(LUẬN văn THẠC sĩ) an attitudinal study on 2020 US presidential debates

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY LÊ THỊ MỸ HUỆ AN ATTITUDINAL STUDY ON 2020 US PRESIDENTIAL DEBATES Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201 Supervisor: VÕ DUY ĐỨC, Ph.D BINH DINH, 2021 download by : skknchat@gmail.com BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN LÊ THỊ MỸ HUỆ NGUYÊN CỨU YẾU TỐ THÁI ĐỘ TRONG TRANH LUẬN TỔNG THỐNG HOA KỲ NĂM 2020 Chuyên ngành: Ngôn Ngữ Anh Mã số: 8220201 Người hướng dẫn: TS VÕ DUY ĐỨC BÌNH ĐỊNH, 2021 download by : skknchat@gmail.com i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare that I am the sole author of the thesis “An Attitudinal study on 2020 US Presidential Debates” I have not used any sources other than those listed in the bibliography and identified as references I further declare that this thesis has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other institution Quy Nhơn, September 2021 Lê Thị Mỹ Huệ download by : skknchat@gmail.com ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Without the help and support of many people, I would not have been able to complete this research I would like to express my sincere gratitude and respect to all of them First and foremost, I want to express my thanks to the most significant person in my life, Dr Vo Duy Duc, my supervisor, for his professional guidance and consistent encouragement I am grateful for his willingness to be my supervisor in his field of expertise, Appraisal Theory Thanks to his materials, his hearted guidance from the very first day of my journey to the last chapter of this thesis, his detailed feedbacks on every piece of my paper, my thesis was finally successfully accomplished My special thanks also go to all the lecturers who have given me knowledge during the last two years of my study Finally, my heartfelt appreciation goes to my close friends and my family who are always beside me and give me spiritual support in studying download by : skknchat@gmail.com iii ABSTRACT The study attempts to investigate the use of Attitudinal resources, including Affect, Judgement and Appreciation in the first US presidential debate between Donald Trump and Joe Biden with the employment of the Appraisal Theory by Martin and White (2005) It was carried out through mixed approaches - quantitative and qualitative Attitudinal studies based on Appraisal theory has gained much attention from many researchers at home and abroad; however, it has been found that there is no related research on the field of debate The examination shows that both Donald Trump and Joe Biden employed Attitudinal resources in debate It was found that the candidates tend to use more Affect resources in their debate than the other two Attitudinal categories, Appreciation and Judgement Although the two candidates have a similar tendency in Attitudinal resources, they are different in the distribution of Attitude sub-types The study gives implications for teaching and learning English and constitutes a base for further exploration of evaluative language in the field of debates download by : skknchat@gmail.com iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE CONTENT iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF CHARTS x CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1.RATIONALE 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.2.1 Aims 1.2.2 Objectives 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY 1.7 SUMMARY CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1.1 Appraisal theory 2.1.2 Attitude 2.1.3 Engagement 23 2.1.4 Graduation 25 2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 27 download by : skknchat@gmail.com v 2.3 SUMMARY 29 CHAPTER RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES 30 3.1 RESEARCH METHODS 30 3.2 DATA COLLECTION 30 3.3 DATA ANALYSIS 31 3.4 RESEARCH PROCEDURES 31 3.5 Reliability and Validity in the research 32 3.6 SUMMARY 32 CHAPTER FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 32 4.1 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE FIST DEBATE OF DONALD TRUMP AND JOE BIDEN 33 4.2 Affect 35 4.2.1 Dis/Inclination 36 4.2.2 Un/Happiness 40 4.2.3 Dis/Satisfaction 42 4.2.4 In/Security 43 4.3 JUDGEMENT 45 4.3.1 Social Esteem 47 4.3.2 Social Sanction 50 4.3.3 Explicit and Implicit Judgement in the first debate 53 4.4 APPRECIATION 56 4.4.1 Reaction 57 4.4.2 Composition 60 4.4.3 Valuation 61 4.4.4 Positive and Negative Appreciation in Donald Trump and Joe Biden 63 4.5 SUMMARY 66 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 67 download by : skknchat@gmail.com vi 5.1 CONCLUSIONS 67 5.2 IMPLICATIONS 68 5.3 LIMITATIONS 69 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 69 REFERENCES 70 APPENDIX download by : skknchat@gmail.com vii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Irrealis affect (Martin and White, 2005, p.48) 12 Table 2.2 Affect – Un/happiness (Martin and White, 2005:49) 13 Table 2.3 Affect – In/security (Martin and White, 2005, p.50) 14 Table 2.4 Affect – Dis/satisfaction (Martin and White, 2005, p.51) 14 Table 2.5 Judgements of esteem and sanction (Martin and White, 2005:53) 16 Table 2.6 Types of appreciation (Martin and White, 2005:56) 20 Table 2.7 Sub-types of appreciation (Martin and White: 57) 22 Table 2.8 Points of Differences Borders (Martin and White,2005, p.57-60) 22 Table 2.9 Clauses for Clearing Differences (Martin and White,2005,p.58-59) 23 Table 4.1 ARs in Donald Trump‟s and Joe Biden‟s debate 34 Table 4.2 Sub-types of Judgment in between Donald Trump and Joe Biden 46 Table 4.3 Explicit and Implicit Judgement resources in debate 54 download by : skknchat@gmail.com viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 An overview of appraisal resources Figure 2.2 An Overview of Attitude (Martin and White, 2005) 10 Figure 2.3 Judgement and Appreciation as Institutionalised Affect Figure 2.4 Engagement Sub-categories (Martin & White, 2005) 25 download by : skknchat@gmail.com 11 60 (4.72)JB: (02:36) Yes Well, that’s what he’s going to try to do, but there’s thousands of scientists out there, like here at this great hospital that don’t work for him Their job doesn’t depend on him They’re the people… And by the way (4.73)DJ: (04:01) We really feel that We have a professor at Notre Dame, highly respected by all, said she’s the single greatest student he’s ever had He’s been a professor for a long time at a great school Moreover, from the analyzed data, it can be realized that Joe Biden used positive reaction items to evaluate military, Supreme Court judges America, as can be seen in the examples below: (4.74)JB: (01:09:30) And if there’s thousands of ballots, it’s going to take time to it And by the way, our military… They’ve been voting by ballots since the end of the Civil War, in effect And that’s what’s going to happen Why is it, for them, somehow not fraudulent It’s the same process It’s honest 4.4.2 Composition Another sub-type of Appreciation is Composition The composition may be evaluated through two items Balance and Complexity From the analyzed data, it can be realized that both candidates employ the items of complexity Most of them are negative ones used to evaluate the political campaigns in the debate between Donald Trump and Joe Biden This is shown in the examples below: (4.75) DJ: (04:01) .So I think that she will be outstanding She’s going to be as good as anybody that has served on that court We really feel that We have a professor at Notre Dame, highly respected by all, said she’s the single download by : skknchat@gmail.com 61 greatest student he’s ever had He’s been a professor for a long time at a great school (4.76) DJ: (28:45) .I’m doing better than any Republican has done in a long time, because they saw what you did (4.77) JB: (13:25) They’ve done nothing to help small businesses Nothing They’re closing One in six is now gone He ought to get on the job and take care of the needs of the American people so we can open safely Like Affect and Judgement, things can be appreciated positively or negatively In the above examples, both candidates Donald Trump and Joe Biden employ negative words to evaluate the political, businesses such as long, and small However, they did so not to criticize this activity but to show their understanding attitude towards American citizens 4.4.3 Valuation From the data investigated, it can be seen that Valuation resources frequently occur in the two corpora of debate In the debate between Donald Trump and Joe Biden, Valuation dominates the highest percentage of Appreciation resources with 48% Meanwhile, Appreciation resources rank second in the debate between Donald Trump and Joe Biden Valuation is used to assess the quality of candidates and the significance they bring to citizens America This can be seen clearly by examining the lexical items (extremely good, hard, great) both candidates use in the debate, which might help Americans decide whom to vote for and and have confidence in the future, as can be seen in the example below: (4.78) DJ: (15:24) You’ll see it as soon as it’s finished, you’ll see it You know, if you download by : skknchat@gmail.com 62 wanted to, go to the Board of Elections There’s 118 page or so report that says everything I have, every bank I have, I’m totally under leveraged because the assets are extremely good (4.79) JB: (23:59) Well, it’s hard to get any word in with this clown Excuse me, this person (4.80) JB: (02:36) Yes Well, that’s what he’s going to try to do, but there’s thousands of scientists