... substrates of various pore widths. The pore widths and liquid temperatures are 1.0 nm and 297 K in (a), 1.6 nm and 297 K in(b), 1.25 nm and 297 K in (c), 1.25 nm and 250 K in (d), 1.8 nm and 297 ... numbers of atoms, and often require specialattention to boundary conditions (Ewald, 1921; Heyes, 1981).Other forms of pair potentials have been explored, and each has its strengths and weaknesses. ... complete separation of the tip and substrate resultedin the transfer of a smaller number of substrate atoms to the tip when the connective neck of atoms,composed entirely of Au, was severed....