TIỂU LUẬN chapter 6 the cooperative principle and politeness

Chapter 6: The Cooperative Principle and Politeness Members of Team: Kiều Oanh Trần Trang Trọng Nhân Hồng Châu Thùy Nhung Performed by Trong Nhan Contents of this chapter 01 Introduction to the cooperative principle 02 Maxims 03 Implicature 04 Politeness 05 Hedges Performed by Trong Nhan 01 The cooperative principle (CP) Performed by Trong Nhan What is the cooperative principle? What is the cooperative principle? Why must observe the cooperative principle? The co-operative principle was broken down into four maxims, which refer to rational or logical principles people observe in order to communicate effectively or get their meaning across  To study the Cooperative principle by Grice Performed by Trong Nhan Performed by Trong Nhan 02 Maxims The co-operative principle was broken down into four maxims To make people in the conversation can understand Not trying to confuse other people Performed by Trần Trang Maxims of conversation 01 • • Quality Do not say what you believe to be false Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence 02 • • Quantity Make your contribution as information as is required Do not make your contribution more information than is required 03 • 04 • • • • Relation (or relevance) Be relevant Manner Avoid obscurity of expression Avoid ambiguity Be brief Be orderly Performed by Trần Trang An example of observing maxims Peter: What’s your name, please? Tom: My name’s Tom - Tom answers an exact information  Quality maxim  - Tom just tells his name, without extra information such as age, hobby,…  Quantity maxim  - The answer is relevant to the question  Relation maxim  - Tom says clearly, coherently  Manner maxim  Performed by Trần Trang Don’t impose Eg: I’m sorry to bother you but… Lakoff’s Politeness Maxims Give options Eg: Would you mind if… Could you possibly… Can I ask you to… Be friendly Eg: You’re better at this than me Performed by Hong Chau Tact Maxim Minimize cost to other (maximize benefit to other) Eg: Have another sandwich Hanmed the newspaper Leech’s Politeness Principle Generosity Maxim Minimize benefit to self (maximize cost to self) Eg: You must come and have dinner with us We must come and have dinner with you Performed by Hong Chau Approbation Maxim Leech’s Politeness Principle Minimize dispraise of other (maximize praise of other) Eg: Her performance was outstanding Her performance was not so good as it might have been Modesty Maxim Minimize praise of self (maximize dispraise of self) Eg: How stupid of me! How clever of me! Performed by Hong Chau Agreement Maxim Leech’s Politeness Principle Minimize disagreement between self and other (maximize agreement between self and other) A: It is an interesting exhibition, wasn’t it? B: Yes, definitely B: *No, it was very uninteresting Sympathy Maxim Minimize antipathy between self and other (maximize sympathy between self and other) I’m terribly sorry to hear that your cat died *I’m terribly pleased to hear that your cat died Performed by Hong Chau 05 Hedges What are Hedges ? As well as exploiting the maxims by obvious flouting, speakers may indicate that they are opting out of a maxim by using a special kind of what are called hedges, words or phrases telling hearers to disregard one of the maxims Hedges Clara I Don’t Know For examples: Ellie It seemed to me It appeared as Will School like Maybe Hedges of maxims 01 Quantity 03 Relation (or relevance) 02 Quality 04 Manner Performed by Trần Trang Hedges in quality maxim We use hedge in quality maxims when we are saying something not completely accurate 03 04 Performed by Trần Trang Hedges in quality maxims For example: I’m not sure if this is right, but I hear that they have a 3-year-old boy I may be mistaken, but I thought I saw them flying to Florida together The phrases “I am not sure if this is true” and “I could be mistaken” help the speaker convey that the information he is giving may be true or false Hedges in quantity E.g 2: A: Are they married? B: “As far as I know, they have been married for more than 10 years.” => That is to say, what B telling A may or may not be true Hedges in quantity maxims: For examples: • Hear is a speaker talk about her recent vacation, using hedges in quantity maxims: E.g.: As you probably know, I am terrified of dogs I want to cut a long story short but if say for short you may not understand what was happening to me that time => I’m going to contravene the quantity maxim Hedges in relation maxims: • We use such hedges in the middle of talk when we want to add something irrelevant For example: Oh Anyway Well • Sometimes the hedges may come at the beginning E.g I don't know if this is important, but some of the files are missing Not to change the subject but is this related to the budget? => I’m going to contravene the relation maxim Hedges in manner maxims: • Speakers use underlined phrases after noticing that the information they are about to give is unclear or ambiguous For example: “I’m not sure but ” “That may be a bit confused but ” This may be a bit confused, but I was asleep I’m not sure if this makes senses, but the car has no lights I’m aware that I have been flouting the maxim of manner Thank you for your attention!!! Performed by group ... (CP) Performed by Trong Nhan What is the cooperative principle? What is the cooperative principle? Why must observe the cooperative principle? The co-operative principle was broken down into four...Contents of this chapter 01 Introduction to the cooperative principle 02 Maxims 03 Implicature 04 Politeness 05 Hedges Performed by Trong Nhan 01 The cooperative principle (CP) Performed... benefit to other) Eg: Have another sandwich Hanmed the newspaper Leech’s Politeness Principle Generosity Maxim Minimize benefit to self (maximize cost to self) Eg: You must come and have dinner