... disturbances of breathing at boththe peripheral and central chemoreceptors, including dopamine, adenosine,endorphins, GABA, and prostaglandins, and these may be upregulated in earlylife (33).When ... second-order neuronsthat mainly project to GABA interneurons, which in turn inhibit activity of the inspiratoryrhythm generating network, causing a decrease in tidal volume and a prolongation ofexpiratory ... neuraxis, including subsets of cells outside the ventrolateral medullaincluding monoaminergic neurons (e.g., noradrenalinergic, serotoninergic, and histaminergic cell groups). Activation of monoaminergic...