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ODA Study Series 15-05 A Study on Intra-household Gender Relations of Ethnic Minorities in Northern Vietnam Nguyen Khanh Doanh, Tran Nhuan Kien, Do Dinh Long, Bui Thi Minh Hang, Nguyen Thi Than copy at: http://ssrn.com/ Electronic copyElectronic available at:available https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 abstract=2773971 A Study on Intra-household Gender Relations of Ethnic Minorities in Northern Vietnam Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/ Electronic copy availableabstract=2773971 at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP) [30147] Building C, Sejong National Research Complex, 370, Sicheong-daero, Sejong-si, Korea Tel: 82-44-414-1114 Fax: 82-44-414-1122,1199 URL: http://www.kiep.go.kr Il Houng Lee, President ODA Study Series 15-05 Published December 30, 2015 in Korea by KIEP ISBN 978-89-322-1605-8 94320 978-89-322-1072-8 (Set) Price USD ⓒ 2015 KIEP Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/ Electronic copy availableabstract=2773971 at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 ODA Study Series 15-05 A Study on Intra-household Gender Relations of Ethnic Minorities in Northern Vietnam 정Nguyen Khanh Doanh, Tran Nhuan Kien, Do Dinh Long, Bui Thi Minh Hang, and Nguyen Thi Than Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 A Study on Intra-household Gender Executive Summary Relations of Ethnic Minorities in Northern Vietnam Nguyen Khanh Doanh, Tran Nhuan Kien, Do Dinh Long, Bui Thi Minh Hang, Nguyen Thi Than Vietnam is divided into three large regions: the northern region, the central region and the southern region Within each of the three regions, there are subregions The Northern region includes subregions namely, Red River Delta and Northern Midlands and Mountain Area The latter is defined as including 14 provinces: Ha Giang, Cao Bang, Bac Kan, Tuyen Quang, Lao Cai, Yen Bai, Thai Nguyen, Lang Son, Bac Giang, Phu Tho, Dien Bien, Lai Chau, Son La, and Hoa Binh with diversity in population This Northern Midlands and Mountain Area or the Northern Mountainous Area of 14 provinces encompasses over 90,000 km2, accounting for almost one third of the country’s area and is home to approximately 11.7 million people, including 31 of the officially recognized 54 ethnic groups of Vietnam Rocky mountains with high terrain and steepness are main characteristics of the region As a result, the population density is just 122 people per km2, well below to the national average density of 274 people per km2 The region therefore is diverse in terms of ecology, area, population and cultures Ethnic minorities are concentrated in upland and mountainous areas where access to infrastructure or health and educational facilities is limited and they are much poorer than other groups They are among the poorest groups residing in Northern Vietnam Being physically, economically, and culturally isolated from the rest of the nation, these groups are the most neglected and traditional, while benefit the least from the development process of Vietnam brought about by the reform program Among them, women are the poorest and most disadvantaged New changes and challenges brought about by the reform program of Vietnam in the late 1980s have put the women of these groups, who were originally disadvantaged and less productive, to a more disadvantaged position Increased excessive workload as well as access to and control over resources are among the factors that reduce opportunities for building women’s capacities and hinder their Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 advancement Before 1980s, gender inequality in Vietnam is often attributed to the Confucian traditional view on women’s and men’s role Traditional women use the whole life to serve for their husband and sons In the period of collectivization the traditional norms on gender relations were challenged both in ideology and in practice Women were mobilized to contribute to the American war by stepping up production and running family affair, and to show their responsibility for national defense In the period of 1980s and onward, the intra-household gender relations have been changed on the basis of the combination of traditional gender norms, residual of socialist ideology, and new socio-economic reform policies The roles of social expectation on men’s and women’s “proper” sphere have been redefined and provide ideological ground to bargain a solution Most ethnic minority groups operate under a patriarchal system, which does not give women the right to participate in the decision making process in their families and communities Due to the influence of patriarchy, they have a strong boy-preference because of the requirement of husband’s family after woman’s marriage to take care of her