure how well the translation is The novel also characterizes Jack London’s writing style, straightforward but formal, which is embraced in each chapter of the novel In this minor study, Chapter of the novel titled “For the love of a man” is chosen as the data for the analysis This chapter is the only one which reveals Buck’s passionate love for his master and this love demonstrates the humanity in the whole novel II Objectives of the study The study aims at investigating the translation quality of the target text of Chapter in full comparison with the source text, based on J House’s model At the end of this study, the answers to the following research questions should be provided: What are the features of the ST, according to J House’s model? What are the mismatches of the TT in comparison with the ST? TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com III What kind of translation, covert or overt, is employed? Scope of the study As referred to earlier, J House’s model is adopted to assess the quality of the translation in this research This results from the fact that the models proposed by Peter Newmark and other linguists’ only suit professionals in translation, whilst J House’s model can be widely applied by researchers In terms of the data for analysis, the whole novel should have been adopted to provide the researcher with a sufficient insight into the translation quality of the Vietnamese target text However, due to its modest scale, this study is merely confined to chapter of the novel “The Call of the Wild”, which partly features Jack London’s basic writing style in the novel With such a limit set out at the beginning of the study, all the analysis and comparison between the ST and the TT is only restricted in this chapter IV Method of the study The principal method employed in the study is Documentary Research, using the outside sources (the ST and TT of chapter – “The Call of the Wild) to support the whole procedure of translation quality assessment The researcher also combines both qualitative and quantitative research, analyzing data and providing the readers with deeper insights into the distinctions and value in the ST and TT Some important conclusions can be drawn from these analyses V Organization of the study The first chapter of the study will be Literature Review in which some related concepts of translation theory and typical models of translation quality assessment are discussed In the second chapter, the research will introduce an overview of the original text’s content, and J House’s model applied to analyze the ST In the third chapter, the researcher will apply J House’s model to analyze and compare English ST and its Vietnamese TT to find out mismatches and draw a conclusion of what type of translation is employed in the study TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW I What is translation? There have been many different definitions of translation so far From the researcher’s point of view, however, following definitions should be taken into consideration: Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language (Peter Newmark, 1988) Translation deals with the signs and attempts to preserve semiotic, as well other pragmatic and communicative, properties which signs display (Basil Hatim and Ian Mason, 1990) Translation is the replacement of a text in the source language by a semantically and pragmatically equivalent text in the target language (J.House, 1977) Translation is to produce in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence to the message of the source language, first in meaning and second in style (Nida, 1975) Translation means the replacement of a text in one language (Source Language) by an equivalent in another language (Target Language) (Cartford, 1965) The five definitions of Peter Newmark, Basil Hatim and Ian Mason, J House, Nida, and Cartford are expressed in different ways However, they all share the same essence of translation which lies in the preservation of semantic, pragmatic, and textual aspects of meaning across two different languages II Literary translation Literary studies have always, explicitly or implicitly, presupposed a certain notion of ―literariness‖ This notion of ―literariness‖ is crucial for the theoretical thinking about literary translation In the following part, the researcher attempts to put forward some general characteristics of literary language and typical problems of literary translation II.1 General characteristics of literary language TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Literature is the use of well-chosen words to tell a story through narrative, involving characters in conflict, or to express an emotion or idea through artfully arranged images The purpose of literature is to entertain and instruct (or to delight or enlighten) the reader through the use of imagination Literature can shock, amaze or help readers make an escape from the reality for a while As far as we know, literary language is a part of general linguistics Thus, almost linguistic features used in literary texts are taken from general linguistics However, literary language possesses some typical characteristics Literary language possesses all the features that assist in realizing the descriptive goal of literary texts As Peter Mark (1995: 13) states, there is ―an emphasis linking verbs, adjective, and adjectival nouns.