out there, like here at this great hospital that don’t work for him Their job doesn’t depend on him They’re the people… And by the way Moreover, Valuation is used as a tool to assess the quality of a job This can be seen in Donald Jump‟s use of the word „phenomenal‟, whose frequency of occurrence is found to be significant This highlights his accomplishments during his previous tenure in order to persuade Americans to trust his leadership and vote for him if he wins this election (4.81) DJ: (22:07) You didn’t think we should have closed our country because you thought it was terrible You wouldn’t have closed it for another two months By my doing it early, in fact, Dr Fauci said, ―President Trump saved thousands of lives.‖ Many of your Democrat Governors said, ―President Trump did a phenomenal job.‖ We worked with the Governor Oh really, go take a look The Governors said I did a phenomenal job Most of them said that In fact, people that would not be necessarily on my side said that, ―President Trump did a phenomenal job.‖ We did We got the gowns We got the masks We made the ventilators The thing that both candidates evaluated in their debate is the value of the work when the plague came in and have an impact on the economy as download by : skknchat@gmail.com 63 well as citizen safety as can be seen in the examples below: (4.82) DT: (09:52) So we built the greatest economy in history We closed it down because of the China plague When the plague came in, we closed it down, which was very hard psychologically to He didn’t think we should close it down and he was wronG Again, two million people would be dead now instead of… Still, 204,000 people is too much One person is too much Should have never happened from China But what happened is we closed it down and now (4.83) JB: (57:10) … we’re going to be in a position where we can create hard, hard, good jobs by making sure the environment is clean, and we all are in better shape We spend billions of dollars now, billions of dollars, on floods, hurricanes, rising seas We’re in real trouble Look what’s happened just in the Midwest with these storms that come through and wipe out entire sections and counties in Iowa They didn’t happen before They’re because of global warming We make up 15% of the world’s problem But the rest of the world, we’ve got to get them to come along That’s why we have to get back into the Paris Accord From the examples above, it can be realized that the two candidates employ all positive items of valuation to talk about the work performed by their colleagues and their supporters By doing so, they want to show their appreciation as well as their gratitude towards these people 4.4.4 Positive and Negative Appreciation in Donald Trump and Joe Biden Similar to Affect and Judgement, Appreciation also consists of positive and negative items The frequency of occurrences concerning positive and negative Appreciation in the first date between Donald Trump and Joe Biden is illustrated in Chart 4.7 download by : skknchat@gmail.com 64 Chart 4.7 Positive and Negative Appreciation resources in Donald Trump and Joe Biden It can be seen from the chart above that positive appreciation resources in the two candidates‟ debate outnumbers that of negative appreciation resources This implied that both candidates want Americans to realize that things have been done well so far and that Americans should believe in a good picture of America in the future Therefore, the candidates in the first debate tried their best to satisfy their citizens in the United States This is exemplified as follows: (4.84) DJ: (15:59) they’ll probably blame him, but they’ll blame me But more importantly (+Appreciation, Reaction, I want to help people Okay I said, ―You’ve got to run it so well.‖ And I just had a meeting with them They said the problem is, no matter how well you run Obamacare, it’s a disaster It’s too expensive (4.85) JB: (14:12) I’m here standing facing you, old (-Appreciation, Reaction) buddy (4.86)DJ: (22:54) download by : skknchat@gmail.com 65 The only thing I haven’t done a good job, and that’s because of the fake (-Appreciation, Valuation) news, no matter what you say to them, they give you a bad press on it It’s just fake (-Appreciation, Valuation) news They give you good (+Appreciation, Valuation) press, they give me bad (-Appreciation, Valuation) press because that’s the way it is, unfortunately (4.87)DJ: (05:08) Well, he wants to shut down this country and I want to keep it open, and we did a great(+Appreciation, Reaction) thing by shutting it down (4.88)DJ: (01:02:35) This is going to be a fraud like you’ve never seen The other thing, it’s nice(+Appreciation, Reaction) On November 3rd, you’re watching, and you see who won the election And I think