Constituent Structure - Part 15
Constituent Structure - Part 15
... discussion of how this insight is retained in the minimalist non-X-bar-theoretic Bare Phrase Structure system. 120 phrase structure grammars and x-bar listed as phrasal, including the one in (29a), which ... Cross-linguistic variation Consider the position of direct objects (complements) in Turkish. In Turkish, the complement precedes the head: (58) Hasan kitab-i oku-du. Hasan-subj book-obj read-past ... elegant account of cross-linguistic variation. X-bar theory allows individual languages to select among a Wnite set of phrase structure options: 128 phrase structure grammars and x-bar (60) (a) XP...
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Constituent Structure - Part 6
... sort of ‘ part of’’ relation. So in (9a, b) the N is a part of NP. The reverse is not true, NP is not a part of N. So in (9a), we assert that man is a part of N, but that N is not a part of man. ... of course, a part of itself (hence the intuition that domination is reXexive). N dominates N, so N is part of N. The part- of quality of domination tells us that when two nodes are part of each ... 10. 6 Backofen, Rogers, and Vijay-Shanker (1995) actually argue that Wrst-order axiomiza- tion is impossible for Wnite (but unbounded) trees; they propose a second-order account that captures the...
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Constituent Structure - Part 7
... terminals u, v. In Carnie (2006c), I informally present the non-tangling constraint as the no-crossing- branches constraint: (ii) No-crossing-branches constraint If one node X precedes another node ... axiomatically. This is the so-called non-tangling condition of Wall (1972), which derives a basic assumption of Chomsky (1975): there are no discontinuous constituents.30 A9. Non-tangling condition:(8wxyz ... determining constituent structure, and we will see all of these properties questioned. 44 preliminaries The next chapter continues the investigation of the structural prop- erties of trees. In particular,...
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Constituent Structure - Part 8
... (13) (a) namono azy ny anadahin-dRakoto kill him the sister-of-Rakoto ‘‘Rakoto i ’s sister killed him i .’’ (b) *namono ny anadahin-dRakoto izy kill the sister-of-Rakoto he ‘‘He i killed Rakoto ... the sisterhood relation or symmetric c-command: (17) Symmetric c-command A symmetrically c-commands B, if A c-commands B and B c-commands A. Asymmetric c-command is the kind that holds between ... distinguishes c-command from m-command: (31) I presented Watson i with a picture of himself i . Assuming that the constituent structure of the VP in this sentence is the partly binary branching structure...
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Constituent Structure - Part 9
... these structures. c-command and government 65 This page intentionally left blank Part 2 Phrase Structure Grammars and X-bar Theory This page intentionally left blank 5 Capturing Constituent Structure: ... them), however, a must immedi- ately dominate x and y, which themselves dominate (potentially reXex- ively) the c-commander and the c-commandee. Note, however, that while c-command is frequently deWned ... describing constituent structure in some detail. We have not yet, however, discussed the ways constituent structure might be constructed. Nor have we really discussed what kinds of information constituent...
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Constituent Structure - Part 10
... into immediate constituents. The greater the num- ber of pipes (j) the weaker the boundary between the constituents (i.e. the more pipes, more closely related the words).2 The constituents in ... reduced phrase markers Although tree structures are the easiest form for viewing constituency, Chomsky’s original conception of constituent structure was set theor- etic (See Lasnik 2000: 29–33 for ... phrase structure derivations]. However, Chomsky (1957) does not give a single example of a set-theoretically deWned P-marker. Nevertheless, Lasnik’s discussion of Chomsky’s PSRs and P-markers...
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Constituent Structure - Part 11
... surface order from a very abstract structure using movement operations. 82 phrase structure grammars and x-bar 5.4.2 Context-free and context-sensitive phrase structure grammars Let us distinguish ... and C. The second kind of phrase structure rule (PSR) is the context-free phrase structure rule (the grammar containing such rules is abbrevi- ated either CFG or CF-PSG). These rules disallow reference ... phrase structure. First, it is incompatible with the set-theoretic12 P-marker approach to syntactic description. Trees thus became our primary (perhaps only) mechanism for describing syntac- tic structure. ...
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Constituent Structure - Part 12
... represented by their left-to-right organization in the rule. In versions of PSG that are primarily tree-geometric rather than being based on P-markers or RPMs, the tree also encodes c-command and government ... constructions all involve some constituent (structure- changing transformations, are, and which rules, respectively) that is displaced 96 phrase structure grammars and x-bar from the place it would ... inXuential X-bar theory in its various incarnations. The X-bar approach started oV as a series of statements that restricts the form of phrase structure rules, but eventually devel- oped into...
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Constituent Structure - Part 13
... LFG Lexical-Functional Grammar uses a similar semantic extension to the constituent structure (or c -structure as it is called in LFG): the f -structure, which is similar to the feature structures ... without extended phrase structure grammars 107 the arboreal organization. The relationship between c -structure and f -structure is mediated by a series of functions. Consider the c -structure givenin(24). ... phrase structure rule, just as it is possible to write a crazy transformation that will radically change the 104 phrase structure grammars and x-bar structure of a tree. Head-Driven Phrase Structure...
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Constituent Structure - Part 14
... to constituent structure/ phrase structure suggested in this section all make reference to mapping the constituent structure onto some kind of enriched semantic structure. The empirical cover- ... extended phrase structure grammars 111 7 X-bar Theory 7.1 Introduction Phrase structure grammars and their extensions provide us with powerful tools for describing constituent structures, but ... but Louis was only [partly [so]]. Examples (23) and (24) show conjunction of the two smaller constitu- ents. Example (25) is an example of so-replacement. The Wne-grained structures that these...
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