‖ Besides, literary texts consist of the linguistic particularities relating to ―major topics as cohesion, manning patterns, modality, and evaluation, the structure of narratives, the recording of character speech and thought, clause processes and participants, and the dynamic of dialogue, presupposition and textual revision.‖ (Michael Toolan – 1998) Literary texts, especially in poetry, also carry the metrical and parametrical features of language This is an adaptation of the linguistic form which is called the prosodic phonological form A linguistic form which is also used in literary language is parallelism in syntax, semantics, and lexis With regards to narrative, one of the aspects of narrative form which exists independently of language is the macro-structure, or large-scale structure As far as we know, it seems generally agreed upon that the structure of the stories cannot adequately be accounted for in terms of their sentence structures alone Notions such as plot, scheme, theme, and plan have been used, both in classical literary scholarship and in structural analysis of myths, folktales and other simple stories, in order to denote more global narrative structures In addition, literary language is closely related to cultural elements These cultural elements marked out the patterns and threads in the narrative whereby the overall cultural gap that has to be bridged and gauged, and some consideration can also be given to the balance of items to be domesticated and foreignised Moreover, these elements provide insights to the author and an TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com understanding of the undercurrents in the novel It is, thus, clear that cultural elements are central to any translation To support this idea, Nord (1997:11) states that ―… a translation theory cannot draw on a linguistic theory alone… What it needs is a theory of culture to explain the specificity of communicative situations and the relationship between verbalized and nonverbalized situational elements.‖ II.2 Problems of literary translation In order to create a good translation, a translator has to deal with many challenges, especially regarding literary translation where a number of problems remain Long – standing debates mainly consider finding equivalents not just for lexis, syntax, or concepts, but also for features like style, genre, figurative language, historical stylistic dimensions, polyvalence, connotations as well as denotations, cultural items and culture-specific concepts and values Options made by translators such as whether to retain stylistic dimension of the original become critical in literary translation As regards poetry translation, it is necessary for the translator to determine whether the verse should be translated into verse, or into free verse or into prose In poetry, the form of linguistic units cannot be modified without a corresponding change in semantic, pragmatic, textual meaning Since the form cannot be detached from its meaning, this meaning cannot be expressed in another ways such as paraphrases explanations and borrowing of new words is impossible in a translation of a poetic-aesthetic work of art One of the prominent problems in translating literary texts is the differences between cultures It is easily recognized by a translator who uses a cultural approach that each language contains elements which are derived from its culture In addition, every text is anchored in a specific culture, and conventions of text production and reception vary from culture to culture In fact, translation is considered as a form of intercultural communication which poses the problems not merely at verbal level or linguistic level The awareness that one does not seek barely verbal equivalents but also for cultural equivalents, if there are any, comes in handy in prompting the translator to decide the strategies he or she has to use Accordingly, TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com translation is no longer a matter of finding verbal equivalents but also interpreting a text encoded in one semiotic system with the assistance of another The whole enterprise of finding cultural equivalents raises awareness of the difference and similarities between cultures It also brings into focus the critical question of cultural identity