Aspire pre intermediate teacher 39 s book

Pre-intermediate Teacher's Book ASPIRE Jaimie Scanlon and Mike Sayer with David A Hill NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC LEARNING □ HEINLE i% CENGAGE Learning- Australia •Brazil •Japan •Korea •Mexico •Singapore •Spain •United Kingdom •United States Discover Learn Engage NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC LEARNING H E IN L E C E N G A G E Learning' Pre-intermediate Teacher's Book ASPIRE Jaimie Scanlon and Mike Sayer with David A Hill Discover Learn Engage WITH CLASS AUDIO CDS Dear Teacher Thank you for choosing to use A spire Pre-interm ediate with your students As you are probably aware, this course is different in a number of ways from other courses Most noticeably, a great deal of the content (photography, text, and video) is drawn from the vast resources of National Geographic For this reason, you will find that many of the topics are more varied than normal Students will find they are learning about diverse topics such as world geography, ancient cultures and modern anthropology but at the same time relating the issues to the world they already know For example, a unit such as Food (Unit 10) clearly provides a forum for students to express their own personal likes and dislikes but the influence of National Geographic content means that they are exposed to food and traditions from other parts of the world In this way their critical-thinking skills are made to work in tandem with effective language learning As a language teacher, you will also find a great deal that is reassuringly familiar in this book For example, there is a carefully graded grammar syllabus with key vocabulary needed at Pre-intermediate level Students will have plenty of opportunities to practise useful functional and communicative English National Geographic magazine was first published in 1888 and its extensive website (www.nationalgeographic.com) of resources sets out a clear mission statement: 'Inspiring people to care about the planet' In many ways this goal was always uppermost in my mind when writing this book To produce a course that would inspire students to care about the planet and inspire them to learn English I hope it achieves this for your students Good luck! 'S'cumton Contents Letter from the Author Aspire Pre-intermediate Overview Aspire Map Unit My generation Unit Science and discovery Unit Law and order Unit Travel and adventure Unit Work Unit Nature and the environment Unit Art Unit Fitness and health Unit Shops and shopping Unit 10 Food Unit 11 English around the world Unit 12 People and places Workbook Answer Key Workbook Audioscripts Aspire Placement Test Progress Test Units 1-12 End of Term Test (first and second versions) End of Term Test (first and second versions) End of YearTest (first and second versions) Test Answers and Audioscripts Video Scripts Main lesson types - A Even on the skills and grammar spread, students will have plenty of opportunity for speaking practice Students work in pairs and groups and often present their ideas to the rest of the class The tasks aim to be intrinsically motivating as well as useful for language practice Work in pairs Find out how your spend a surprise €500 Listen ing First or second conditional? The с choose depends on how likely (= think the result is Study sentence Which one is more optimistic? Wt pessimistic? a If you work hard, youll pass your exams (= I think that you are ready to work hard), b If you worked hard, you'd pass your exam (= but I don't think you want to work hard) Do you think carefully before you buy something? What is your favourite kinds of shop? What are your favourite brands fo r ■ clothes? ■ sportswear? ■ perfume? ■ music players? Complete the sentences using either the first or the second conditional Study the note first ■ computers / game consoles? ■ mobile phones? в I W9fW f t 2.15 Candice Bryant is carrying out some market research among teenagers Listen to the interviews and complete the table Wtoen we use the verb be with I in the second conditional, it is considered more correct to use If I were instead of If I w a s Examples: If I were a rich man, I'd never work again, tf I were you I'd put the money, in the bank Who they go shopping with Types of shop they go to How they would spend €500 rf I (have) a lot of money, I - (buy) a car If we _(book) our tickets now, we _ _ (spend) less So let's bookthem What (you say) if (ask) to borrow your camera? I know you want to go by train, but we (save) a lot if we _ _ (take) the bus If you- (not spend) so much money on clothes, you - (can go) on holiday If I (be) you, I -(not get) a credit card Speaking Think about your favourite shop Think of five ways in which you would improve it if you were the manager Consider things such as ■ location ■ opening timer • Sail ■ service ■ goods ■ sales and special offers ■ advertising 10 Work in pairs or groups Imagine you had the opportunity to open a shop • Whatwould you sell? ■ What would you call it? ■ Where would it be (e.g in the city centre / in a large shopping centre)? ■ What would it look like? ■ How would you encourage people to come to your shop? 11 Present your decisions to the rest of the class G ram m ar: second conditional Study Candice's question and Steve Identify the tenses in bold Are they discussing П something that happened in the past? □ an imaginary or unlikely situation in the future Candice If someone gave you five hundred euros, Steve If I had a lot of money, Complete the rule If + subject+ CONDITION subject +_ _ _ _ _ / could + CONSEQUENCE Grammar is usually presented alongside a reading or listening text so that students can see how grammatical structures are used in a variety of authentic contexts Students learn both by reading formal grammar presentations and also with learn-through-discovery tasks Discovery tasks are used for structures the students will have seen before Each presentation is accompanied with controlled practice exercises as well as free practice and speaking tasks so that the new grammar can be used in meaningful situations Main lesson types - В The В spread focuses on development of the receptive skills of reading and listening Spotlight o n boxes provide useful explanations and tips to There is always a pre-reading task help students develop awareness to help students think about the of what is involved in the process topic before they read for gist of reading and listening and specific information shopping Reading Read about 'Buy Nothing Day1and discuss the questions Once a year people in some countries join in ‘Buy Nothing Day* On Buy Nothing Day people decide nott« buy anything to protest against the consumer society Do you think Buy Nothing Day is a good idea? What would happen if eveiy day became Buy Nothing Day? -ffl.mMUl an reading skills: titles and first sentences • Before you read an artide, take a moment to think about its title as this will give you an idea of whatthe artide is about • Always read the first sentence of a paragraph carefully as it often summarises the whole paragraph Read the title of the newspaper artide What you think rt w ill be about? Vocabulary Join the phrases together to make five sentences Read the artide To buy or not to buy?