Constituent Structure - Part 8

... symmetric c-command: (17) Symmetric c-command A symmetrically c-commands B, if A c-commands B and B c-commands A. Asymmetric c-command is the kind that holds between an aunt and her nieces: ( 18) Asymmetric ... distinguishes c-command from m-command: (31) I presented Watson i with a picture of himself i . Assuming that the constituent structure of the VP in this sentence is the partly bin...

Ngày tải lên: 20/10/2013, 19:15

... axioms were updated in Wall (1972) and Partee, ter Meulen, and Wall (1990) (and discussed at length in Huck 1 985 , Higginbotham 1 982 /1 985 , and McCawley 1 982 ); more recent axiomizations can be found ... a single root: * A B C (McCawle y 1 989 ) In order to disallow structures such as (7) and (8) , we need the axiom in (A2):10 A2. The Single-Root Condition:(9x 8y 2 N) [x /* y]. 9 This de...

Ngày tải lên: 17/10/2013, 23:15

... autosegmental phonology. See Goldsmith (1976), McCarthy (1979), Pulleyblank (1 983 ), Clements (1 985 ), Sagey (1 986 , 1 988 ), and Hammond (1 988 , 2005) for discussion. basic properties of trees 43 (a) p (b) * ... This is the so-called non-tangling condition of Wall (1972), which derives a basic assumption of Chomsky (1975): there are no discontinuous constituents.30 A9. Non-tangling condi...

Ngày tải lên: 20/10/2013, 19:15

... indeed occur under a c-command-like structural relation, then clearly m-command is most appropriate. In the trees in (34) the case assigning node m-commands—but does not c-command— the NP it assigns ... discuss the i-within-i facts. It is a relatively minor change to Wx their deWnitions so that it includes this condition. 60 preliminaries 5 Capturing Constituent Structure: Phrase Structu...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 17:15

... into immediate constituents. The greater the num- ber of pipes (j) the weaker the boundary between the constituents (i.e. the more pipes, more closely related the words).2 The constituents in this ... of pipes is determined by the number of ultimate constituents (i.e. morphemes), not by degree of relationship. 70 phrase structure grammars and x-bar (19) N¼ {NP, VP, V, S}, S ¼ {S}, T ¼ {he,...

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 17:15

... surface order from a very abstract structure using movement operations. 82 phrase structure grammars and x-bar 5.4.2 Context-free and context-sensitive phrase structure grammars Let us distinguish ... GPSG: Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (which, iron- ically, at least in its most recent incarnations is not a phrase structure grammar in any recognizable form at all), this arbo...

Ngày tải lên: 29/10/2013, 00:15

... is represented by their left-to-right organization in the rule. In versions of PSG that are primarily tree-geometric rather than being based on P-markers or RPMs, the tree also encodes c-command and government relations. Less ... topicalization seen in (8a), the subject–auxiliary inversion in (7b), and the wh-question in (8c). (8) (a) Structure- changing transformations, I do not think t ar...

Ngày tải lên: 29/10/2013, 00:15

... LFG Lexical-Functional Grammar uses a similar semantic extension to the constituent structure (or c -structure as it is called in LFG): the f -structure, which is similar to the feature structures ... phrase structure rule, just as it is possible to write a crazy transformation that will radically change the 104 phrase structure grammars and x-bar structure of a tree. Head-Driven...

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 23:15

... to constituent structure/ phrase structure suggested in this section all make reference to mapping the constituent structure onto some kind of enriched semantic structure. The empirical cover- age ... structure. extended phrase structure grammars 111 7 X-bar Theory 7.1 Introduction Phrase structure grammars and their extensions provide us with powerful tools for describing co...

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 23:15

... discussion of how this insight is retained in the minimalist non-X-bar-theoretic Bare Phrase Structure system. 120 phrase structure grammars and x-bar (60) (a) XP ! (YP) X’ or XP ! X’ (YP) (b) X’ ! X’ ... intermediate structure (X’), takes us to the point where there are similarities across categories in terms of the kinds of phrase structure rule are allowed. Cross-categor- ial gener...

Ngày tải lên: 07/11/2013, 23:15