we’re going to well because people are really happy with the job we’ve done From the above examples, it can be realized that Donald Trump used the word negative such as "fake" He praised his administration's response to the coronavirus, claiming that the press was trying to undermine him "It's just fake news They give you good press and give me bad press," Mr Trump said, referring to Biden "I'll tell you, Joe, you could've never done the job that we did." The positive and negative Appreciation resources used by Donald Trump and Joe Biden in the debate arguably affect the attitudes of American citizens in particular and those who follow the debate around the world in general By the use of the positive resources, the two candidates possibly want to make every US citizen aware of the development in all aspects from economics to social issues On the other hand, the negative values are used to clearly show the difficulties the United States is facing, from which Donald download by : skknchat@gmail.com 66 Trump and Joe Biden offer the most optimal ideas and solutions In summary, the data analysis shows that of the three sub-types of the Attitudinal system, Affect resources are extensively employed in the debate between Donald Trump and Joe Biden It ranks second in the Attitudinal system This means that candidates tend to assess the impact, then behavioural aspects more frequently It is also found that positive items outnumber negative ones This reveals that most candidates attempt to please citizens; moreover, Donald Trump and Joe Biden focus on positively evaluating what they experienced or what they go through and what they accomplish to increase citizen trust 4.5 SUMMARY In summary, this chapter has presented the findings and discussions of Attitudinal values employed in the first debate of Donald Trump and Joe Biden The results show that all three types of Attitude exist in the two candidates‟ debate, and most are positive However, there is a remarkable difference in the percentage of three kinds of Attitudinal resources employed in each type of debate In the two candidates debate, Affectual resources account for the most significant proportion Appreciation resources rank second, and Judgement resources account for the most minor proportion This suggests that the candidates were fierce in their rhetoric and took their time to corner each other through personal and family matters Hence, they got emotional and often aggressively responded to each other‟s accusations While President Trump sounded louder and more confident as he gazed on his opponent, Biden‟s tone was calmer but rebuking as he mostly spoke directly, looking at the camera or the moderator For more details, the satisfactory conclusion of the findings is introduced in the next chapter download by : skknchat@gmail.com 67 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The purpose of this chapter is to bring the thesis to a finish The paper first derives critical inferences from the findings, then provides pertinent implications, and lastly examines the current study's limitations and gives some ideas for future research based on the collected and evaluated data 5.1 CONCLUSIONS An appraisal is divided into three domains, and one of them is Attitude which contains three kinds, namely Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation Each sub-system of Attitude is then sub-classified into many interrelated sets of Appraisal values It can be seen from the findings that all of the importance of Attitude was found in the first 2020 US Presidential debate In general, there were more similarities than dissimilarities discovered in the research Although there were still some discrepancies, yet they were not significant First of all, in terms of Affect, the finding concluded that most of the sub-types of Affect were discovered in the debate by Donald Trump and Joe Biden Interestingly, the Affect resources utilized in the first debate display the same ranking pattern of frequency, from the highest to the lowest, as follows: Dis/Inclination, Dis/Satisfaction, Un/Happiness/ In/Security In the discussion between Donald Trump and Joe Biden, they expressed their desire and commitment to things that would happen in the future, which led to the realization that the majority of resources were positive, while negative resources were much less As a result, those Affect resources were primarily used to desire the candidates' feelings As regards Judgment, the resources of this value were found not to be widespread as the others Generally, Donald Trump and Joe Biden view the download by : skknchat@gmail.com 68 issues markedly positively Positive comments, it is apparent, can boost selfconfidence and elevate each candidate's position in conveying