* Match sentences A-F with paragraphs 1-5 There is one extra sentence A Businesses would rapidly close down В In many parts of the world, people don't have enough food, and are too poorto own basic items such as a refrigerator or a washing machine We got lost •up yoga - then^ that went into and ended- | away that old [j aforesL You should I* shirtHand stop talking, take ч up on a smallJ I you'd feel less Carry road - ' * stressed Please don't \ on with your throw • work ‘ it's myfavourite, С Shoppers want value for money D This constant pressure to spend and consume has gone too far E The people who would be most affected would probably be the poor, or those in less rich countries F Is there an alternative to the consumersodety? Discuss the questions How you think the author feels about Buy Nothing Day? How well you think Buy Nothing Day would work in your country? Toorbi/сыО Ц So we can understand why some people in the rich world show their disapproval ofthis consumerism by deciding not to buy anything for a day But what would happen if we took this idea to its logical conclusion and everyone gave up buying things, notjust for a day, but for months, or even a year? At first it may appear an attractive course of action, but if we think more closely, the consequences could be terrible to continue? to begin a new activity- _ _ _ _ _ to finally be in a place m t u r n te Finding your way around Review ) Unit Vocabulary BPS Thousands of years ago, travellers on land and sea could navigate half way round the world using just the Sun and the stars as a guide This seems incredible when so many of us today depend on a satellite navigator or GPS receiver to help us find our way around our own town or city! GPS, which stands for Global Positioning System, helps us many things today But how much you really know about it? Th e h isto ry The launch of Sputo/H the first artificial satellite, in 1957 marked the start of an important age of space exploration People soon realised that'artificial stars'would be a good way to help with orientation here on Earth, since they knew exactly where they were at any time, in 1993, the United States launched the 24thsatellite in what was originally a defence system The number 24 is important because that is exactly the number of satellites needed to cover the whole world - in other words, for it to be truly global How does i t w o rk? A receiver, such as the one in your car or on your mobile phone, uses radio signals to communicate with the satellites orbiting the Earth For a GPS system to give you reliable information about your location, your receiver has to be able to'see'at least four satellites Although we can't really see these satellites, there must be nothing in between the satellite and the receiver, so you usually point your receiver towards the sky A q u e stio n o f tim e For GPS to work properly, we need to know the exact time Many years before space travel, physicists were looking for answers to questions about the universe They invented the atomic clock - a dock that is accurate to within one billionth of a second.They had no idea that this would later help other scientists to create GPS! Som e u ses fo r GPS Choose the correct answers, A or B • Police and fire services can find the location of a crime or a fire In the first paragraph, the writer suggests that • Rescue services can find ships lost at sea • Transport companies know exactly where their vehicles are, ■ Pilots know their position even in the dark or bad weather A we can easily get lost В we can now travel great distances How is Sputnik I connected to the subject of CPS? A It carried the first CPS system into space В It made people think of other uses for satellites What happened in 1993? Match the words from the text to the definitions navigate a worldwide satellite b knowing which way is east, for example с a device for picking up signals d something which circles the Earth artificial e which you can trust orientation f find your way around communicate (with) g man-made reliable h contact * A We found the exact location of the Earth in space В We had enojgh satellites in space for a GPS system What needs to happen before we can find out where we are? Complete the sentences about different types of shop w ith words from the box chain store street market department store corner shop online shopping shopping centre A credit card I a lot of _ and a click of the mouse are all you need If you go to th e _ towards the end of the morning, you can buy some really cheap fruit and vegetables I'm going to buy some milk from th e _ _ at the end of the street I iove going to the _ because her conversation with the salesman with the words and phrases from the box you bought it just for today would be so you would be one of isn't it you can unlock it if you slide your finger how much would this cost me how does it download all your favourite I'll let you have it could give you that's so cool far too expensive = Salesman, В = Bridget S I see you're looking at the brand new Delta phone It's beautiful, (1 ) ? В Mm, yes, so (2 ) work? all the shops are under one roof There is a branch of this every town S Well, (3 ) across the screen (4 ) It's probably the most famous _ in the world, where you can buy everything you can imagine В Wow, (5 ) _ of icons! Grammar Continue the 'logic chain' by writing sentences with the second conditional if we stop buying things / factories have to stop making them Example: l-f w « stopped th u u g s, factories, w o u ld h a v t to stop _ ! And there are lots S This one's for email, and this one's for the Internet, it's even a camera and music player You can (6 ) songs В That's amazing So (7 ) ? S Well, it's just €300 But |ust think! (8 ) the first to have one Your friends (9 ) jealous В But €300! That's (1 ) S But if ( 11) today, a €50 discount ( )_ 12 If factories stop making goods / shops have nothing to sell В That sounds interesting If shops have nothing to sell / they have to close down S And if you sign up to our phone operator, (1 ) for just €99! But this is a special offer, ( 14 ) If shops and factories dose down / people lose their jobs В Wow Let me ask my dad - he's paying! If people lose jobs / they not able to go to restaurants or have their hair cut If nobody work any more / we not able to buy food and necessities □ buy things and make a complaint in a shop П talk about shopping and advertising Decide where too, very and enough belong in □ write a letter of complaint these sentences □ use the second conditional These trousers are much tight I 1use too and enough with adjectives A Our receiver must be in contact with three or more satellites You're not old to wear make-up, Jenny В We need to have at least three receivers We were pleased to see you again What does the writer say about the atomic clock? Functions Bridget is in an electrical goods shop Complete Sorry to keep you waiting A Physicists were trying to make it more accurate Have you had to eat? В Physicists invented it while they were looking for something else This skirt is expensive, but I’m going to buy it anyway REVIEW UNIT 113 At the end of every unit there is a R e v ie w p a g e that covers the key language presented The students review the target language (grammar, vocabulary, functional language) by completing discrete item tasks individually, then complete a short self-assessment task (Now I can ) The Review page can be done in class or set for homework George Karen George Karen George Not quite, but something that stuck just a little bit The glue he invented could be re-used and it didn't leave a mark He went to his bosses and told them about his discovery but they weren't interested, even though Spencer thought it could have a use So what happened to change things? Well, one day a colleague needed to mark the pages in a book, and knew about Spencer's non-glue He used a little bit of the glue on pieces of paper to stick on the pages After that, the rest is history Eventually in 1981, 3M started to sell post-it notes Incredible! It's difficult to imagine an office without them Yes Erm, Karen, can you give me one, please? Unit Part T: Listening 1 15 the Castle Museum £480,000 In their father's garage a workman Yesterday four dresses 3a kitchen equipment b electrical goods in the past few months Unit Part 1: Listening 1 48 hours 40 km a small island thirsty and exhausted metres long twice throw stones worked out where they could be he saw someone waving 10 