Tài liệu AN ALGORITHMIC FRAMEWORK FOR PROTECTION SWITCHING IN WDM NETWORKS doc

... way to find such disjoint paths. Based on the result, we formulate an integer linear program (ILP) that finds the disjoint paths. 1. Introduction Protection switching is a mechanism designed ... protection switching. Fast algorithms have been designed to find node and edge disjoint paths [9-12, 15-18]. However, in WDM networks [20], diverse routing of working and p...

Ngày tải lên: 20/01/2014, 23:20

... They are, in management’s opinion, the best 1,200 people in the world at what they do . When an organization spends $35,000 looking for, finding, inter- viewing, selecting, and making an offer ... prominent educational institutions. Rigidity increases the chances for failure, something no team can afford to risk. The danger for nonbaseball organizations with a standards-based,...

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 06:20

... various engineering groups (i.e. cable modem and video), can lead to changed RF service levels and an unbalanced headend. Changing pads quickly and effortlessly – without interrupting service ... plant devices. Unity gain levels set in the receivers and outside plant devices provide the foundation for the return plant. Any fine-tuning (attenuation) should be done elsewhere in the plan...

Ngày tải lên: 24/01/2014, 11:20

... these footprints for correctness before using them. Often, you will have to make footprints for parts that don’t already have one. Most datasheets for parts will contain the mechanical information ... datasheet for the part labels the pins A, A', B and B'. We will make pin 1 = A', pin 2 = A, pin 3 = B and pin 4 = B'. To create a new pin, just highlight pin 1 in...

Ngày tải lên: 12/12/2013, 21:16

... to address. Financing of Grants 4. Grant financing during IDA 14 will compromise the future viability of IDA as credit reflows are financing an increasing share of the total commitment ... proposes a combination of mechanisms such as replacing foregone reflows of credit principal through additional donor financing, reducing the concessionality of IDA credits, and imposing upfro...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... to address. Financing of Grants 4. Grant financing during IDA 14 will compromise the future viability of IDA as credit reflows are financing an increasing share of the total commitment ... proposes a combination of mechanisms such as replacing foregone reflows of credit principal through additional donor financing, reducing the concessionality of IDA credits, and imposing upfro...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... kept in mind and taken account of in determining a country’s strategy for mobilizing external resources. Many of them are recognized and described in the Framework Paper and mentioned again in ... governance factor than to any other set of indicators. Those responsible for formulating the governance indicator concede that it has a high margin of error; • When scores relati...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... IDA 14. Since more countries will find themselves increasingly reliant on external grant financing, the international financial institutions (IFIs) project that the demand for grants could ... interests of equity and financing the grant allocations, management has proposed levying an upfront charge of 20 percent for each grant allocated. 60. The significant change during IDA 14...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... DEBT SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES: POLICY AND RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS Paper submitted for the G-24 Technical Group Meeting (Washington, D.C. September 27-28 ... debt which covers all loans with an original maturity of one year and above. b) The Interest Service Ratio is the ratio of interest payments to exports of goods and non-factor services. ... de...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15

... and competitive financial sectors that include insurance, equity and debt finance and non-bank savings institutions. An independent agency or agencies effectively regulate banks and non-banks ... that can be financed sustainably for the foreseeable future, including by aid flows where applicable. • Management of external debt. Ratings take into account the existence and amount of an...

Ngày tải lên: 13/12/2013, 22:15