political understanding and bringing incredible things to residents and the United States Additionally, the findings indicate that Donald Trump and Joe Biden tend to evaluate human behaviour explicitly via lexical items containing Judgement values To successfully reach that goal, Explicit Judgments were preferable to Implicit to directly transfer the meaning to audiences and citizens and limit the misunderstanding Concerning Appreciation, in the first debate by Donald Trump and Joe Biden, Valuation ranked first, followed by Reaction, and Composition took up the lowest position For this sub-system of Attitude, the findings show that Donald Trump and Joe Biden are similar in that positive Appreciation is more than negative The Appreciation resources were preferable to Judgment, which led to the simple Appreciations feature, catching the citizens' high interest The Appreciation resources were made concrete by applying the lexical means shared by Donald Trump and Joe Biden, such as the best/ great/ nice, and so on 5.2 IMPLICATIONS By drawing on Appraisal Theory, the analysis of the attitudinal resources in the debate between Donald Trump and Joe Biden may be of paramount significance and importance to learners of English in terms of orientation in language study and practice The study will offer language learners an excellent insight to get involved in the evaluation and using the evaluative linguistic resources In other words, this thesis helps learners enrich their knowledge of attitudinal resources to express judgements and attitudes toward issues or events in download by : skknchat@gmail.com 69 comment sections in general and debate ones in particular Additionally, this study is practical for English learners because they can apply the language of evaluation for both classroom academic language and English for daily communication purposes, which is helpful to produce an exciting and vivid conversation In short, teachers and learners of language can use the findings in this thesis in their teaching, learning and using linguistics to express assessments with an argumentative and informative attitude 5.3 LIMITATIONS Throughout the research process, the researcher is acutely aware of the limits of the study An appraisal is the language of evaluation It involves three main sub-systems that operate simultaneously: Attitude, Engagement, and Graduation, a full description of all of them could not be done Once having identified such limitations above, the researcher hopes to continue working on those issues, or at least, to approach further studies conducted by other researchers 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH During the procedure of the study, the researcher is deeply conscious of the limitations of this research An appraisal is the language of evaluation, involving three simultaneous focal sub-systems: Attitude, Engagement and Graduation Within the limit of the M.A thesis, a full description of all of them could not be done Therefore, there remain certain appealing areas that can be developed for further research and studies, as followed: Graduation resources in the debate between Donald Trump and Joe Biden Engagement resources in the debate between Donald Trump and Joe Biden download by : skknchat@gmail.com 70 REFERENCES Altikriti, S (2016) Persuasive Speech Acts in Barack Obama’s Inaugural Speeches (2009, 2013) and The Last State of the Union Address (2016), International Journal of Linguistics, 8(2), 48 Bell, A (1991) The language of news media Oxford: Blackwell Bhatia, K V (2004) Worlds of written discourse London: Continuum Do Huynh My Lien (2015) A comparative study of interpersonal meaning realized through Attitude values in showbiz 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London: Bloomsbury Publishing Halliday, M.A.K (1994) An Introduction to Functional Grammar London: Edward Arnold Halliday, M A K., & Matthiessen, c (2004) An introduction to functional grammar (3rd ed.) London: Edward Arnold Hood, S (2004) Appraisal research: taking a stance in academic writing Ph.D Thesis Sydney: University of technology Hood, S., Forey, G (2005) Introducing a conference paper: Getting interpersonal with your audience Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 4, 291–306 Iedema, R., Feez, S., & White, P R R (1994) Media Literacy (Write it right literacy in industrial research project - Stage 2) Sydney: Metropolitan East Disadvantaged School Program Liu, L., & Stevenson, M (2013) A cross-cultural analysis of stance in disaster news reports Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 36(2), download by : skknchat@gmail.com 71 Liu, X (2013) Evaluation in Chinese University EFL Students‟ English Argumentative Writing : An APPRAISAL