search party crew Part 2: Grammar has lived ate Have you been have never flown have forgotten came was did you worked ever visited haven't have never flown have travelled have visited 10 have only been Part 3: Vocabulary souvenir tourism statue museum historic gallery birthplace sightseeing festival 10 guidebook Part 4: Communication Part 2: Grammar was looked was walking noticed were standing had passed said turned took 10 put used to have; stole used to like; went used to live; came took; used to be used to be; became Part 3: Vocabulary witness confess innocent evidence sentence 3-a 4-f 5-e 6-b Part 5: Reading F T T F F F F F T 10 T Listening audioscript Part 5: Reading J S T C J S C S T 10 J Listening audioscript - Part (7 CD3/05 Part 4: Communication 2-c Why don't we take an air-conditioned coach? How long does it take to get from Manchester to Liverpool by coach? How far is Manchester from Liverpool? Where you suggest we stay? We could go camping or stay at the youth hostel CD3/04 Here is the news Two brothers were sentenced at a Liverpool court this morning They were charged with stealing fifteen paintings worth £480,000 from the Castle Museum in Shipton last month They had kept the paintings in a garage belonging to their father while they tried to find a buyer However, a workman had discovered them when he had gone to repair the garage roof Mrs Rosemary Jones was helping police with their inquiries yesterday after she had been arrested in Johnson's Clothes Shop in Bristol Street, carrying four dresses which she had not paid for When police later searched her home, they found that it was full of new things - kitchen equipment, electrical goods, and many more clothes - which Mrs Jones had stolen over the past few months.* Five divers who travelled to Indonesia in search of adventure got more than they expected They spent the most frightening 48 hours of their lives They were diving together when a strong current carried them 40 kilometres Eventually they saw a small island and swam towards it They were thirsty and exhausted but immediately faced a new enemy: the Komodo dragon, the world's largest and most deadly lizard Komodo dragons grow up to three metres long and can kill animals more than twice their size The five had to keep their eyes open and throw stones to keep the dragons away Luckily for the divers, Frank Winkler a German who runs a diving school, worked out where they could be He was driving the boat one of the search party crew noticed someone who was waving at them from the island Unit Part 1: Listening 1a f 3c e b Do not use d Part 2: Grammar has to had to have to must don't have to 259 is going will will are you going to are going to be Part 3: Vocabulary eruption warming pollution endangered threatens pension salary enthusiastic career ambitious You'll need to speak to my father But I'm afraid he isn't here at the moment Would you like to leave a message? No thanks, I'll call back later When would be a good time to call? f e 4a Listening audioscript polar Today I am going to Our message As you can see Did you know but in fact what can we do? first of all but not least to sum up 10 hand you over Part 5: Reading d Part 5: Reading ld Part 3: Vocabulary Part 4: Communication Part 4: Communication b Do not use с (7 CD3/06 Speaker A It's almost impossible to fix anything yourself these days Most of the time I spend trying to find out what's wrong with a computer Me, I drive a ten year old car that is before all these modern electronics It's fun to play around with it in my free time Speaker В I'm in charge of a hospital canteen We have over eight hundred meals to make each day We have to think about the different requirements of the patients and staff I am in charge of the main courses I have quite a large team working for me Speaker С We generally travel around in pairs or threes, you have to keep you eyes open when there's trouble on a Saturday night When I joined the force ten years ago it was a lot less violent and dangerous We wear special vests and a lot of protection these days Speaker D I spend all my time talking to clients They either come to my desk or else they ring up because they want to make a booking or to talk to someone about hiring a room for an event like a conference or wedding reception 260 Part 2: Grammar They made me work late again You not have to work on Saturdays His boss did not let him have a coffee break You must not be rude to the customers She did not need to take the bus e 3c f Listening audioscript b Do not use a (7 CD3/07 Two weeks ago we went to the Eden project in Cornwall Cornwall is in the south west of England They have recreated the natural environments that you find in different parts of the world It was made in a very deep hole left after mining These are covered in a clear plastic roof and keep the temperature just right One of these domes is for a Mediterranean biome where you can find vines and olive trees But for me the best thing was the rainforest biome - it is the biggest greenhouse in the world and is very hot and humid inside It is one and a half hectares large and an incredible 55 metres high There's a waterfall and a walkway that takes you through the treetops Fortunately there aren't any scary snakes or spiders! There are bananas growing on banana trees and coffee and rubber plants as well as giant bamboo Unit Part 1: Listening 1 F T T F F T T T F Part 2: Grammar better best worse worst bigger heavier heaviest the most less Speaker E I've wanted to work with children ever since I was small When I was little I used to have my own classroom with my dolls and teddies, and stand in front of them pretending to give them lessons Part 3: Vocabulary Unite still life portrait masterpiece foreground background Part 1: Listening Part 4: Communication 1 south west mining domes Mediterranean rainforest one and a half 55 treetops snakes 10 coffee and rubber 1a the most as, as worse than the funniest older am to 4 it for 53 Part 5: Reading T С G С S S 10 С В В Т I don't think it is anything serious better have an X-ray just in case but you Part 5: Reading Listening audioscript Ben Gina Ben Gina Ben Gina Ben Gina Ben Gina Ben Gina CD3/08 I'm going to Barcelona in Spain next week Have you ever been there, Gina? Mm yes, several times, it's one of my favourite cities It is in Spain, but for the people who live there it is in Catalonia Right, of course What are the best places to visit? Top of my list is anything to with the Catalan architect Antonio Gaudf Gaudi Oh yes, I think I've heard something about him That's right, he designed many buildings in his lifetime I'd really like to see the Palau Guell, a beautiful family house he built in Barcelona So what is it like? Well, it has a huge entrance and is well known for its double domes You can see other examples of his work as you go around Barcelona The Casa Vicens and the Casa Batllo are two of the houses he built for rich clients Can you visit them? Well the Casa Batllo is a museum But the other places have private owners So, what happened to him? Well, he had a tragic end He was knocked over by a tram you see He was dressed so poorly that people thought he was a tramp It was only later on in that they realised he was the city's most famous architect Unit b 2d 3d d Listening audioscript Jacky Trudy Jacky Trudy Jacky Trudy Jacky Trudy Jacky Trudy Jacky Trudy 5a (7 CD3/09 Hi Trudy How is everything going? Well my skin always feels dry and itchy in this cold weather Well, I read a magazine article that might interest you It was about a cure for people who have skin problems And you thought about me, that's very nice Anyway, what was it about? Well, apparently you go and there is this special kind of fish called that eats, you know nibbles away at your skin and takes all the dead and dry bits off Oh my goodness It sounds like being eaten alive by