Apparently, literary translation exerts great influence on the target culture, and at the same time, the target culture has never stopped restraining the process of literary translation It is held that ―there is always a context in which the translation takes place, always in a history from which a text emerges and into which a text is transposed‖ (Lafervere: 1990: 11) As a matter of fact, literary translation is embedded with the constraints of a certain target cultural context III Translation Quality Assessment Translation Quality Assessment does not only deal with the ideal case of integral communicative performance, in which target language aims at the closest equivalence as regards the conceptual content, linguistic form and communicative function of a SL text The practice of translation is subject to a great many conditions which determine that such an integral communicative performance cannot, or even should not, be achieved Theodore Savory (Readings in translation theories, 1957: 49) listed ten translation principles gleaned from the literature, some of which are directly contradictory while others are mutually complementary They provide an abundance of opinions on what a good translation should be like III.1 Proposed models Over long history of translation quality assessment, linguists have kept on putting forward their approaches to reach the best assessment for the quality of translation III.1.1 Nida’s response – based approach Nida’s concern centered on a systematic approach to translation He suggested three programmatic and general criteria (1964: 182) for quality assessment of a translation, including general efficiency of the communication process, comprehension of intent and equivalence of response The third and most significant criterion is obviously close to Nida’s basic principle of ―Dynamic (or Functional) Equivalence of a translation’ In other words, the manner the receptor of the translation text responds to the TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 52.1 193 - 194 53 54 55 195 196 197 - 199 56 200 - 205 58 213 59 60 214 215 - 216 72 253 - 254 75 260 - 264 76 265 - 267 77 268 - 269 78 270 - 271 79 272 - 278 (he) He The love for John Thornton Thornton The rest of mankind Chance travelers He He He Thornton’s partners Buck He He (He) He His love (his love) (his love) He (Thornton) Nothing Thornton His custom Buck (Buck) Those who Those who Something They Buck’s body He The man (the man) (the man) Buck (Buck) The man His throat The crowd He A surgeon He (he) (he) Listen Gained Drew Behavioral Material Material Held Was Praise Was Get (up) Walk (away) Arrived Refused Learned Tolerated Accepting Favored Seemed Grow Grow Put Was Commanded Was Lying Watching Looking Heard Described Saw Rise Left Saved Throwing Hurled Loosed Drove Succeeded Was Was Driven Checked Prowled Growling Attempting Material Relational Verbal Relational Material Material Material Material Material Mental Mental Mental Relational Material Material Material Relational Verbal Relational Behavioral Behavioral Behavioral Behavioral Verbal Mental Material Material Material Material Material Material Material Material Relational Relational Material Material Material Material Material XVIII TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 85 292 - 294 86 295 - 300 87 301 - 304 88 305 - 309 89 310 - 311 90 312 - 314 91 315 - 316 92 317 - 320 93 321 - 324 94 325 - 327 95 328 - 331 (he) (he) Buck (Buck) (his eyes) A ledge of barely submerged rocks Hans Thornton Hans It It It Hans (Hans) The boat (The boat) Thornton (Thornton) No swimmer Buck He He (Thornton) Buck (Buck) The progress shoreward The progress downstream The fatal roaring The wild current (the wild current) Which (rocks) It The suck of the water Thornton The shore He (He) (He) He (he) (he) Buck Rush Forced (was) Kept (were) Jutted Material Material Relational Material Relational Material Cast Poled Ran Cleared Did Flying Checked checked Flirted Snubbed Flung Carried Live Sprung Overhauled Felt Grasp Headed Swimming Was (was) Material Material Material Material Material Material Material Material Material Material Material Material Material Material Material Mental Material Material Material Relational Relational Came Went Was Thrust Took Was Knew Was Scraped Bruised Struck Clutched Releasing Shouted Go Material Relational Relational Material Relational Relational Mental Relational Material Material Material Material Material Verbal Material XIX TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 96 332 - 335 97 336 - 339 108 109 373 374 - 375 110 376 - 378 111 379 - 380 112 381 - 383 113 384 - 387 114 388 - 392 115 393 - 394 116 395 - 400 168 528 - 529 169 530 - 532 181 182 561 562 - 563 Buck (Buck) (Buck) (Buck) He He (he) (he) His master’s voice He (He) The rope He He He He Hans (Hans) Pete Buck He He (he) Thornton (Buck) Buck He (He) Hans Buck and Thornton (They) (They) One (They) (They) They The team of ten dogs Buck He He He Thornton He (He) Hold Swept Struggling (Was) Heard Reared Throwing Turned Acted Sprang Ran Attached Launched Struck Miscalculated Be Paid Permitting Kept Held Was Turned Headed Saw Coming Struck Reached Closed Snubbed Jerked Strangling Suffocating (was) Dragging Smashing Veered Unhitched Put Caught Felt Do Knelt Took Rested Material Material Material Relational Mental Material Material Material Material Material Material Material Material Material Material Relational Material Material Material Material Relational Material Material Mental Material Material Material Material Material Material Material Material Relational Material Material Material Material Material Mental Mental Material Behavioral Material Material XX TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 183 564 - 567 649 He His wont (He) He Buck Thornton He (He) (He) It Buck (Buck) That (a plunge) (He) Buck (He) Thornton Thornton Head He Those He Thornton Shake Was Murmur Whispered Whined Got Seized Pressing Releasing was Swung Ending Took Arrested Threw Tightening Running Fell Was Shake Heard Cursed Rose Material Relational Verbal Verbal Verbal Material Material Material Material Relational Material Material Material Material Material Material Material Behavioral Relational Material Behavioral Verbal Material 185 189 571 575 - 578 190 196 579 587 - 590 204 605 - 606 212 217 218 627 - 628 219 643 - 645 221 222 223 225 226 650 651 656 657 His eyes The tears Buck Thornton Were Streaming Seize Shook Relational Material Material Material 641 - 642 encouraging jencouraging XXI TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com MOOD STRUCTURE I Ellipsis (3) ||| And here, lying by the river bank through the long spring days, || watching the running water, || listening lazily to the songs of birds and the hum of nature, || Buck slowly won back his strength (15) ||| With the Judge's sons, hunting and tramping, it had been a working partnership; || with the Judge's grandsons, a sort of pompous guardianship; || and with the Judge himself, a stately and dignified friendship (23) ||| And when, released, he sprang to his feet, || his mouth laughing, || his eyes eloquent, || his throat vibrant with unuttered sound, || and in that fashion remained without movement, || John Thornton would reverently exclaim, || "God! you can all but speak!" (29) ||| He would lie by the hour, eager, alert, at Thornton's feet, || looking up into his face, || dwelling upon it, || studying it, || following with keenest interest each fleeting expression, every movement or change of feature (30) ||| Or, as chance might have it, he would lie farther away, to the side or rear, || watching the outlines of the man and the occasional movements of his body (50) ||| He sat by John Thornton's fire, a broad-breasted dog, white-fanged and longfurred; || but behind him were the shades of all manner of dogs, half wolves and wild wolves, urgent and prompting, || tasting the savor of the meat || he ate, || thirsting for the water || he drank, || scenting the wind with him, || listening with him and || telling him || the sounds made by the wild life in the forest; || dictating his moods, || directing his actions, || lying down to sleep with him || when he lay down, and || dreaming with him and beyond him and || becoming themselves the stuff of his dreams (52) ||| Deep in the forest a call was sounding, and as often as || he heard this call, mysteriously thrilling and luring, || he felt compelled to turn his back upon the fire and the beaten earth around it, || and to plunge into the forest, and on and on, || he knew not where or why; || nor did he wonder where or why, || the call sounding imperiously, deep in the forest (71) ||| "Black" Burton, || a man evil tempered and malicious, had been picking a quarrel with a tenderfoot at the bar, || when Thornton stepped good naturedly between (72) ||| Buck, || as was his custom, was lying in a corner, head on paws, || watching his master's every action (85) ||| Buck, on the bank, worried and anxious,|| kept abreast of the boat, || his eyes never off his master (116) ||| Strangling, || suffocating, || sometimes one uppermost and sometimes the other, || dragging over the jagged bottom, || smashing against rocks and snags, || they veered in to the bank XXII TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com II Modality (4) …It must be confessed that || Buck waxed lazy as || his wounds healed, || his muscles swelled out, || and the flesh came back to cover his bones (10) …Thornton himself could not forbear to join (18) … because he could not help it (23) … "God! You can all but speak!" (46) ||| He must master or || be mastered; || while to show mercy was a weakness (59) || He, alone among men, could