parents-in-law until they pass away In addition, the social security system for the elderly is still lacking in Vietnam Therefore, married women are required to have a son, and this fact leads to a number of issues such as abortions and an imbalance of sex ratio at birth Vietnamese government has diversified policies focusing on ethnic minority development in rural and remote areas These policies were concretized by many poverty reduction programs for specific targeted poor household groups and regions, such as Program Program 135 and Program 30a with the aim of improving the living conditions of ethnic minorities; Program 132 and Program 134 which targeted mainly at the Central Highlands to increase access to land and improve housing condition; the Hunger and Poverty Eradication Program; health insurance program for the poor However, these programs aimed at a specific Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 commune rather than ethnic minority people or households For instance, Program which was first approved in 1998 directed to the poor communes and allocated financial resources for investing in local infrastructure, out of options including roads, schools, health centers, irrigation system, water supply systems, etc The creation of such programs represented an attempt of Vietnamese government to narrow the distance of socio-economic development among rural and remote areas However, it is revealed that the shortcomings of these programs soon became apparent: too few of interventions focused on health, too few of attention to gender inequality among ethnic people, a lack of community mobilization on poverty reduction (Adams, 2005) Vietnam has received donation from sources of assistance development World Bank, Asia Development Bank, Japan, France, Germany are major donor So far, Vietnam has been the 2nd or 3rd largest Korea’s ODA recipient in Asia Korea’s ODA has also played an important part in the considerable success of Vietnam’s socio-economic development and poverty reduction However, Korea’s ODA allocation has mainly focused on improving transportation infrastructure (51.9% of loan from EDCF), health, environment, water supply and sanitation In comparison with the other major ODA donors in Vietnam, such as ADB, WB, and Japan, Korea has paid little attention on cross-cutting issues including gender relations in ethnic minority people With the above arguments, this study investigated the impact of rural de-collectivization and economic integration on intra-household gender relations in the Northern Uplands of Vietnam for the period 1986 onward and the determinants of women’s decision making in household of ethnic minorities in Northern of Vietnam It examined relatively unexplored questions on gender and development in comparative regional studies: How have intra-household gender norms and relations in the cultures of ethnic minority groups been redefined in the period of rural de-collectivization and economic integration? To what extent can Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 change intra-household gender relations in ethnic minority groups influencing the development of their household economies and the Northern Uplands of Vietnam? To which extent can gender relations in ethnic minority groups be improved to be beneficial to the development of their household economies and the Northern Uplands of Vietnam? With a focus on gender relations within ethnic minorities, this study aims at strengthening the roles and positions of ethnic minorities, especially women, so that both women and men will invest their resources more effectively in the development of their household economies and the Northern Uplands of Vietnam The results of this study would be useful to all participants of the study, including ethnic minority groups under study, local authorities, policy makers, and academic and research institutions Findings and conclusions made from this study make it possible to provide strategies and lines of actions to the policy makers in order that the presence and future generations of ethnic minority people contribute more effectively to and benefit from the development cause of the Northern Uplands of Vietnam In order to fufill the above objectives, a theoretical framework to measure factors affecting the intra-household gender relations in ethnic minority group in Northern Mountainous Area of Vietnam was developed With the total sample of 480 households located in Thai Nguyen and Son La provinces, the respondents are women who all have husband and at least one child Regarding the role of women in family decision making, our result shows that 49.2 percent of respondents made decision themselves on healthcare while only 7.1 percent on household purchases In terms of making decision about daily household needs, 