piranhas! No, not at all, it is like a tickling sensation that is all Apparently the results are amazing and you are left with a beautifully soft clear skin Ugh stop - it sounds absolutely disgusting So where people go to have this done? Well, you can go to Turkey, which is where the doctor fish Doctor fish! Is that what they're called? Yeah, to Turkey where these erm doctor fish come from or else there are spas in Europe There are even doctor fish clinics in Ireland Mm, thanks, but no thanks I think I'll give it a miss I'll carry on putting cream on my body, it's much nicer Unit Part 1: Listening 1 magazine eats eaten alive amazing disgusting clear doctor Ireland 10 cream Part 1: Listening Part 2: Grammar Part 2: Grammar If symptoms show, you need to act responsibly Wash your hand if you touch a handle If you want to sneeze, put your hand over your mouth If you are in contact with an infected person, wear a face mask If you have the flu, stay away from public places were, would wait would buy, had Would you lend me, promised would you do, found paid, would you give me don't wear, you'll catch won't get better, take will not go, is have not had, will not be able to will not, stops 1 F T F F T F T F F 10 F He is far too irresponsible to have a credit card I don't think we have enough money to go on holiday He isn't old enough to have a mobile phone She was very angry when she opened the packet We were too ill to go shopping Part 3: Vocabulary Part 3: Vocabulary symptoms cough sprained swollen end up take up took away end up prescription Part 4: Communication Part 4: Communication f e g j Well, it is my knee, doctor I twisted it while I was playing tennis Let's have a look at it, shall we? Mm, it looks very swollen Is it painful? e 3a i 5c h d Part 5: Reading f 3d 4a c Do not use b 261 (7 CD3/10 Listening audioscript Delia Frank Delia Frank Delia Frank Delia Frank Delia Frank Delia Frank Delia Frank Delia Frank Listening audioscript Have you ever bought anything online? Oh yes, I it all the time I can't stand normal shopping All the books and music I buy over the Internet But don't you miss going shopping? No, not at all, although I like going into music and book shops still The only other kind of shopping I is at the supermarket for food and stuff, but that's only because I have to What about clothes? I buy most of them online too I bought four shirts last week But what about if they don't fit? Well, you simply send them back In fact, that's what I had to with these shirts But that's a real bore isn't it, sending stuff back? Yes, but there is no guarantee when you buy a shirt from a shop that it is going to fit when you put it on when you get home That's true But aren't you ever worried about security and things No, not really, I only buy some from well-established online shops And is it cheaper? No, not necessarily, but that's not the point The thing about the internet is that if you search long enough you are usually able to find exactly what you want In a normal shop you have to choose from what's there And what about eBay? Well, I buy stuff through them as well I got these shoes at half the normal price They were a real bargain I've never sold anything on eBay though Unit 10 Part 1: Listening Steve Marina Marina Steve Marina Steve Marina Steve Marina Unit 11 Part 1: Listening 1 doesn't go Coca-Cola™ eat, off want to go come alive Part 2: Grammar how you are which area of Germany you are from to have a cup of coffee and a piece of cake where you are staying if you are having a good time Part 2: Grammar favourite team was playing tomorrow he had passed his driving test if Melanie has finished her homework he would give him a lift to the airport he could lend her €50 has been stopped came back have been have eaten Part 3: Vocabulary 1 a, b and с a 3b 4c 5c have you written have you had have you cooked have you lived Have you ever had courses dessert starter difference pronunciation translation misunderstanding interpreter Part 4: Communication Part 3: Vocabulary recipe ingredients Part 4: Communication Is it all right if I borrow your dictionary? I would like to know what your mother tongue is? Can you tell me if you studied German at school? Can you tell me when the train leaves? Do you think you could tell me what this word means? Would you like to come this way? Are you ready to order? I think we'll have What would you like to drink with your meal? What you recommend for dessert? b Part 5: Reading Listening audioscript F T T T T F T T T 10 T Alex Kirsten Part 5: Reading Alex Kirsten 262 CD3/11 So you've just come back from Singapore, Marina Did you have any good food while you were there? Mm, lots, it's really delicious and there's a huge choice You can have Chinese, Malay and Indian food But the best place I went to was a place called Annalakshmi Annalakshmi! That's an unusual name What kind of restaurant is it? It is vegetarian restaurant, so no meat or anything They serve traditional Indian food What was so special about it? Well, its philosophy really Nearly everyone who works there is a volunteer and the people in charge are monks The way it works is you pay what you can afford So, if you like, richer diners pay for the poorer ones Who are the diners? Well, all sorts of people There are ordinary Singaporeans and expatriates, you know, foreigners who live in Singapore But mostly it's tourists f e 4a d Do not use c ( j CD3/12 What's so funny, Kirsten? Well, it's this article I'm reading about translating slogans from one language to another Go on I'm listening Another company wrongly translated Schweppes 'Tonic Water' into toilet water! Oh dear Well, when General Motors introduced the Nova car into Spanish speaking South America they didn't realise that in Spanish 'no va' means doesn't go! Oh dear, that's not a good name for a car! There are big problems for soft drinks When Coca-Cola was translated in China it came out as 'eat the wax tadpole' That's weird And Pepsi's slogan, 'come alive with the Pepsi generation' was translated as 'if you drink Pepsi, your ancestors will come back from the dead.' How extraordinary I think I heard a story about Kentucky Fried Chicken, too Mm yes, it's in the article too In English we say 'finger licking good' but in Chinese it was translated as, 'eat your fingers off'! Wow! And Microsoft's slogan, 'Where you want to go today?' sounded less helpful when it was translated into Japanese as, 'If you don't know where you want to go, we'll make sure you get taken there.' It just shows how careful you have to be when you are in business Alex Kirsten Alex Kirsten Alex Kirsten Alex Kirsten Alex Kirsten Alex Part 1: Listening 1 Island in front of black and white three metres 490 kilos 1990 1994 London shopping mall 10 a rich businessman Part 2: Grammar was designed by Michelangelo will be chosen are going to be given tomorrow was rebuilt after the war was deliberately started whose where when that Part 3: Vocabulary fascinating exhausting ridiculous gorgeous terrifying Please check that your mobile phones are switched off Do not wander off on your own May I remind you that flash photography is not permitted I would like to draw you attention to this painting Remember to be back at the coach by midday 3c Listening Exercise F T F F T F T T 10 F 11 T Vocabulary Exercise Exercise festival historic guide birthplace souvenir career ambitious salary 10 pension 11 retire Grammar Exercise are speaking you cook you think don't often go are the children doing Exercise thought were watching weren't was filming wasn't driving was delivering lost went 10 escaped 11 swam fell had left had put went discovered Exercise by about into in of Exercise Part 5: Reading 2d Part A Exercise Part 4: Communication a End of Term Test (first version) selfish relationship optimistic knowledge refugee neighbourhood scientist inventor 10 criminal 11 