Study, Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 10( 1) Liu, X, & Thompson, P (2009) Attitude in students‟ argumentative writing contrastive perspective Language studies working papers Martin, J.R., & Rose, D (2007) Working with discourse : Meaning beyond the clause (2nd ed.) London : Continuum Martin, J.R (1992) English text: System and Structure Amsterdam: Benjamins Martin, J R (1996) Types of stuctures: deconstructing notions of constituency in clause and text In E H Hovy & D R Scott (Eds.), Computational and conversational discourse: Burning issues- an interdisciplinary account (pp 39-66) Heidelberg: Springer Martin, J R (2000) Close reading: functional linguistics as a tool for critical discourse analysis In L Unsworth (Ed.), Research language in schools and communities: functional linguistic perspectives (pp 275302) London: Cassell Martin, J R., & Rose, D (2003) Working with discourse: meaning beyond the clause LonDon: Continuum Martin, J R., & David Rose (2003) Working with Discourse—meaning beyond the clause London: Continuum Martin, J R & White, P R R (2005) The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English New York: Palgrave Macmillan Nguyen, T.T.H (2014) A Comparative Study of Interpersonal Meaning in Hotel Brochures Written in English and Vietnamese- Appraisal Approach, M.A Thesis, Quy Nhon University download by : skknchat@gmail.com 72 Nguyen, T.T.H et al (2014) The use of Expansion resources in the English and Vietnamese political editorials about North Korea in the light of Appraisal theory, Science Journal at HCMC University of Education in 2014 No.60 Nguyen, T.T.H (2016a) An Appraisal Study of Social Attitudes in News Reports towards President Obama' s Visit to Vietnam, VNU Journal of Science: Foreign Studies, Vol 32, No.4, 21-29 Nguyen Thi Thu Hien (2016) An Appraisal Study of Social Attitudes in News Reports towards President Obama's Visit to Vietnam VNU Journal of Science: Foreign Studies, 32(4), 21-29 Ngo, T, & Unsworth, I (2015) Reworking the appraisal framework in ESL research: refining attitude resources Functional Linguistics, 2(1) Pascual, N., & Unger, L (2010) Appraisal in the research genres: An analysis of grant proposals by Argentinean researchers Revista Signos, 43(73), 261-280 Taiwo, R (2009) Legitimization and Coercion in Political Discourse: A Case Study Tran Thi Thuy Tien (2017) A Study on the Attitudinal Resorerces in Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton's Speeches in the US Presidential Election 2016, Unpublished Master's Thesis Quy Nhon Uiversity Vo Duy Duc (2011) Styłe, structure and ideology in English and Vietnamese business hard news reporting: a comparative study (Doctoral thesis), The University of Adelaide, Australia Retrieved from http://hdl.handle net:2440/71002 Vo Duy Duc (2017) Appraisal – an approach to discourse analysis: Inquiry into Langunges and Cultures, 1(1), 13-24 download by : skknchat@gmail.com 73 Vo Thi Ngoc Hien.(2014) Attitude in Victory Speeches of Barack Obama and George Walker Bush , Unpublished Master's Thesis Quy Nhon Uiversity Wang Zhenhua, 2004 Study of Attitude in Hard News, Foreign Language Education, Vol.25, No.5, 31-36 White, P (2001) An introductory tour through Appraisal theory (word processor version) http://www.grammatics.com/appraisal (accessed 08/29/12) White, P R R (2004) Subjectivity, evaluation and point of view in media discourse In C Coffin, A Hewings & K O'Halloran (Eds.), Applying English Grammar London: Hodder Arnold WEBSITE https://www.aa.com.tr/en/analysis/analysis-first-round-of-biden-vs-trump-aninconclusivedebate/1997237?fbclid=IwAR0lAwhmNlpgbwEJqx9JIQ7LgVzjMoY aGwGqD0JaDTkAR6_aAZWmyv_U10Y https://www.c-span.org/debates/?debate=first https://theconversation.com/the-first-us-presidential-debate-was-pure-chaosheres-what-our-experts-thought-147178 https://www.academia.edu/9949580/The_Language_of_Evaluation_Appraisal _in_English download by : skknchat@gmail.com APPENDIX https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wW1lY5jFNcQ https://www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/donald-trump-joe-biden-1stpresidential-debate-transcript-2020 download by : skknchat@gmail.com ... collection, data analysis Chapter 4, Findings and Discussions, will focus on describing, analyzing, comparing and discussing attitude on the first 2020 Presidential Debate between Donald Trump and... Appraisal studies focusing on the language used in the 2020 US presidential debates Therefore, this study hopefully sheds new light on the attitudinal values used in the debate In addition, it provides... first 2020 debate only for my study to make the data manageable Similarly, because of the limitation of time and my ability, in this study, I just focused on the attitudinal resources employed and