Constituent Structure - Part 8
Constituent Structure - Part 8
... symmetric c-command: (17) Symmetric c-command A symmetrically c-commands B, if A c-commands B and B c-commands A. Asymmetric c-command is the kind that holds between an aunt and her nieces: ( 18) Asymmetric ... distinguishes c-command from m-command: (31) I presented Watson i with a picture of himself i . Assuming that the constituent structure of the VP in this sentence is the partly bin...
Constituent Structure - Part 6
... axioms were updated in Wall (1972) and Partee, ter Meulen, and Wall (1990) (and discussed at length in Huck 1 985 , Higginbotham 1 982 /1 985 , and McCawley 1 982 ); more recent axiomizations can be found ... a single root: * A B C (McCawle y 1 989 ) In order to disallow structures such as (7) and (8) , we need the axiom in (A2):10 A2. The Single-Root Condition:(9x 8y 2 N) [x /* y]. 9 This de...
Constituent Structure - Part 7
... autosegmental phonology. See Goldsmith (1976), McCarthy (1979), Pulleyblank (1 983 ), Clements (1 985 ), Sagey (1 986 , 1 988 ), and Hammond (1 988 , 2005) for discussion. basic properties of trees 43 (a) p (b) * ... This is the so-called non-tangling condition of Wall (1972), which derives a basic assumption of Chomsky (1975): there are no discontinuous constituents.30 A9. Non-tangling condi...
Constituent Structure - Part 9
... indeed occur under a c-command-like structural
relation, then clearly m-command is most appropriate. In the trees in
(34) the case assigning node m-commands—but does not c-command—
the NP it assigns ... discuss
the i-within-i facts. It is a relatively minor change to Wx their deWnitions so that it includes
this condition.
60 preliminaries
5
Capturing Constituent
Structure:
Phrase Structu...
Constituent Structure - Part 10
... into immediate constituents. The greater the num-
ber of pipes (j) the weaker the boundary between the constituents (i.e.
the more pipes, more closely related the words).2 The constituents in
this ... of pipes is determined by the number of
ultimate constituents (i.e. morphemes), not by degree of relationship.
70 phrase structure grammars and x-bar
(19) N¼ {NP, VP, V, S}, S ¼ {S}, T ¼ {he,...
Constituent Structure - Part 11
... surface order from a very abstract structure
using movement operations.
82 phrase structure grammars and x-bar
5.4.2 Context-free and context-sensitive phrase structure
grammars
Let us distinguish ... GPSG: Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (which, iron-
ically, at least in its most recent incarnations is not a phrase structure grammar in any
recognizable form at all), this arbo...
Constituent Structure - Part 12
... is
represented by their left-to-right organization in the rule. In versions
of PSG that are primarily tree-geometric rather than being based on
P-markers or RPMs, the tree also encodes c-command and government
relations.
Less ... topicalization
seen in (8a), the subject–auxiliary inversion in (7b), and the wh-question
in (8c).
(8) (a) Structure- changing transformations, I do not think t ar...
Constituent Structure - Part 13
... LFG
Lexical-Functional Grammar uses a similar semantic extension to the
constituent structure (or c -structure as it is called in LFG): the f -structure,
which is similar to the feature structures ... phrase structure rule, just as it is
possible to write a crazy transformation that will radically change the
104 phrase structure grammars and x-bar
structure of a tree. Head-Driven...
Constituent Structure - Part 14
... to constituent structure/ phrase structure suggested in
this section all make reference to mapping the constituent structure
onto some kind of enriched semantic structure. The empirical cover-
age ... structure.
extended phrase structure grammars 111
7
X-bar Theory
7.1 Introduction
Phrase structure grammars and their extensions provide us with
powerful tools for describing co...
Constituent Structure - Part 15
... discussion of how this insight is retained in the
minimalist non-X-bar-theoretic Bare Phrase Structure system.
120 phrase structure grammars and x-bar
(60) (a) XP ! (YP) X’ or XP ! X’ (YP)
(b) X’ ! X’ ... intermediate structure (X’),
takes us to the point where there are similarities across categories in
terms of the kinds of phrase structure rule are allowed. Cross-categor-
ial gener...