proof Unit 12 why in front of it The colours symbolise the reconciliation between the different races It is three metres tall and weighs 490 kilos Mandela was finally freed in 1990 and four years later, he became South Africa's first democratically elected president There are bronze statues of Mandela in London's Parliament Square, and there is another bronze statue of Mandela in one of Johannesburg's shopping malls The statue at Groot Drakenstein was paid for by a rich businessman 4c Listening audioscript 5b mustn't need to don't need to have to must CD3/13 Nelson Mandela spent twenty-seven years in prison in his fight to establish equal rights for people of all races in South Africa Although he spent most of his time in prison on Robben Island, his last few months of captivity were at the Groot Drakenstein prison Now a black-and-white marble statue of him stands Part В Exercise ever been much does as I am about going make up my Exercise 10 Exercise don't we hire a car have you ever driven on the think I'd rather take a coach how long does it take to get there how far is it fell had left had put went discovered Exercise Reading by about into in of Exercise 11 1c f 3a 4b eDo not use d Listening audioscript - Exercise ( CD3/14 Melinda Betty Melinda Betty M elinda Betty Melinda Betty Melinda Betty Melinda Betty Melinda Betty M elinda Betty Hi, I noticed that you're looking for part-time staff Yes, I'm looking for counter staff to serve customers Have you got any experience of this kind of work? No, I haven't But I have worked in a supermarket as a cashier so I know what it's like to deal with the public And, of course, I've eaten here lots of times! OK Now we're looking for people to work evenings and weekends Would that be every weekend? No, we give people one either Friday or Saturday night off and one Sunday every two weeks That way your social life doesn't suffer too much That's great And would I have to cook? No We have kitchen staff who prepare the food But we also train people to it, if you're interested Not really, to tell you the truth Anyway, why are you looking for work? Well, I'm studying at the university and I need to work part time to pay the rent of my studio How many hours can you offer a week? Well, it works out at between eighteen and twenty-two hours a week How does that sound? I think I could manage that, but I wouldn't want to more And what's the pay like? Well, it's the minimum wage And if you work a four-hour shift you have a fifteen-minute break in the middle when you can have a free meal That sounds good And what about a uniform? Well, there isn't a full uniform but everyone has to wear an apron and a cap, but we supply those And a name badge of course End of Term Test (second version) Part A Exercise mustn't F T F F T F T T 10 F 11 T Exercise festival historic guide birthplace souvenir career ambitious salary 10 pension 11 retire Exercise selfish relationship optimistic knowledge refugee neighbourhood scientist inventor 10 criminal 11 proof Part В Exercise ever been much does as I am about going don't we hire a car have you ever driven on the think I'd rather take a coach how long does it take to get there how far is it Reading Exercise 11 1c f Melinda Betty M elinda Betty Melinda Betty Melinda Betty Exercise 264 3a 4b e Listening audioscript - Exercise (7' CD3/14 Exercise 2 thought were watching weren't was filming wasn't driving was delivering lost went 10 escaped 11 swam make up my Exercise 10 Grammar are speaking you cook you think don't often go are the children doing must must Vocabulary Listening Exercise don't need have M elinda Betty Hi, I noticed that you're looking for part-time staff Yes, I'm looking for counter staff to serve customers Have you got any experience of this kind of work? No, I haven't But I have worked in a supermarket as a cashier so I know what's it's like to deal with the public And, of course, I've eaten here lots of times! OK Now we're looking for people to work evenings and weekends Would that be every weekend? No we give people one either Friday or Saturday night off and one Sunday every two weeks That way your social life doesn't suffer too much That's great And would I have to cook? No We have kitchen staff who prepare the food But we also train people to it, if you're interested Not really, to tell you the truth Anyway, why are you looking for work? Melinda Betty Melinda Betty Melinda Betty Well, I'm studying at the university and I need to work part-time to pay the rent of my studio How many hours can you offer a week? Well, it works out at between eighteen and twenty two hours a week How does that sound? I think I could manage that, but I wouldn't want to more And what's the pay like? Well, it's the minimum wage And if you work a four-hour shift you have a fifteen-minute break in the middle when you can have a free meal That sounds good And what about a uniform? Well, there isn't a full uniform but everyone has to wear an apron and a cap, but we supply those And a name badge of course End of Term Test (first version) Reading Exercise с a d с с Listening audioscript - Exercise Grandm a Jacob Grandm a Jacob Grandm a Jacob Grandm a Jacob Grandm a Jacob Fart A Listening Exercise 1 T T F T F F F T F 10 T Grandm a Jacob Grandm a Jacob Vocabulary Exercise 2 masterpiece sculptor portrait landscape still life accent bilingual native speaker 10 interpreter 11 jargon Grandm a Jacob Grandm a Exercise supermarket department sales logo consumer bargain cash credit card 10 discount 11 brand Jacob Grammar Exercise a bigger the most the best less beautiful the worst CD3/15 Hello, is that Jacob? Hi, Grandma It's nice to hear your voice I was just ringing up to find out how your work placement went Oh that's kind It's strange to be back at school So what did you then? Well, you know, I helped out a bit in reception and in the restaurant, and the kitchen, too I even prepared some of the bedrooms So there was no time to get bored Goodness, so did you have to work very hard, then? Well, I had to work weekends and most evenings Well, I suppose that's part of the job, isn't it? Yes, you have to work when most other people are free, but they gave me two days off during the week So it wasn't too bad And did you make lots of money? Well, they didn't have to pay me anything because it was work experience, but they gave me two hundred euros as a thank you Well, that was kind of them, I suppose To tell you the truth, I wasn't expecting anything Most of the people in my class didn't get anything at all Oh, didn't they? So you did well then I'm very proud of you Yes, and they also let me keep the tips, and I made another hundred and twenty euros on top OK So that wasn't too bad When I was a waitress, we had to share the tips So have you changed your mind about hotel work? Oh no, not at all The part I enjoyed most was working in the kitchens I didn't cook anything but the chef realised that I was interested in cooking, so he allowed me to watch him while he cooked - and that's what I want to more than anything else End of Term Test (second version) Exercise knew, would like paid, would you give me would you do, were would buy, had would you do, saw Part A Listening Exercise Exercise opened have run did you first began to left has been have you ever had haven't 10 has ever happened 11 haven't had T T JF F 10 T T F F F 8T Grammar Exercise 2 a bigger size less beautiful Part В the most the best the worst Communication Exercise Exercise с d 4a 10 к 11 h i f 7j 8b e knew, would like paid, would you give me would you do, were would buy, had would you do, saw 265 S I Exercise Grandm a opened have run did you first began to left has been have you ever had haven't 10 has ever happened 11 haven't had Jacob Vocabulary Exercise supermarket department sales logo consumer bargain cash credit card 10 discount 11 brand Exercise