put a pack upon Buck's back in the summer traveling (99) ||| They knew that || the time a man could cling to a slippery rock in the face of that driving current was a matter of minutes, and || they ran as fast as || they could up the bank to a point far above || where Thornton was hanging on (100) …|| it should neither strangle him || nor impede his swimming, and || launched him into the stream (127) ||| "Pooh! Pooh!" said John Thornton || "Buck can start a thousand pounds." (135) ||| He could feel a flush of warm blood || creeping up his face (149) … "Though it's little faith || I'm having, John, || that the beast can the trick." (169) … in some way he must a great thing for John Thornton III Inversion (14) ||| This he had never experienced at Judge Miller's down in the sun-kissed Santa Clara Valley (22) … so great was its ecstasy (48) … || and this mandate, down out of the depths of time, he obeyed (51) ||| So peremptorily did these shades beckon him, || that each day mankind and the claims of mankind slipped farther from him (52) … || nor did he wonder where or why (72) ||| Buck, || as was his custom,… (121) ||| And camp they did, || till Buck's ribs knitted and || he was able to travel (140) … but never, as now, had he faced the possibility of it… (141) ||| Further, he had no thousand dollars; || nor had Hans and Pete (183) … as was his wont,… (227) ||| As though animated by a common impulse, || the onlookers drew back to a respectful distance; || nor were they again indiscreet enough to interrupt VI Passive Voice (4) … and it must be confessed that || Buck waxed lazy as || his wounds healed, || his muscles swelled out, || and the flesh came back to cover his bones (26) || For the most part, however, Buck's love was expressed in adoration (74) ||| Thornton was sent spinning,… XXIII TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (76) … but was hurled backward to the floor with Buck on top of him (79) … and he was driven off (80) … and Buck was discharged (81) ||| But his reputation was made,… (98) ||| He swam powerfully and || was dragged ashore by Pete and Hans at the very point || where swimming ceased to be possible and || destruction began (102) … while he was being carried helplessly past (103) … || he was jerked under the surface, and || under the surface he remained till his body struck against the bank and || he was hauled out (105) ||| He was half drowned,… (115) … and Thornton were jerked under the water (119) Thornton was himself bruised and battered, || and he went carefully over Buck's body, || when he had been brought around, || finding three broken ribs (124) ||| It was brought about by a conversation in the Eldorado Saloon, || in which men waxed boastful of their favorite dogs (125) ||| Buck, because of his record, was the target for these men, and || Thornton was driven stoutly to defend him (134) ||| Thornton's bluff, || if bluff it was, had been called (161) ||| Thornton had been hurried into the wager, || heavy with doubt… (168) ||| The team of ten dogs was unhitched, and || Buck, with his own harness, was put into the sled (201) The sled was broken out (205) ||| His whole body was gathered compactly together in the tremendous effort, || the muscles writhing and knotting like live things under the silky fur (213) ||| The distance had been measured off,… XXIV TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com THEMATIZATION No (1) Clauses Theme When John Thornton froze his feet in the previous December, his Multiple/Unmarked partners had made him comfortable and left him to get well, going Simple/Unmarked on themselves up the river to get out a raft of saw-logs for Dawson (3) And here, lying by the river bank through the long spring days, Multiple/Marked watching the running water, listening lazily to the songs of birds Simple/Unmarked and the hum of nature, Buck slowly won back his strength (10) To Buck's surprise, these dogs manifested no jealousy toward him Simple/Marked (14) This he had never experienced at Judge Miller's down in the sun- Simple/Marked kissed Santa Clara Valley (15) With the Judge's sons, hunting and tramping, it had been a working Simple/Marked partnership; with the Judge's grandsons, a sort of pompous Multiple/Marked guardianship; and with the Judge himself, a stately and dignified friendship (16) (18) But love that was feverish and burning, that was adoration, that was Multiple/Marked madness, it had taken John Thornton to arouse Simple/Unmarked Other men saw to the welfare of their dogs from a sense of duty Simple/Unmarked and business expediency; he saw to the welfare of his as if they Multiple/Unmarked were his own children, because he could not help it (22) Buck knew no greater joy than that rough embrace and the sound of Simple/Unmarked murmured oaths, and at each jerk back and forth it seemed that his Simple/Marked