Tài liệu AN ALGORITHMIC FRAMEWORK FOR PROTECTION SWITCHING IN WDM NETWORKS doc

... way to find such disjoint paths. Based on the result, we formulate an integer linear program (ILP) that finds the disjoint paths. 1. Introduction Protection switching is a mechanism designed ... protection switching. Fast algorithms have been designed to find node and edge disjoint paths [9-12, 15-18]. However, in WDM networks [20], diverse routing of working and protection paths can be ... still remains in the graph. Therefore, F2 is not an s-t cut. In addition, since P1 and P2 are F-disjoint, P2 does not hit any set in F1. Therefore, the path P2 will remain in the graph...

Tài liệu The Official Rules for Winning Management in Any Field doc

... They are, in management’s opinion, the best 1,200 people in the world at what they do. When an organization spends $35,000 looking for, ﬁnding, inter-viewing, selecting, and making an offer ... prominent educational institutions. Rigidity increases the chances for failure, something no team can afford to risk. The danger for nonbaseball organizations with a standards-based, conformity-driven ... short-circuiting in 2004–2005, and the team got really competitive in the latter season, ﬁnishing 93–69, and presaging an interesting run. Think about it. How much does turnover cost you in resources...

Tài liệu RF Worx® RF Signal Management Opportunities in Broadband Networks docx

... various engineering groups (i.e. cable modem and video), can lead tochanged RF service levels and an unbalanced headend. Changing pads quickly and effortlessly –without interrupting service ... plant devices. Unity gain levels set in the receiversand outside plant devices provide the foundation for the return plant. Any fine-tuning (attenuation)should be done elsewhere in the plant. ... products with integrated monitoring and padding. The example is a DOCSIS-compliant cable modem broadband network. Integratedsplitter/combiners with monitoring and attenuation are used to manage the...

Tài liệu An OrCAD Tutorial for ELEC 424 pptx

... these footprints for correctness before using them. Often, you will have to make footprints for parts that don’t already have one. Most datasheets for parts will contain the mechanical information ... datasheet for the part labels the pins A, A', B and B'. We will make pin 1 = A', pin 2 = A, pin 3 = B and pin 4 = B'. To create a new pin, just highlight pin 1 in the spreadsheet ... the x and y coordinates of the pin, and choose which padstack you want to use for the pin. In most cases, you will leave the other settings as they are by default. Set the x and y coordinates...

Tài liệu DEBT SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES : POLICY AND RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS - Part 5 docx

... to address. Financing of Grants 4. Grant financing during IDA 14 will compromise the future viability of IDA as credit reflows are financing an increasing share of the total commitment ... proposes a combination of mechanisms such as replacing foregone reflows of credit principal through additional donor financing, reducing the concessionality of IDA credits, and imposing upfront ... provided for fixing the upfront charge at 20 percent. Fixing the charge at the same percentage irrespective of performance again raises equity concerns that it is intended to address. Financing...

Tài liệu DEBT SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES : POLICY AND RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS - Part 6 docx

... to address. Financing of Grants 4. Grant financing during IDA 14 will compromise the future viability of IDA as credit reflows are financing an increasing share of the total commitment ... proposes a combination of mechanisms such as replacing foregone reflows of credit principal through additional donor financing, reducing the concessionality of IDA credits, and imposing upfront ... not be forthcoming. 6. The levying of upfront charges on grants at an adequate level is a more certain way of partly meeting the financing needs brought about by reduced reflows. Levying no...

Tài liệu DEBT SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES : POLICY AND RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS - Part 7 ppt

... kept in mind and taken account of in determining a country’s strategy for mobilizing external resources. Many of them are recognized and described in the Framework Paper and mentioned again in ... governance factor than to any other set of indicators. Those responsible for formulating the governance indicator concede that it has a high margin of error; • When scores relating to certain ... implemented calling for higher volumes of concessional lending and grants. 5. Given the importance of DSAs for each low income country in the application of the DSF and borrowing from the IMF,...

Tài liệu DEBT SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES : POLICY AND RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS - Part 8 doc

... IDA 14. Since more countries will find themselves increasingly reliant on external grant financing, the international financial institutions (IFIs) project that the demand for grants could ... interests of equity and financing the grant allocations, management has proposed levying an upfront charge of 20 percent for each grant allocated. 60. The significant change during IDA 14 under ... external financing, and can take an independent stand. Such countries, like China, often borrow significant sums from the IFIs but lack crippling debt burdens. 4 Rodrik, Dani, “Four Simple Principles...

Tài liệu DEBT SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES : POLICY AND RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS - Part 9 pptx

... DEBT SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES: POLICY AND RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS Paper submitted for the G-24 Technical Group Meeting (Washington, D.C. September 27-28 ... debt which covers all loans with an original maturity of one year and above. b) The Interest Service Ratio is the ratio of interest payments to exports of goods and non-factor services. ... debt outstanding to the size of the economy. b) The total debt outstanding to exports of goods and non-factor services ratio measures the ability of the country to repay its debt in a single...

Tài liệu DEBT SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES : POLICY AND RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS - Part 10 doc

... and competitive financial sectors that include insurance, equity and debt finance and non-bank savings institutions. An independent agency or agencies effectively regulate banks and non-banks ... that can be financed sustainably for the foreseeable future, including by aid flows where applicable. • Management of external debt. Ratings take into account the existence and amount of any ... financial institutions help to mobilize savings and provide for efficient financial intermediation. Countries with high scores have real, market-determined interest rates on loans. Real interest...

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