masterpiece sculptor portrait landscape still life accent bilingual native speaker 10 interpreter 11 jargon Part В OK So that wasn't too bad When I was a waitress, we had to share the tips So have you changed your mind about hotel work? Oh no, not at all The part I enjoyed most was working in the kitchens I didn't cook anything but the chef realised that I was interested in cooking, so he allowed me to watch him while he cooked - and that's what I want to more than anything else End of Year Test (first version) Listening Exercise F F T 10 F 11 T T F T T T d 6c 8a 9a Grammar Communication Exercise Exercise a c d 10 с 1 c c 3d a i 10 к 11 h f j b e d Exercise the the a the the 10 the 1 a Reading Exercise с a d с с Listening audioscript - Exercise /С CD3/15 Grandm a Jacob Grandm a Jacob Grandm a Jacob Grandm a Jacob Grandm a Jacob Grandm a Jacob Grandm a Jacob Grandm a Jacob 266 Hello, is that Jacob? Hi, Grandma It's nice to hear your voice I was just ringing up to find out how your work placement went Oh that's kind It's strange to be back at school So what did you then? Well, you know, I helped out a bit in reception and in the restaurant, and the kitchen, too I even prepared some of the bedrooms So there was no time to get bored Goodness, so did you have to work very hard, then? Well, I had to work weekends and most evenings Well, I suppose that's part of the job, isn't it? Yes, you have to work when most other people are free, but they gave me two days off during the week So it wasn't too bad And did you make lots of money? Well, they didn't have to pay me anything because it was work experience, but they gave me two hundred euros as a thank you Well, that was kind of them, I suppose To tell you the truth, I wasn't expecting anything Most of the people in my class didn't get anything at all Oh, didn't they? So you did well then I'm very proud of you Yes, and they also let me keep the tips, and I made another hundred and twenty euros on top Exercise the biggest where she lived haven't seen have never eaten are going to be welcomed Vocabulary Exercise 2c 9a 3c d 5c 10 d 1 c b a d Exercise voyage trip journey flight guilty confess travel Exercise witness alibi evidence Exercise interpreter interesting traditional criminal discovery Communication Exercise There are marks for each answer (Communication: If it answers the question fully and the student writes enough they can get marks Language/accuracy: mark Vocabulary: Good range of vocabulary mark Vi mark for limited range.) Reading Vocabulary Exercise 10 Exercise 2 a c d с 10 b 11 9a 10 d Listening audioscript - Exercise Q CD3/16 Exercise d a b Interview er Scientist Interview er Scientist Interview er Scientist Interviewer Scientist Interview er Scientist 5c d 7a 8c Nowadays, scientists like you can say what kind of health problems people will have later in life Isn't it a bad thing to have that kind of knowledge? I don't really want to know if we can't anything to change it If I find out that I might get ill, it might mean that I can't get insurance or that someone will not want to give me a job I don't agree Our genetic make-up, what we inherit from our parents, is just one thing to consider What you mean by that? Well, even though there may be a possibility of developing a certain illness or condition, this is only part of the story The way we live and the lifestyle choices that we make are often responsible for whether the condition develops Doctors can also take action to stop a condition developing So what you think the balance is? Personally, I think it is sixty-forty, sixty per cent lifestyle and forty per cent genetics OK, but going back to choice Let's be realistic, we are never entirely free to make our own choices, are we? I mean, a lot of choices are to with how much money we have, whether we live in the town or the country and so on Yes, of course, you're right But we can choose whether we smoke, how much we eat and the exercise that we take We can choose whether or not to take the lift or walk up the stairs for instance We can decide not to put sugar in our coffee, salt on our food, or eat too much fast food I see what you mean What you think of these websites where you can find out how long you are going to live? I think it is terrible to treat this subject as though it were some kind of party game Another thing is that a lot of these sites seem to contradict each other You could give the same answers on two entirely different sites and come up with some very different results - so personally, I think you should avoid them voyage journey alibi guilty travel confess evidence Exercise interpreter interesting traditional criminal discovery Grammar Exercise 2a 9a 3c d d 10 с 1 c 6c 7d 8a Exercise the the a the the 10 the 11 a Exercise the biggest where she lived haven't seen have never eaten are going to be welcomed Communication Exercise There are marks for each answer (Communication: If it answers the question fully and the student writes enough they can get marks Language/accuracy: mark Vocabulary: Good range of vocabulary mark V2 mark for limited range.) Reading Exercise 10 2d 9c 3a 4b 5c 10 b 1 b d a Listening audioscript - Exercise Listening Exercise T flight Exercise witness End of Year Test (second version) F T a d trip Interview er F F T T T 10 F 11 T с b 11 с Scientist c CD3/16 Nowadays, scientists like you can say what kind of health problems people will have later in life Isn't it a bad thing to have that kind of knowledge I don't really want to know if we can't anything to change it If I find out that I might get ill, it might mean that I can't get insurance or that someone will not want to give me a job I don't agree Our genetic make-up, what we inherit from our parents is just one thing to consider 267 Interview er Scientist Interview er Scientist Interview er Scientist 268 What you mean by that? Well, even though there may be a possibility of developing a certain illness or condition, this is only part of the story The way we live and the lifestyle choices that we make are often responsible for whether the condition develops Doctors can also take action to stop a condition developing So what you think the balance is? Personally, I think it is sixty-forty, sixty per cent lifestyle and forty per cent genetics OK, but going back to choice Let's be realistic, we are never entirely free to make our own choices, are we? I mean, a lot of choices are to with how much money we have, whether we live in the town or the country and so on Yes, of course, you're right But we can choose whether we smoke, how much we Interviewer Scientist drink and the exercise that we take We can choose whether or not to take the lift or walk up the stairs for instance We can decide not to put sugar in our coffee, salt on our food, or eat too much fast food I see what you mean What you think of these websites where you can find out how long you are going to live? I think it is terrible to treat this subject as though it were some kind of party game Another thing is that a lot of these sites seem to contradict each other You could give the same answers on two entirely different sites and come up with some very different results - so personally I think you should avoid them Uncovering the past NARRATOR: These people are archeologists They are looking for old things Here, they find plates and bones Archaeology is the study of ancient things They look at old buildings and houses They look for things like jewelry, pots and plates Archeologists also study paintings in caves They also study fossils - the bones of old animals And they study human remains, like these skulls To find things, archaeologists get dirty Teams work with shovels and spades It is slow work The work can be exciting This is a Mayan city The beautiful carvings made by the Maya tell their history The archaeologists who found these writings