(LUẬN văn THẠC sĩ) a cognitive study of metaphors used in emily dickinson’s poems

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY TRINH THI THANH TAM A COGNITIVE STUDY OF METAPHORS USED IN EMILY DICKINSON’S POEMS MASTER THESIS IN ENGLISH Binh Dinh – 2021 download by : skknchat@gmail.com MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY TRINH THI THANH TAM A COGNITIVE STUDY OF METAPHORS USED IN EMILY DICKINSON’S POEMS Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201 Supervisor: HA THANH HAI, Ph.D Binh Dinh – 2021 download by : skknchat@gmail.com BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN TRỊNH THỊ THANH TÂM NGHIÊN CỨU TRI NHẬN VỀ ẨN DỤ ĐƯỢC SỬ DỤNG TRONG THƠ CỦA NHÀ THƠ EMILY DICKINSON Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số: 8220201 Người hướng dẫn: TS HÀ THANH HẢI Bình Định - 2021 download by : skknchat@gmail.com i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that the research entitled A Cognitive Study of Metaphors Used in Emily Dickinson’s Poems is my own work Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole, or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the thesis Quy Nhon, 2021 download by : skknchat@gmail.com ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this graduation thesis is the result of not only my own efforts but also other assistance of organizations and individuals to whom I would like to express my deepest gratitude First of all, I would like to express my endless thanks to my supervisor, Dr Ha Thanh Hai for the generous and insightful guidance, critical comments and precious advice that he has spared for me His encouragement and comments have significantly enriched and improved my work Without his motivation and instructions, the thesis would not have been done effectively Secondly, my deep thanks come to all the lecturers at the Department of Foreign Languages for generously supporting me and giving me permission to carry out this thesis And last, my special thanks come to my beloved family and friends for their endless love, care and motivations for the whole of my life They have given me strength to overcome all the troubles I encountered during the fulfillment of this research download by : skknchat@gmail.com iii ABSTRACT Metaphor in poetic texts has been discussed from different perspectives In cognitive linguistics, metaphor is not only confined to literary studies but it has also become a commonality among all the sciences The present paper aims to shed light upon the cognitive metaphor and the implicit meaning of metaphor in the poems by Emily Dickinson, published by the Pennsylvania State University, Electronic Classics Series (2003) Moreover, the research is focused on the contribution of metaphor on the poems In analyzing the data, the metaphor theory introduced by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) has been used Based on the theory, the metaphorical expressions found in the data are classified into three types: Structural metaphor, Orientational metaphor, and Ontological metaphor The data analysis shows that the most frequently used type of metaphor in Emily Dickinson’ selected poems is ontological metaphor, while structural metaphor ranks second, and in the least used is orientational metaphor Emily Dickinson is not only a great poet but also a skillful wielder of words She understands the metaphorical nature of our everyday language and thought She makes use of that knowledge to create poems that literally take our breath away by disrupting our commonsensical and folk theory ways of thinking about the world She makes metaphorical comparisons between the brain, the sea, and, sky, beauty and death The way she expresses metaphor in her poems is beautiful, unique, and worth further investigation in the field of literature Emily Dickinson's poetry powerfully indicates values of society of the time It does this through its conciseness, its simplicity and its control In her download by : skknchat@gmail.com iv poems, she shows how society values the conformity of the whole community From the results and discussion, the study puts forward some implications for teaching and learning English to learners Hopefully, the result of the study can be somewhat beneficial for the teaching and learning of English This study may also be helpful for the readers of English download by : skknchat@gmail.com v TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aim and Objectives of the Study 1.2.1 Aim 1.2.2 Objectives 1.3 Research Questions 1.4 Scope of the Study 1.5 Significance of the Study 1.6 Organization of Study 1.7 Summary CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Literature 2.2 Biography of Emily Dickinson 2.3 Cognitive Linguistics 10 2.3.1 An overview of Cognitive