81.7 percent of respondents are women The results show the importance of ethnic minority women in daily decision making, but their role on deciding considerable problems is neglected The results also show an interesting point That is the decision on visiting to family or relatives does not belong to woman but her husband Husbands play a crucial role in deciding whom to visit in 87.5 percent Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 of families Child care decision is affected by the role of both husband and wife with 76.7 percent of respondents’ consent As for regression analysis, we include model summary and ANOVA and coefficient analysis to explore the important factors that affect women’s decision-making within household By using the appropriate statistical package, it is found that women’s family decision making is affected by major factors, including women’s years of schooling, income contribution to household, granted assets as getting marriage and male family member working far from home have a positively significant effect on the level of their decision making power at household level The results of multiple regression analyses also indicate that husband’s years of schooling, gender of household head, household current assets and husband granted asset are the major factors deterring women’s autonomy in Northern households With a focus on gender relations within ethnic minorities in Northern Vietnam, there are several policy implications for both local authorities as well as the policy makers from the results of this research: (i) In order to increase ethnic women’s autonomy in decision making in Northern Vietnam, it is necessary to organize professional training courses for ethnic minority women The finding of our results show that years of schooling of spouse affects to women’s decision making This implies that the higher education the woman is, the higher autonomy she is in decision making Thus, as the local authority provide professional training courses, they will create favourable chance for ethinic minority women to increase their necessary skills as well as basic knowledge Accordingly, more training programs should be provided to ethnic minority households in rural areas of Northern Vietnam These programs should be focused in the main areas including health, education, agricultural development In order to improve the quality of training, multi-year training programs should be implemented along with the expansion of long-term degree courses and short-term special vocational Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 training (ii) Besides, ethnic minority women should actively participate in projects and/or programs in order to increase their income Local authorities may create favorable conditions for enterprises located in the Northern to offer employment opportunities toward ethnic minority women The number of jobs available for women relative to those available for men in any economic sectors is considered to be an important role increasing women’s decision making within households (iii) Strengthening the cooperation between many organizations, individuals and societies to improve gender equality in remote areas, especially in areas where ethnic minorities live Local authorities may cooperate with private organization to conduct conversations toward ethnic families about the introduction of a parental or paternity leave to show government support for men to play a larger role in child care and to support their spouses in pursuit of careers They may work with youth to engage them on gender equality, rights of women, roles of men in childcare, healthcare and home management, as well as roles of women as leaders in the workplace and community (iv) Diversifying resources mobilization from State, enterprises and social community to implement the plan, in which the local authorities will priotize the allocation of state budget for implementation of National targets on gender equality Enhancing, inspecting and building the capacity for specialized inspectors in gender equality activities and the violation case law on gender equality Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 ………….years Wife’s years of schooling:………….years Husband’s years of schooling: In your family, is there any male working far from your home? 1: Yes 0: No ……… years Your husband’s agricultural experience: ……… years Your agricultural experience: B CULTURAL FACTORS How old were you when you got married?: years old How long has you been married? .years How far is the distance of your parent’s house? km How did you choose your husband? 1: Self – choice of marriage partner 2: Parent’s choice 3: Other Do you think women can easily change their position in society? 1: Yes 0: No Your employment status? 