lOMoARcPSD|12612758 KEY ĐỀ CƯƠNG DỊCH(khoa tieng anh hou) khoa tiếng anh (Trường Đại học Mở Hà Nội) StuDocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Lieu Tai (tailieu2021.22@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|12612758 BASICS OF TRANSLATION - QUESTIONS FOR REVISION How is a message reproduced in translation? Give example to illustrate Translating must aim primarily at “reproducing the message.” to reproduce the message one must make a good many grammatical and lexical adjustments Translation equivalence is defined as a measure of semantic and structural similarity between correlated units in the two texts (ST and TT) Ex: would you like to go to the cinema with me ? - câu xem phim vs mình nhé - Finger licking good ( vị ngon từng ngón tay ) Why must the translator strive for equivalence rather than identity? Give example to illustrate - The translator must strive for equivalence rather than identity to emphasizing the reproduction of the message rather than the conservation of the form of the utterance, that equivalence is considered as a relation between two actual texts and two languages Vd: break a leg: chúc may mắn! Sugar white beach : bãi cát trắng pha lê What is the significance of meaning in translation? Give example to illustrate - meaning must be given priority, for it is the content of the message which is of prime importance in translating the choice of the right word in the receptor language to translate a word in the source-language text depends more on the context than upon a fixed system of verbal consistency Ex : dịch từ “chung “ vd general , common _ hợp tác chung -vấn đề chung Downloaded by Lieu Tai (tailieu2021.22@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|12612758 What is the importance of culture in translation? Give example to illustrate - Cultural sensitivity: +They have to take into account the culture of the target language + In order to avoid misunderstandings, translators have to look out for the lexical content and syntax - The name of a company or a product, humor, material culture such as names of food, the style of the language and the target audience, pictures, symbols, colors, gestures, habits, traditions as well as cultural references are important cultural factors Vd: he is a snake : anh ấy rắn Mà phải dịch anh ấy rất độc ác What are the differences between interpretation and translation? Translation +is written and transferring a written text + is a gap and translaters often spend a long time working on one text +In translation , the translator plays the role of a writer +Reading skill and writing skills are very important +Editing skills are necessary Interpretation +is spoken and conveying a message +communication is immediately + Interpreters often working in a team, are faced with people +In interpretation , the interpreter plays the role of an actor +Speaking and listening skills are very important + Memorizing skills , coping tactics , note taking skills are necessary What is the difference between faithful translation and semantic translation? Give example to illustrate - Faithful translation is a kind of translation: +to convey the meanings of words and context situation according to the grammar rules of the target language +there is some unusuality or unnaturalness in the target language Downloaded by Lieu Tai (tailieu2021.22@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|12612758 Ex : What I know is nothing Những gì biết chẳng có gì Tôi chẳng biết gì hết Things go nowhere Mọi việc không đâu Mọi việc chẳng đến đâu - Semantic translation: + Semantic translation focuses to a great degree on meaning (semantic content) and form (syntax) of the original texts of high status such as religious texts, legal texts, literature, or speeches + the meaning conveyed by the words by means of word order change or word choice (synonyms/antonyms) so that the true meaning is conveyed Ex: Cost an arm and a leg Rất đắt đỏ Bite the hand that feeds you Ăn cháo đá bát It rains like cat and dog: mưa trút nước What is the difference between word for word translation and communicative translation? Give example to illustrate - Word for word translation : focuses mainly on translating words from the source text into the target language while the word order of the original is preserved Ex: I have never seen this film before ( chưa từng xem bô ̣ phim trướcđây ) Bạn đến từ đâu ? Where are you from ? Beggars asking for momordica rice ( ăn mày đòi xôi giấc ) Hỏi vé : dịch word for word thì where is your ticket? Nhưng dịch không phù hợp nên phải dịch : ticket, please! - Communicative translation: This strategy gives high priority to the message communicated in the text + the actual form of the original is not closely bound to its intended meaning Ex: dùng để chào đối tác : how you ? What is the difference between literal translation and free translation? Give example to illustrate Downloaded by Lieu Tai (tailieu2021.22@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|12612758 - Literal translation: is featured by the fact that grammatical structures and the meaning of words are translated almost as closely as those in the target language without paying attention to the situation or context Ex :tôi có tiết học tốn ngày hơm qua với Lan => Lan and I had a Math lesson yesterday Tl : nếu dịch theo literal thì I and lan cta nên dịch Lan and I - Free translation: focuses more on content than form in the target language; as a result, sometimes the grammar structure or the form of the words in the target language may change + the number of words and the sentence length may vary, depending on the subjectivity of the translator when he/she adds explanation or comment to make clear the meaning of the original Ex: the film is beyond and words ( bô ̣ phim k chê vào đâu được ) for staff areas ( dịch bthg khu vực cho nhân viên ) free … cta chuyển thành ( khu vực … không phâ ̣n sự miễn vào) What is the difference between grammatical translation and semantic translation? Give example to illustrate.