are discovering Maya civilization Archeologists work in many places - in South America, in cities, in Asian jungles Sometimes the work is dangerous But it is always interesting The future of a village NARRATOR: In Essaouira, Morocco, the fishermen are preparing for another year out on the water All around the port, you can hear the sounds of boat building and smell fresh paint in the air Everything seems great in Essaouira But in reality, things are not very good In Essaouira, fishing is no longer such a good job The number of fish has gone down Some of the fishing work has moved to the south The small boats which leave out of this port can't compete with the big fishing boats Those boats, or trawlers, can simply catch more fish ABDELHADI, FISHERMAN: The life of a fisherman now is hard Sometimes you work for one day; then you don't work for two days Then you work for one week, then no work for fifteen days NARRATOR: The fishing industry here is trying to survive, but now there's new hope Recently, this town has a new breadwinner- tourism Last year, thousands of tourists visited Essaouira and this tourism has brought hope and money to the town Essaouira's first tourist boom was in the 1960s Rock stars and people from many different cultures visited the village Now, the small town is trying to bring in tourists again They want a different way to make money The plan is working well Since 1996, tourism in Essaouira has increased by more than three hundred percent It's not village centre, put on difficult to see why people like the historic Essaouira's 'medina', or historic town was built in the 700s and was recently UNESCO's World Heritage List Essaouira now has a very good chance to develop tourism and help its economy But they must also try not to sell out the local people, culture and the environment The people who are developing tourism say that conservation is important to them However, for the people of Essaouira, there are still questions about water, land use and pollution Perhaps fishing may now be part of Essaouira's past Maybe the town has a chance to make a new life for itself Will the people of Essouira choose well? No one knows, but the future of this village may depend on the decisions they make today Peruvian weavers NARRATOR: In a small village high in the Andes, it all starts with the sheep Just one, that loses it's warm, winter wool First, a few people from the village, or villagers, catch the sheep and prepare the knife Then, they carefully tie up the sheep so that it can't move Finally, they use the knife to cut the sheep's winter coat of wool After that, one of the newest and most important industries in Chinchero begins The methods they use are traditional, but these villagers are part of something new The wool they're collecting is for a new and different business - a weavers' cooperative that the women here manage Every Monday and Saturday, 46 women and girls cut wool from their sheep and llamas Then, they spin it into yarn for making cloth Nilda Cayanupa is the leader of the Centre for Traditional Textiles which manages the cooperative NILDA CAYANUPA, CENTER FOR TRADITIONAL TEXTILES: Any of my age in my town was learning to weave So it was kind of sad that weaving was disappearing So, because that, always my dream was that the younger generation should learn so the weaving won't die NARRATOR: Nilda grew up in the Andean countryside, where many of the men are farmers CAYANUPA: Chinchero is a farming village We are the best I'm not saying because I am from this village - but we are the best producers of the potatoes, and many things like quinoa barley NARRATOR: Farming has long been a tradition in Chinchero Many farmers here continue the traditions of the Inca people who lived in the Andes for centuries However, farming no longer brings in enough money to support a whole VIDEO SCRIPTS 269 family here So, with the changes in the economy, traditional ideas are changing, too Until now it's always been the men who have farmed and the women have cooked and cared for the children They have also taken wool from the sheep and woven it into cloth It's this weaving that's now becoming more and more important Nilda says that these women weavers are becoming the main economic supporters of the family As an example, she tells of one woman whose husband has started helping with the sheep She explains that this wasn't very common in the past Men only farmed the land and didn't help with weaving CAYANUPA: Today, this group of the ladies can make not a lot of money but a reasonable amount of money NARRATOR: Now in Chinchero, weaving isn't just a butterflies These butterflies'have a survival rate of nearly one hundred percent WELLINGTON COMBO, KENYAN WILDLIFE SERVICE: Arabuko Sokoke Forest is important because it is the largest remaining coastal forest in East Africa NARRATOR: Now people are better educated, and they can see the benefits of keeping the forests They earn money from butterfly farming, bee keeping and from plants that can be used for medicine WELLINGTON COMBO, KENYAN WILDLIFE SERVICE: So at least they have seen the benefits of having the forest stay NARRATOR: This is the project's headquarters, right in the heart of the forest Farmers from all over the region come here to breed the butterflies Much of the credit for the project's success must for to this man: Washington lemba tradition It's a way to make money and live well Weaving has also become more important for the culture of Chinchero It has become a way to make the textile tradition stronger and to keep a part of the past alive WASHINGTON IEMBA, KIPEPEO BUTTERFLY PROJECT: The Butterfly Farm started in 1993 and GUADALUPE, WEAVER: I learned when I was in the NARRATOR: He says that farming butterflies has now third grade of school with very basic weaving Today, I weave blankets, shawls, ponchos and prepare my own yarn NARRATOR: Older women now teach the younger girls The goal is to bring back the strength of the textile tradition of the past They want to keep the Peruvian weaving traditions alive As the young women of Chinchero learn to weave, they also learn to be self-sufficient They can sell the blankets and clothes that they make in their free time ROSITA, WEAVER: I my weaving in my house, in the afternoons and early morning And here on Monday and Saturday, too NARRATOR: Weaving groups like the Chinchero cooperative are giving new life to the textile tradition In the end, their cooperative may prove that many threads together are stronger than one alone Kenya's butterflies NARRATOR: The Arabuko Sokoke Forest is home to more than a third of Kenya's eight hundred and seventy species of butterfly The demand for unusual butterfly species for public and private collections has long been a threat to natural environments such as this Kenyan forest In the past, butterfly collectors caught thousands of insects from the wild, sending live animals to Europe and the US It's sad to say that most probably died before they arrived Several years ago local farmers decided to use their skills for a different project: rearing caterpillars The caterpillars are sent around the world as pupae and arrive just in time to become adult African VIDEO SCRIPTS the objective then was to develop local support for the conservation of the Abuku Sokoke Forest become attractive, as it is a new source of income WASHINGTON IEMBA, KIPEPEO BUTTERFLY PROJECT: Now, most of the farmers even know the botanical names like any university student NARRATOR: The process involves community members first catching a small number of butterflies These are then carefully released into a closed area The females lay their eggs and caterpillars finally emerge After they pupate, or enter their cocoons, the caterpillars are brought to the project centre where the farmers receive money for their work WASHINGTON IEMBA: Thank you