heart would be shaken out of his body, so great was its ecstasy (25) And as Buck understood the oaths to be love words, so the man Multiple/Unmarked understood this feigned bite for a caress (30) Or, as chance might have it, he would lie farther away, to the side Multiple/Marked or rear, watching the outlines of the man and the occasional movements of his body (48) He was older than the days he had seen and the breaths he had Simple/Unmarked XXV TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com drawn (51) So peremptorily did these shades beckon him, that each day Simple/Marked mankind and the claims of mankind slipped farther from him (52) Deep in the forest a call was sounding, and as often as he heard this Simple/Marked call, mysteriously thrilling and luring, he felt compelled to turn his Simple/Unmarked back upon the fire and the beaten earth around it, and to plunge into the forest, and on and on, he knew not where or why; nor did he wonder where or why, the call sounding imperiously, deep in the forest (70) It was at Circle City, ere the year was out, that Pete's apprehensions Predicated were realized (81) But his reputation was made, and from that day his name spread Multiple/Unmarked through every camp in Alaska Multiple/Marked XXVI TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com COHESION Reference a Personals - Anaphoric (10) To Buck's surprise these dogs manifested no jealousy toward him (11) They seemed to share the kindliness and largeness of John Thornton (12) … and in this fashion Buck romped through his convalescence and into a new existence (13) Love, genuine passionate love, was his for the first time (17) This man had saved his life, which was something; but, further, he was the ideal master (26) || For the most part, however, Buck's love was expressed in adoration (27) ||| While he went wild with happiness || when Thornton touched him or || spoke to him, || he did not seek these tokens - Cataphoric (5) For that matter, they were all loafing, - Buck, John Thornton, and Skeet and Nig waiting for the raft to come that was to carry them down to Dawson (32) For a long time after his rescue, Buck did not like Thornton to get out of his sight b Demonstratives (36) Even in the night, in his dreams, he was haunted by this fear (48) Kill or be killed, eat or be eaten, was the law; and this mandate, down out of the depths of time, he obeyed (78) This time the man succeeded only in partly blocking, and his throat was torn open (123) This exploit was particularly gratifying to the three men … c Comparatives (9) Nig, equally friendly though less demonstrative, was a huge black dog, halfbloodhound and half-deerhound, with eyes || that laughed and a boundless good nature (18) Other men saw to the welfare of their dogs from a sense of duty and business expediency; he saw to the welfare of his as if they were his own children, because he could not help it XXVII TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (36) Even in the night, in his dreams, he was haunted by this fear (37) At such times he would shake off sleep and || creep through the chill to the flap of the tent, where he would stand and listen to the sound of his master's breathing (48) It was misunderstood for fear, and such misunderstandings made for death (65) The next instant he was grappling with Buck on the extreme edge, while Hans and Pete were dragging them back into safety Substitution (14) This he had never experienced at Judge Miller's down in the sun-kissed Santa Clara Valley (86) At a particularly bad spot, where a ledge of barely submerged rocks jutted out into the river, Hans cast off the rope, and, while Thornton poled the boat out into the stream, ran down the bank with the end in his hand to snub the boat when it had cleared the ledge (87) This it did, and was flying down-stream in a current as swift as a mill-race, when Hans checked it with the rope and checked too suddenly (132) So saying, he slammed a sack of gold dust of the size of a bologna sausage down upon the bar (202) Men were holding their breaths, intensely unconscious of the fact Conjunction a Extension - Addition (3) And here, lying by the river bank through the long spring days, watching the running water, listening lazily to the songs of birds and the hum of nature, Buck slowly won back his strength (17) This man had saved his life, which was something; but, further, he was the ideal master (19) And he saw further (23) And when, released, he sprang to his feet, his mouth laughing, his eyes eloquent, his throat vibrant with unuttered sound, and in that fashion remained without movement, John Thornton would reverently exclaim, "God! you can all but speak!" XXVIII TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (25) And as Buck understood the oaths to be love words, so the man understood this feigned bite