( giống câu 6) 10.What is the difference between faithful translation and adaptation translation? Give example to illustrate - Faithful translation tries to convey the meanings of words and context situation according to the grammar rules of the target language; however, there is some unusuality or unnaturalness in the target language Ví dụ: What I know is nothing Những gì biết chẳng có gì Tôi chẳng biết gì hết - Adaptation is highly free type focus on socio-cultural phenomena or practices that are absent in the target culture, rather than on linguistic units - Ví dụ : stranger things: cậu bé mất tích 11.How can parts of speech be transformed in translation? Give example to illustrate Adjectives can be replaced by adverbs, verbs by nouns, possessive adjectives by personal pronouns, and vice versa Downloaded by Lieu Tai (tailieu2021.22@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|12612758 Ví dụ : - He speaks good English (Cậu nói tiếng Anh tốt) She sing beautifully: cô ấy hát rất hay 12 How can phrases be transformed in translation? Give example to illustrate +A multi-word phrase in English can be rendered as a single-word phrase in Vietnamese and can be changed in the number of words in the phrase +A phrase of one kind in English can be changed in part of speech (noun phrase is translated as adjective phrase, NPVP, AdjPNP, PrepPNP, PrepPAdvP ) +On sentence function: a phrase can become a clause Ví dụ : Những nhà hoạt động vì môi trường: environmentalist Các nhà sinh vật học : biologist 13 How can clauses be transformed in translation? Give example to illustrate +A clause in English can be rendered as a phrase in Vietnamese and vice versa Ví dụ: I can not understand how he thinks: Tôi không hiểu cách suy nghĩ +A finite clause can be rendered as a non-finite clause in English and vice versa Ví dụ:Anh ta trở về nhà , rất mệt mỏi : he came home, very tired +A subordinate clause can be rendered as a main clause in English and vice versa Ví dụ: My friend who is very hard working, have found a job: Bạn rất chăm anh ấy tìm đươc công việc +A non-defining clause can be rendered as a defining clause in English and vice versa Ví dụ: Coming back home, he went to sleep 14 How can cultural words be translated? Give example to illustrate Cuture words can be tranlated : +By the mean of transference : the SL word is brought into the target language text (TLT) Downloaded by Lieu Tai (tailieu2021.22@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|12612758 +By cultural equivalent:this is an approximate translation where a SL cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word +By using componential analysis:SL word is replaced with a more general TL word +By using recognized translation:the SL word is replaced with previously recognized translation of the SL word in the TL +By Addition and note:An addition or note is added after the translation of the TL word or phrase(put in the text in brackets, at the bottom of page or at the end of text) Example : Tokyo: Tokyo ; kim bap: kim bap Night club: hộp đêm ; nước mắm: fish sauce Hai phở bò : two 15 How can a proper noun be translated? Give example to illustrate They can be imported unchanged from the SL text: Canada > Canada;Cuba: Cuba They can be modified to fit the phonological/graphological system of the TL by means of : (a) Transliteration: (a name is shifted to conform to the phonic or graphic rules of the TL): Beijing > Bắc Kinh, Moscow > Maxcơva (b) Transcription: (a name is transcribed in the equivalent characters of the TL in order to keep the readability of the TT: Canberra > Can-bơ-rơ, Myanma > My-an-ma They can be expanded with a gloss/note to make up for the TL reader's lack of world knowledge in the target culture either within the text or at the bottom of the page Re-creation: In some cases, a newly-created name in the ST is recreated in the TT so that it reproduces the similar effects in the TL such as Mr Ollivander that is translated to Sr Olivares Substitution: A TL name replaces the SL name, although they are formally and/or semantically unrelated Downloaded by Lieu Tai (tailieu2021.22@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|12612758 On occasion, they might be omitted altogether (perhaps replaced with a paraphrase) 16What is modulation in translation? Give example to illustrate -Modulation consists of using a phrase that is different in the source and target languages to convey the same idea -When the context requires without altering meaning and without generating a sense of awkwardness Ví dụ : business is business : công việc công việc, không xen lẫn tình cảm cá nhân For staff only : dành cho nhân viên, không phận sự miễn vào 17 What is the reformulation in translation? Give example to illustrate -Reformulating means formulating in a different way -When a sentence is grammatical but does not appear to make sense even though the meaning of every word in it is clear - Ví dụ : chicken soup for soul : hạt giớng tâm hồn Frozen; nữ hồn băng giá - bãi biển cát trắng phau : a sugar-white beach 18 How does the translator approach a text for translation? - The first thing to is preliminary analysis - Next, examine the reasons for choosing the text 19 How does the translator analyze the text for translation? When analyzing the text for translation for the first time, the translator needs to find answers to these questions: What? (what is the theme/topic the text is about?) Why? (what is the purpose of the text writer: to tell, to entertain, or to persuade the reader?) 3Who? refers to the reader of the translated text How? refers to whether the text is written in a formal or informal way 20 How does the translator interpret the source text? Downloaded by Lieu Tai (tailieu2021.22@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|12612758 +Read the text several times + Analyse the words (especially key words), the lexico-grammatical relations within the sentences + When necessary, resolve ambiguity, identify implicit information, interpret figurative senses 21 How does the translator edit the translated text? +Takes the form of a careful last-minute checking and correcting of possible mistakes or other inaccuracies + The translator need revise the draft on the basis of the feedback received from those people who may have suggested many rewordings, changes, additions or omissions with the translator 22 How does the translator formulate the translated text? + The translator begins drafting the translation piece by piece, section by section by using the lexis and structures that would make meaningful sentences functioning in a narrow context as elements of a well -structured text in the target language + Remember that all of verbalizing must be done in the target language + Reformulates the translation according to the grammar rules, word usage, cultural norms in the target language Downloaded by Lieu Tai (tailieu2021.22@gmail.com)