Linguistics 10 2.3.2 Cognitive Semantics 11 2.4 Metaphor Theory 13 2.4.1 An Overview of Metaphor 14 2.4.2 Traditional View of Metaphor 16 download by : skknchat@gmail.com vi 2.4.3 Conceptual Metaphor 16 2.5 Classification of Conceptual Metaphor 17 2.5.1 Structural metaphors 17 2.5.2 Orientational metaphors 18 2.5.3 Ontological metaphors 19 2.6 Expression of Metaphor 20 2.7 Poetry 20 2.7.1 Definition of Poetry 20 2.7.2 Poetic metaphor 21 2.8 Previous studies 23 2.9 Summary 26 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 27 3.1 Research Methods 27 3.2 Data Collection 27 3.3 Data Analysis 28 3.4 Summary 29 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 30 4.1 An overview of Conceptual Metaphor in Emily Dickinson’s Poems 30 4.1.1 General description 31 4.1.2 Statistical analysis of conceptual metaphors 32 4.2 Structural metaphor in Emily Dickinson’s Poems 33 4.2.1 Occurrences of structural metaphor 33 4.2.2 Linguistic expressions of Structural Metaphor 35 4.2.3 The Contribution of Structural Metaphor in the Value of the Poem 44 4.3 Orientational Metaphor in Emily Dickinson’s Poems 46 download by : skknchat@gmail.com vii 4.3.1 Occurrences of Orientational Metaphor 46 4.3.2 Linguistic expressions of Orientational Metaphor 46 4.3.3 The contribution of Orientational Metaphor in the Value of the Poem 47 4.4 Ontological Metaphor in Emily Dickinson’s Poems 49 4.4.1 Occurrences of Ontological Metaphor 49 4.4.2 Linguistic expressions of Ontological Metaphor 51 4.4.3 The Contribution of Ontological Metaphor in the Value of the Poem 63 4.5 Summary 65 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 67 5.1 Conclusion 67 5.2 Limitations and Recommendations for Further Research 69 REFERENCES English materials Vietnamese materials APPENDIX LIST OF POEMS RESEARCH TIMELINES 34 download by : skknchat@gmail.com PL- 21 How some one treated him; Nature, like us, is sometimes caught Without her diadem [22] How happy is the little stone That rambles in the road alone, And does n’t care about careers, And exigencies never fears; Whose coat of elemental brown A passing universe put on; And independent as the sun, Associates or glows alone, Fulfilling absolute decree In casual simplicity [23] A DEW sufficed itself And satisfied a leaf, And felt, “how vast a destiny! How trivial is life!” The sun went out to work, The day went out to play, download by : skknchat@gmail.com PL- 22 But not again that dew was seen By physiognomy Whether by day abducted, Or emptied by the sun Into the sea, in passing, Eternally unknown [24] The moon is distant from the sea, And yet with amber hands She leads him, docile as a boy, Along appointed sands He never misses a degree; Obedient to her eye, He comes just so far toward the town, Just so far goes away Oh, Signor, thine the amber hand, And mine the distant sea,— Obedient to the least command Thine eyes impose on me download by : skknchat@gmail.com PL- 23 [25] There is a flower that bees prefer, And butterflies desire; To gain the purple democrat The humming-birds aspire And whatsoever insect pass, A honey bears awa Proportioned to his several dearth And her capacity Her face is rounder than the moon, And ruddier than the gown Of orchis in the pasture, Or rhododendron worn She doth not wait for June; Before the world is green Her sturdy little countenance Against the wind is seen, … The bravest of the host, download by : skknchat@gmail.com PL- 24 Surrendering the last, Nor even of defeat aware When cancelled by the frost [26] ’T IS so much joy! ’T is so much joy! If I should fail, what poverty! And yet, as poor as I Have ventured all upon a throw; Have gained! Yes! Hesitated so This side the victory! Life is but life, and death but death! Bliss is but bliss, and breath but breath! And if, indeed, I fail, At least to know the worst is sweet Defeat means nothing but defeat, No drearier can prevail! And if I gain,—oh, gun at sea, Oh, bells that in the steeples be, At first repeat it slow! For heaven is a different thing download by : skknchat@gmail.com PL- 25 Conjectured, and waked sudden in, And might o’erwhelm me so! [27] I HAD been hungry all the years; My noon had come, to dine; I, trembling, drew the table near, And touched the curious wine ’T was this on tables I had seen, When turning, hungry, lone, I looked in windows, for the wealth I could not hope to own I did not know the ample bread, ’T was so unlike the crumb The birds and I had often shared In Nature’s dining-room The plenty hurt me, ’t was so new,— Myself felt ill and odd, As berry of a mountain bush Transplanted to the road download by : skknchat@gmail.com PL- 26 Nor was I hungry; so I found That hunger was a way Of persons outside windows, The entering takes away [28] Whe ships of purple gently toss On seas of