for a caress (31) And often, such was the communion in which they lived, the strength of Buck's gaze would draw John Thornton's head around, and he would return the gaze, without speech, his heart shining out of his eyes as Buck's heart shone out (43) Skeet and Nig were too good-natured for quarreling besides, they belonged to John Thornton (121) And camp they did, till Buck's ribs knitted and || he was able to travel (141) Further, he had no thousand dollars; nor had Hans and Pete - Adversative (26) For the most part, however, Buck's love was expressed in adoration (38) But in spite of this great love he bore John Thornton, which seemed to bespeak the soft civilizing influence, the strain of the primitive, which the Northland had aroused in him, remained alive and active (39) Faithfulness and devotion, things born of fire and roof, were his; yet he retained his wildness and wiliness (52.1) But as often as he gained the soft unbroken earth and the green shade, the love for John Thornton drew him back to the fire again (58) For Thornton, however, his love seemed to grow and grow (81) But his reputation was made, and from that day his name spread through every camp in Alaska (217) But Thornton fell on his knees beside Buck - Variation (30) Or, as chance might have it, he would lie farther away, to the side or rear, watching the outlines of the man and the occasional movements of his body b Enhancement - Spatio-temporal (56) When Thornton's partners, Hans and Pete, arrived on the long-expected raft, Buck refused to notice them till he learned they were close to Thornton; after that he tolerated them … XXIX TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (79) Then the crowd was upon Buck, and he was driven off; but while a surgeon checked the bleeding, he prowled up and down, growling furiously, attempting to rush in, and being forced back by an array of hostile clubs (113) Buck held on till he was on a line straight above Thornton; then he turned, and with the speed of an express train headed down upon him (161) Thornton had been hurried into the wager, heavy with doubt; and now that he looked at the sled itself, ………… - Causal conditional (25) And as Buck understood the oaths to be love words, so the man understood this feigned bite for a caress (123) This exploit was particularly gratifying to the three men; for they stood in need of the outfit which it furnished, and were enabled to make a long-desired trip into the virgin East, where miners had not yet appeared Lexical cohesion a Repetition (46) He must master or be mastered; while to show mercy was a weakness (47) Mercy did not exist in the primordial life b Synonymy - Meronymy (205) His whole body was gathered compactly together in the tremendous effort, the muscles writhing and knotting like live things under the silky fur (206) His great chest was low to the ground, his head forward and down, while his feet were flying like mad, the claws scarring the hard-packed snow in parallel grooves - Hyponymy (150) The Eldorado emptied its occupants into the street to see the test (151) The tables were deserted, and the dealers and gamekeepers came forth to see the outcome of the wager and to lay odds c Collocation XXX TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (48) It was misunderstood for fear, and such misunderstandings made for death (48) Kill or be killed, eat or be eaten, was the law; and this mandate, down out of the depths of time, he obeyed (221) Thornton rose to his feet (222) His eyes were wet (223) The tears were streaming frankly down his cheeks XXXI TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LEXICAL FORMALITY Informal/Neutral Words Similar to Before Can’t/couldn’t Huge Accustomed Show/ Suggest Courage Allow no refusal Taste or smell On In the middle of Stop Pleasing A loud noise Unnecessary Great enough Show Pretend Showing respect and admiration Rest Noticeably Words in source text Formal Old use/Literary Akin to Ere Unable Convalescence Embrace Wont Bespeak Valor Peremptorily Savor Upon Amid Cease Gratifying Glamour Superfluous Perceptibly Manifest Feign Reverently Repose Perceptibly XXXII TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com .. . created many famous literary work such as ? ?The call of the wild? ??, “White fang”, The sea wolf” and many others I.2 The novel ? ?The call of the wild? ?? ? ?The call of the wild? ?? is the story of Buck ,.. . comparison of the translation with the original An evaluation of the translation: in the translation? ??s terms and in the critics’ terms An assessment of the likely place of the translation in the target .. . UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST – GRADUATE STUDIES ****** NGUYỄN THỊ HOÀN AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH – VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION VERSION OF JACK