1: Housewife Self-employed Full-time employed Do you think you can change your current job status? 1: Yes …… 0: No APPENDICES 179 Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 Do your son/sons go to school? 1: Yes …… 0: No Up to what level they should study? 1: Primary school; 2: Secondary school; 3: High school; 4: Short-term vocational training; 5: Long-term vocational training; 6: Professional high school; 7: Junior college, Graduate and Post-graduate 10 Do your daughter/daughters go to school? 1: Yes …… 0: No 11 Up to what level they should study? 1: Primary school; 2: Secondary school; 3: High school; 4: Short-term vocational training; 5: Long-term vocational training; 6: Professional high school; 7: Junior college, Graduate and Post-graduate C ECONOMIC FACTORS Husband’s and wife’s income contribution? 1: Husband = wife 2: Husband > wife 3: Husband < wife 180 A Study on Intra-household Gender Relations of Ethnic Minorities in Northern Vietnam Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 Husband’s and wife’s assets brought into the marriage (dowry)? Wife No Assets Unit 4-5 room house Cái 3-room house Cái Television Cái Chảo Ti vi Cái Video player, CD player Cái Satellite dish* Cái Refrigerators, freezers Cái Motorcycle Cái Mobilephones Cái 10 Bed Cái 11 Cupboard Cái 12 Living room set Bộ 13 Sewing/knitting machine Cái 14 Electric fans Cái 15 Water heaters Cái 16 Computer Bộ 17 Washing machine Cái 18 Paddy land m2 19 Upland m2 20 Gold, cash, jewel… Husband Estimated value Quantity Quantity (vnd/unit) Estimated value (vnd/unit) VNĐ 21 22 APPENDICES 181 Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 What kind of following assets does your household currently have? No Assets Unit 4-5 room house Cái 3-room house Cái Television Cái Chảo Ti vi Cái Video player, CD player Cái Satellite dish Cái Refrigerators, freezers Cái Motorcycle Cái Mobilephones Cái 10 Bed Cái 11 Cupboard Cái 12 Living room set Bộ 13 Sewing/knitting machine Cái 14 Electric fans Cái 15 Water heaters Cái 16 Computer Bộ 17 Washing machine Cái 18 Paddy land m2 19 Upland m2 20 Gold, cash, jewel… Estimated value (vnd/unit) Quantity VND 21 22 … Your individual monthly income (wage, salary )? VND Your contribution to household income? % 182 A Study on Intra-household Gender Relations of Ethnic Minorities in Northern Vietnam Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 D WOMEN’S DECISION MAKING POWER Who usually makes the decisions about your own health care? 1: Wife alone 2: Wife and husband jointly 3: Husband only 4: Someone else Who usually makes the decisions about making major household purchases? 1: Wife alone 2: Wife and husband jointly 3: Husband only 4: Someone else Who usually makes the decisions about making purchases for daily household needs? 1: Wife alone 2: Wife and husband jointly 3: Husband only 4: Someone else Who usually makes the decisions about visits to family or relatives? 1: Wife alone 2: Wife and husband jointly 3: Husband only 4: Someone else Who usually makes the decisions about child care? 1: Wife alone 2: Wife and husband jointly 3: Husband only 4: Someone else APPENDICES 183 Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 APPENDIX Ⅺ OTHER RESULTS Table Independent Samples Test for the differences in decision making in terms of gender Levene's Test for Equality of Variances F Sig t-test for Equality of Means t Making decisions_ own health care Equal variances 16.239 000 -2.464 assumed Making decisions_ major household purchases Equal variances 12.294 000 -6.204 assumed Making decisions_ daily household needs Equal variances 38.090 000 -2.491 assumed Making decisions_ visits to family or relatives Equal variances 15.171 000 -9.165 assumed df Mean Sig Differ(2-tailed) ence 95% Std Confidence Error Interval of the DifferDifference ence Lower Upper 478 014 -.254 103 -.457 -.052 -2.808 31.670 008 -.254 090 -.438 -.070 478 000 -.526 085 -.692 -.359 -5.401 29.497 000 -.526 097 -.725 -.327 478 013 -.212 085 -.380 -.045 -10.01 451.00 000 -.212 021 -.254 -.171 478 000 -.679 074 -.824 -.533 -7.653 29.266 000 -.679 089 -.860 -.498 Making Equal variances 2.110 147 -8.628 478 decisions_ assumed child care Equal variances -9.480 31.287 not assumed 000 -.662 077 -.813 -.512 000 -.662 070 -.805 -.520 Equal variances not assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances not assumed Source: Author’s calculation 184 A Study on Intra-household Gender Relations of Ethnic Minorities in Northern Vietnam Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 Table Descriptive Statistics for decision making between groups N Making Equal contribution decisions_ Husband contributes own health more care Wife contributes more Making decisions_ major household purchases Making decisions_ daily household needs Making decisions_ visits to family or relatives Making decisions_ child care