... several lines of evidence indicating that NS1 damages cellular DNA, and that this damage leads to apoptosis. Upon detection of DNA damage, DNA damage response proteins inhi-b i t t h e ... uncouples DNA damage from cell cycle progression and apoptosis, primarily through the inhibition of the DNA damage sensing protein ATM and ATR, (34, 35). The involvement of the DNA damage ... repair and ATR/ATM-mediated bulky adduct repair pathways can result in apoptosis if the damage is severe. Damage of chromosomal DNA by parvoviral proteins has not been directly demonstrated, ...