... freedom of action in the case when H likes gossiping). They define FTAs as “those acts that by their nature run contrary to the face wants of the addressee and/ or of the speaker” (Brown and Levinson ... be a risk of communication breakdown. Therefore, maintaining or partially satisfying each other’s face seems to be the major and apparently the only motivation to be polite in communication (Watts ... meaning of the spoken word. 2- The Northern Vietnamese dialect and the English spoken by Anglophone community of England, America, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada, are chosen for contrastive...