Std Std Mean Deviation Error 95% Confidence Int for Mean Lower Bound Upper Bound Min Max 268 1.57 495 030 1.52 1.63 160 1.51 593 047 1.42 1.61 52 1.31 466 065 1.18 1.44 Total 480 1.53 532 024 1.48 1.57 Equal contribution 268 2.04 277 017 2.01 2.07 Husband contributes more 160 2.28 465 037 2.21 2.35 52 1.54 641 089 1.36 1.72 Total 480 2.07 452 021 2.03 2.11 Equal contribution 268 1.11 356 022 1.07 1.15 Husband contributes more 160 1.37 533 042 1.29 1.45 52 1.15 364 051 1.05 1.26 Total 480 1.20 440 020 1.16 1.24 Equal contribution 268 1.94 237 015 1.91 1.97 Husband contributes more 160 2.05 499 039 1.97 2.13 52 1.46 503 070 1.32 1.60 Total 480 1.93 412 019 1.89 1.96 Equal contribution 268 1.96 190 012 1.94 1.99 Husband contributes more 160 1.64 482 038 1.56 1.71 52 1.15 364 051 1.05 1.26 480 1.77 423 019 1.73 1.80 Wife contributes more Wife contributes more Wife contributes more Wife contributes more Total Source: Author’s calculation APPENDICES 185 Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 Table ANOVA for decsion making betweeen groups Sum of Squares Making decisions_own health care Between Groups Making decisions_major household purchases Making decisions_daily household needs Between Groups Making decisions_visits to family or relatives Mean Square df 3.141 1.570 Within Groups 132.559 477 278 Total 135.700 479 Between Groups 22.051 11.026 Within Groups 75.815 477 159 Total 97.867 479 6.925 3.463 Within Groups 85.875 477 180 Total 92.800 479 Between Groups 13.732 6.866 Within Groups 67.568 477 142 Total 81.300 479 32.496 16.248 53.371 477 112 85.867 479 Making Between Groups decisions_child care Within Groups Total F Sig 5.651 004 69.369 000 19.233 000 48.472 000 145.213 000 Source: Survey results 186 A Study on Intra-household Gender Relations of Ethnic Minorities in Northern Vietnam Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 Table Independent Samples Test for the difference of decision making in terms of geography Levene's Test for Equality of Variances F t Making decisions_ own health care Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed 2.413 Making decisions_ major household purchases Equal variances assumed 58.298 000 1.618 Equal variances not assumed 1.618 Making decisions_ daily household needs Equal variances 237.518 000 6.957 assumed Making decisions_ visits to family or relatives Equal variances 221.006 000 -4.052 assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances not assumed Making Equal variances decisions_ assumed child care Equal variances not assumed 5.031 Sig t-test for Equality of Means 025 2.413 6.957 df 478 016 117 048 022 212 472.398 016 117 048 022 212 478 106 067 041 -.014 148 378.620 106 067 041 -.014 148 478 000 267 038 191 342 337.390 000 267 038 191 342 478 000 -.150 037 -.223 -.077 000 -.150 037 -.223 -.077 001 -.133 038 -.208 -.058 001 -.133 038 -.208 -.058 -4.052 239.000 50.712 000 -3.490 95% Std Confidence Mean Sig Error Interval of the Differ(2-tailed) Differ Difference ence ence Lower Upper 478 -3.490 458.934 Source: Author’s calculation APPENDICES 187 Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 Table Analysis of the difference in decision between Kinh group and others Levene's Test for Equality of Variances F Making decisions_ own health care Equal variances assumed Making decisions_ major household purchases Equal variances 10.073 assumed Making decisions_ daily household needs Equal variances 15.033 assumed Making decisions_ visits to family or relatives Equal variances 10.418 assumed Making decisions_ child care Equal variances 10.618 assumed 188 3.569 Sig df 478 313 093 092 -.088 274 1.080 41.935 286 093 086 -.081 267 -.920 478 358 -.072 078 -.226 082 -.629 37.324 533 -.072 115 -.304 160 000 5.603 478 000 414 074 269 560 4.836 39.119 000 414 086 241 588 -.546 478 585 -.039 071 -.179 101 -.400 37.752 691 -.039 098 -.237 159 001 1.393 478 164 102 073 -.042 246 1.650 43.919 106 102 062 -.023 227 002 Equal variances not assumed Equal variances not assumed Equal variances not assumed t 95% Std Confidence Mean Sig Error Interval of the Differ (2-tailed) DifferDifference ence ence Lower Upper 059 1.009 Equal variances not assumed Equal variances not assumed t-test for Equality of Means 001 A Study on Intra-household Gender Relations of Ethnic Minorities in Northern Vietnam Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 Table Analsis the differences in decision making between three group Kinh, Thai, and Tay Making decisions_own health care Making decisions_major household purchases Making decisions_daily household needs Making decisions_visits to family or relatives Making decisions_child care N Mean Std Deviation Kinh 36 1.61 494 Tay 204 1.58 569 Std Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Min Max 1.78 1.66 Lower Bound Upper Bound 082 1.44 040 