What you have for us today? These ones are very good, in fact you can see they are shaking, shaking, showing that they are still very fresh But if you remember to have Monideas, because Monideas at the moment is the one that has a lot of market space NARRATOR: Each farmer keeps a small number of pupae so that the entire process can be repeated without having to collect new insects from the wild WASHINGTON IEMBA: In a year we sell pupae worth almost sixty thousand US dollars Of these, sixty percent goes to the local communities mostly for food and their school uniforms, school fees, hospital bills The most attractive aspect has been that, unlike other programmes introduced in forest areas, this has quick returns Within one month of farming butterflies one is able to generate income and use it, and therefore adding more value to the programme itself NARRATOR: In the beginning, one hundred workers cooperated to start the project Now there are more than one thousand The success of the Butterfly Project has resulted in similar projects being established in parks all over Kenya Cheese-rolling races NARRATOR: 'Cheese-rolling' has been a tradition in the town of Brockworth since the early 1800s First, the competitors come together at the top of 'Cooper's Hill' and wait Then someone pushes a very large wheel of cheese down the steep slope And after that? Things get a little wild! The cheese may reach up to 40 miles per hour The competitors go pretty fast, too! The first one to the bottom wins What's the prize? The wheel of cheese - of course! The first winner of the day is Craig Brown, a pub worker Craig's plan was simple CRAIG BROWN, PUB WORKER: Keep going and try to get your balance back Because it's steeper than you could ever think You'd have to run down there to really believe how steep it is! NARRATOR: Many people enjoy the cheese-rolling races, however they can be dangerous A few years ago, 30 people were injured in an accident at a race One of the cheeses rolled down the hill too quickly and unexpectedly went into the crowd Now, the competition route has crash barriers to protect the crowd It's not just spectators who get injured, competitors as well especially when it's cold or there hasn't been much rain EVENT ORGANIZER: It's when the ground is really hard that's when the injuries are going to happen NARRATOR: Craig's plan to just 'keep on going' failed in his second race At the time, he was trying to get the competition's version of a 'double play' winning two cheese wheels in one day So, what drives these runners? Are they crazy? One cheese runner thinks they may be CHEESE RACER: "It is dangerous If I'm running down must be crazy " NARRATOR: Yeah, I must be crazy! These cheese racers may be crazy But year after year the crowds keep on cheering, and the competitors keep on running Is it for the fame? Is it for the fun? We may never know, but you can be sure of one thing It's more than just cheese that makes people want to win Brockworth's annual cheeserolling race! The lost city of Machu Picchu is Machu Picchu It's sometimes called the 'Lost City of the Inca', and it's nearly 8,000 feet up in the Andes JULIO, TOUR GUIDE: It's a magic attraction that you can feel here It's known all over the world that Machu Picchu is one of the magnetic centres of the ancient world NARRATOR: Machu Picchu is more than 500 years old Today, it's a favourite place for visitors from all over the world Even in the rain and fog, it's wonderful to walk through the ruins When the Inca civilization ended, few people knew Machu Picchu existed For a long time it was lost to the outside world Then, in 1911, an explorer named Hiram Bingham found it again At first, very few people visited Machu Picchu But now, hundreds of tourists come here every day They walk up the steps of the ancient city and climb over the ruins Machu Picchu is no longer quiet It's full of the sounds of tourists Some people in Peru hope that more tourists will come here They think it will mean more business and money for the country However, some conservationists worry that more visitors won't be good for Machu Picchu They say that tourism may not be good for the environment Jose, a local hotel owner says Machu Picchu and Peru can take a few more visitors JOSE, HOTEL OWNER: Why not be like the rest of the world? Why not expose and show Machu Picchu to the rest of the world? It's such a wonderful place why keep it to a few? NARRATOR: The truth is that parts of Peru are very poor, and tourists bring money to these communities Aguas Calientes is a town that grew suddenly near an area where visitors get on buses to get to the summit of Machu Picchu The people here live completely on money from tourism The town is just a group of stalls where local people sell art and things they have made to visitors The 'Lost City' is no longer lost Tourists have found it The modern world is coming closer to this ancient world every day Time may be running out for the 'Lost City of the Inca' More and more people are discovering it In the end, it may be the modern world that forever changes this ancient city NARRATOR: This beautiful, quiet place is covered in sunshine and has mountains all around it Its name VIDEO SCRIPTS 271 □ « O G R A P H IC LEARNING j o 'V I H EIN LE CENGAGE Learning' Aspire Pre-intermediate Teacher’s Book © 2013 National Geographic Learning, a part of Cengage Learning Jaimie Scanlon and Mike Sayer ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, or applicable copyright law of another jurisdiction, without the prior written permission of the publisher with David A Hill Publisher: Jason Mann Commissioning Editor: Alistair Baxter Editorial Project Manager: Karen White Development Editor: Lynn Thomson Project Editor: Amy Smith Production Controller: Tom Relf Senior Marketing Manager: Ruth McAleavey National Geographic Liaison: Leila Hishmeh For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be emailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com Art Director: Natasa Arsenidou Cover Designer: Ioanna loannidou ISBN: 978-1-133-56450-8 Text Designer: Natasa Arsenidou National Geographic Learning Compositor: PreMediaGlobal Cheriton House, North Way, Andover, Hampshire, SP10 5BE United Kingdom Audio: the Soundhouse Ltd Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customised learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Japan Locate our local office at international.cengage.com/region Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education Ltd Visit National Geographic Learning at http://elt.heinle.com Visit our corporate website at www.cengage.com Photo credits We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material: An extract adapted from ‘Q&A With Enric Sala, Marine Ecologist and National Geographic Fellow’ http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/Stories/PeoplePlaces/lnterview-withenric-sala, copyright © National Geographic, reproduced with permission The publishers would like to thank the following sources for permission to reproduce their copyright protected photographs: Cover: (Benjamin Albiach Galan/Shutterstock.com) Inside: 4a (Yuri_Arcurs/iStockphoto), 4b (AnnettVauteck/iStockphoto), 4c (dsharpie/iStockphoto), 4d (theboone/iStockphoto), 4e (Andrew Watson/Photolibrary), 4f (Richmatts/iStockphoto), 5a (carlosalvarez/iStockphoto), 5b (Shutterstock), 5c (Shutterstock), 5d (Shutterstock), 5e (ranplett/iStockphoto), 5f (Fairtrade Foundation), (Shutterstock), 7a (Shutterstock), 7b (Ian Cook/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images), 7c (Warner Bros./The Kobal Collection/Mountain, Peter), 7d (Shutterstock), 7e (Shutterstock), 7f (Warner Bros./The Kobal Collection/Mountain, Peter), (Radius Images/Alamy), 9a (Shutterstock), 9b (Shutterstock) Printed in China by RR Donnelley - 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