... for an L2 task, gathering and organizing materials, arranging a study space and a schedule, monitoring mistakes, and evaluating task success, and27evaluating the success of any type of learning ... education, their information,their understanding of the world and of human affairs, their ideals, senses of valuesand their appreciation”. Seeing the importance of listening in real-life interaction,Nunan ... negotiating meaning with the speaker and responding(collaborative orientation); and, creating meaning through involvement, imaginationand empathy (transformative orientation). Howatt and Dakin...