1.50 Thai 240 1.47 500 032 1.40 1.53 Total 480 1.52 532 024 1.48 1.57 Kinh 36 2.00 676 113 1.77 2.23 Tay 204 2.12 531 037 2.04 2.19 Thai 240 2.03 315 020 1.99 2.07 Total 480 2.07 452 021 2.03 2.11 Kinh 36 1.58 500 083 1.41 1.75 Tay 204 1.29 534 037 1.22 1.36 Thai 240 1.07 250 016 1.03 1.10 Total 480 1.20 440 020 1.16 1.24 Kinh 36 1.89 575 096 1.69 2.08 Tay 204 1.84 574 040 1.76 1.92 Thai 240 2.00 000 000 2.00 2.00 2 Total 480 1.92 412 019 1.89 1.96 Kinh 36 1.86 351 058 1.74 1.98 Tay 204 1.67 471 033 1.61 1.74 Thai 240 1.83 373 024 1.79 1.88 Total 480 1.77 423 019 1.73 1.80 APPENDICES 189 Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 Nguyen Khanh Doanh Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Bachelor in Agricultural Economics University of Groningen, Master in International Business Sogang University, Ph.D in International Trade Thai Nguyen University of Economics and Business Administration, Associate Professor (E-mail: nkdoanh@yahoo.com) Publication “Trade and Development in Contemporary Vietnam: Doi moi, Trade Reform, and Poverty Reduction”(Co-author, 2012) “Patterns and Dynamics of Vietnam's Revealed Comparative Advantage and Export Specialization”(2011) Tran Nhuan Kien Thai Nguyen University of Economics Economics Sogang University Graduate School of Trade Sogang University Graduate School of Trade Thai Nguyen University of Economics Department of Academic Affairs (E-mail: tnkien@tueba.edu.vn) and Business Administration, Bachelor of International Studies, MSc, in International International Studies, Ph.D in International and Business Administration, Director of Publication “Trade and Development in Contemporary Vietnam: Doi moi, Trade Reform and Poverty Reductionr”(Co-author, 2012) “Korea-ASEAN Trade Flows and the Role of AFTA: Sector-Specific Evidence of Trade Diversion”(Co-author, 2012) Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 Do Dinh Long Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Bachelor in Energy Economics Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Master in Business Administration Ajou University, Ph.D in Economics Thai Nguyen University of Economics and Business Administration, Dean of Faculty of Management Economic Law (E-mail: tuebadolong@yahoo.com) – Publication “Determinants of Korean Outward Foreign Direct Investment in Southeast Asia Countries, 1991-2008”(Co-author, 2013) “The Application of the Diamond Model and the Generalized Double Diamond Model to Analyze Foreign Direct Investment in Vietnam and Indonesia”(2012) Bui Thi Minh Hang National Economics University, Bachelor in Accounting and Auditing National Economics University, Master in Accounting, Finance and Analysis of Economic Activities Hohenheim University, Ph.D in Agricultural Economics Thai Nguyen University of Economics and Business Administration, Director of Department of Science-Technology and International cooperation (E-mail: hangbui.tn@gmail.com) Publication “The Economic Impact of the Free Trade Agreement between ASEAN and Korea: An Application of GTAP model”(Co-author, 2014) “Resettling Farm Households in Northwestern Vietnam: Livelihood Change and Adaptation”(Co-author, 2011) Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 Nguyen Thi Than National Economics University, Bachelor in Investment Economics Seoul National University, Master of Economics Thainguyen University of Economics and Business Administration, Ph.D Students (現, E-mail: ntthuyen@tueba.edu.vn) Publication “Upland rice, Household Food Security, and Commercialization of Upland Agriculture in Vietnam”(Co-author, 2006) “mpacts of Agro-Chemical Use on Productivity and Heath in Vietnam”(Co-author, 1999) Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 ODA Study Series 15-05 A Study on Intra-household Gender Relations of Ethnic Minorities in Northern Vietnam Nguyen Khanh Doanh, Tran Nhuan Kien, Do Dinh Long, Bui Thi Minh Hang, Nguyen Thi Than Building C, Sejong National Research Complex, 370, Sicheong-daero, Sejong-si, Korea Tel 82-44-414-1114 Fax 82-44-414-1001 www.kiep.go.kr ISBN 78-89-322-1605-8 978-89-322-1072-8(set) Price USD Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 ... intra- household gender relations in Northern Vietnam - To examine the current performances of Korea’s CPS in Vietnam in relation to regional development in the Northern Mountainous Area of Vietnam... determinants 44 A Study on Intra- household Gender Relations of Ethnic Minorities in Northern Vietnam Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2773971 of intra- household gender relations, ... integration on intra- household gender relations in the Northern Uplands of Vietnam for the period 1986 onward and the determinants of women’s decision making in household of ethnic minorities in Northern
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