daffodil, Fantastic sailors mingle, And then—the wharf is still [29] The bee is not afraid of me, I know the butterfly; The pretty people in the woods Receive me cordially The brooks laugh louder when I come, The breezes madder play Wherefore, mine eyes, thy silver mists? Wherefore, O summer’s day? [30] A drop fell on the apple tree download by : skknchat@gmail.com PL- 27 Another on the roof; A half a dozen kissed the eaves, And made the gables laugh A few went out to help the brook, That went to help the sea Myself conjectured, Were they pearls, What necklaces could be! The dust replaced in hoisted roads, The birds jocoser sung; The sunshine threw his hat away, The orchards spangles The breezes brought dejected lutes, And bathed them in the glee; The East put out a single flag, And signed the fête away [31] THE mountain sat upon the plain In his eternal chair, download by : skknchat@gmail.com PL- 28 His observation omnifold, His inquest everywhere The seasons prayed around his knees, Like children round a sire: Grandfather of the days is he, Of dawn the ancestor [32] The cricket sang, And set the sun, And workmen finished, one by one, Their seam the day upon The low grass loaded with the dew, The twilight stood as strangers With hat in hand, polite and new, To stay as if, or go A vastness, as a neighbor, came,— A wisdom without face or name, A peace, as hemispheres at home,— And so the night became download by : skknchat@gmail.com PL- 29 [33] Come slowly, Eden! Lips unused to thee, Bashful, sip thy jasmines, As the fainting bee, Reaching late his flower, Round her chamber hums, Counts his nectars—enters, And is lot in balms! [34] A charm invests a face Imperfectly beheld,— The lady dare not lift her veil For fear it be dispelled But peers beyond her mesh, And wishes, and denies,— Lest interview annul a want That image satisfies [35] LOOK back on time with kindly eyes, download by : skknchat@gmail.com PL- 30 He doubtless did his best; How softly sinks his trembling sun In human nature’s west! [36] NOT in this world to see his face Sounds long, until I read the place Where this is said to be But just the primer to a life Unopened, rare, upon the shelf, Clasped yet to him and me And yet, my primer suits me so I would not choose a book to know Than that, be sweeter wise; Might some one else so learned be, And leave me just my A B C, Himself could have the skies [37] SHE went as quiet as the dew From a familiar flower Not like the dew did she return download by : skknchat@gmail.com PL- 31 At the accustomed hour! She dropt as softly as a star From out my summer’s eve; Less skillful than Leverrier It’s sorer to believe! [38] DEATH is a dialogue between The spirit and the dust “Dissolve,” says Death The Spirit, “Sir, I have another trust.” Death doubts it, argues from the ground The Spirit turns away, Just laying off, for evidence, An overcoat of clay [39] I lost a world the other day Has anybody found? You ’ll know it by the row of stars Around its forehead bound download by : skknchat@gmail.com PL- 32 A rich man might not notice it; Yet to my frugal eye Of more esteem than ducats Oh, find it, sir, for me! [40] I have not told my garden yet, Lest that should conquer me; I have not quite the strength now To break it to the bee I will not name it in the street, For shops would stare, that I, So shy, so very ignorant, Should have the face to die The hillsides must not know it, Where I have rambled so, Nor tell the loving forests The day that I shall go, Nor lisp it at the table, download by : skknchat@gmail.com PL- 33 Nor heedless by the way Hint that within the riddle One will walk to-day! download by : skknchat@gmail.com PL- 34 RESEARCH TIMELINES No Task Time Date Product 03/08/2020 Books and articles (week) Collecting relevant books and articles Reading the books and 16/08/2020 articles for literature 17/08/2020 Quotes and 29/08/2020 paraphrases with review Collect Data Analyse Data comments 30/09/2020 Data collected from 05/10/2020 the poems 06/10/2020 result 30/01/2021 Finish writing the research 31/01/2021 A complete thesis 20/08/2021 download by : skknchat@gmail.com PL - 35 download by : skknchat@gmail.com ... types of metaphor and to analyze the meaning of each metaphor in Edgar Allan Poe’s poems Afrizal Niswandi (2011) analyzes metaphor in the Jakarta Post Newspaper He analyzes the kinds of metaphor,... defined as a kind of language that says more intensely than ordinary language It means that poems use certain languages It is not ordinary language that people use every day Every poem is a creation... skknchat@gmail.com extraordinary poems According to Valery (1989), poem is an art based on language and also expresses a certain state of mind He also generalized many conceptual metaphors of death,